Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION:
Grasscuttermachineshavebecomeverypopulartoday.Mostofthetimes,grasscuttermachinesare
usedforsoftgrassfurnishingInatimewheretechnologyismergingwithenvironmentalawareness,con
sumersarelookingforwaystocontributetothereliefoftheirowncarbonfootprints.Pollutionismanma
deandcanbeseeninourowndailylives,morespecificallyinourownhomes.Herein,weproposeamodel
oftheautomaticgrasscutting machine powered through solar energy, (nonrenewable
energy).Automaticgrasscuttingmachineisamachinewhichisgoingtoperformthegrasscuttingopera
tiononitsown.This model reduces both environment and noise pollution.
Our new design for an old and outdated habit will help both customer andthe environment.
This project of a solar powered automatic grass cutter will relieve theconsumer
frommowingtheirownlawnsandwillreducebothenvironmentalandnoisepollution.This design is
meant to be an alternate green option to the popular and environmentallyhazardous fuel
powered lawn mower. Ultimately, the consumer will be doing more for theenvironment
whiledoinglessworkintheirdailylives.Thehopeistokeepworkingonthisprojectuntila suitable
design can be implemented and then be ultimately placed on themarket.

In large size of lawn in the park, schools, college are maintained manually. The gardener used
hand scissors to cut and maintain lawn regularly which also takes more time. It is not easy and
also very difficult to maintain uniform size. Hence this works to make a solar grass cutter
without any power source due to reduce the power consumption. The unskilled gardener is
enough to operate the solar grass cutter.

The solar grass cutter easy to operate and it consists of rotary blade, roller etc. The blade
removes the extra growth of the lawn and roller gives light pressure to the top surface of lawn. It
gives fine look to the lawn and uniform look throughout the lawn. The Project work was very
great successful one. It is used to maintain lawn of our college auditorium for lawn maintenance.

This Project of a solar powered lawn mower will reduce both environmental and noise pollution.
This design is meant to be an alternate green option to the popular and environmentally
hazardous gas powered lawn mower. Ultimately, the consumer will be doing more for the
environment while doing less work in their daily lives. The hope is to keep working on this
project until a suitable design can be implemented and then be ultimately placed on the market.

1
MAIN PARTS OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR GRASS CUTTER

Main parts of solar grass cutter

Solar panel
Battery
DC Motor
Wheel
Blade
Joystick

Solar Panel

A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a
supporting structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells.
The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and
supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC
output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts.
The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output - an 8%
efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. A single
solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple
modules.

A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, an inverter, and
sometimes a battery and solar tracker and interconnection wiring.

Polycrystalline PV cells connected in a solar module. Solar modules use light energy (photons)
from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect

The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on
cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the
top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture.
Most solar modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells.

The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on
cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the
top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture.
Most solar modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells.

2
 Solar panel

Battery
Battery is used for store the solar energy which can be further converted into electrical energy.
The battery should requires following properties,

(1) Long life

(2) High reliability

(3) Low cost

(4) High overall efficiency

3
Batteries are used as a storage device for solar energy which can be further converted into
electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated sunshine load such as irrigation pumps or
drinking water supplies for storage, for small units with output less than one kilowatt. Batteries
seem to be the only technically and economically available storage means. Since both the photo-
voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs, it is necessary that the overall system be
optimized with respect to available energy and local demand pattern.

DC Motor

Dc motor is a device that converts direct current (electrical energy) into mechanical energy. In
the presented idea for grass cutter model we have used two different type of DC motor one is low
torque and the other one is high torque. The low torque DC motor is interfaced with the rotating
blade for cutting the grass and the high torque DC motor is interfaced with the wheels for
moving the grass cutter.

4
 DC MOTOR

Blade
This machine will also tend to cut lower (13mm) than a standard four-wheeled rotary. The main
parts of a rotary mower are Cutter Deck Housing- this houses the blade and the drive system of
the mower. It is shaped to effectively eject the grass clippings from the mower. Blade Mounting
and Drive System the blade of a rotary m A rotary mower (viewed from underneath), with a
mulching blade that rotates around the center. Rotary mowers a rotary mower rotates about a
vertical axis with the blade spinning at high speed relying on impact to cut the grass.

5
 WHEELS

There are two spindle, or free moving, wheels that are going to be used for the front of our
design. These wheels are eight inches in diameter and two inches wide. The spindle wheels will
be attached to the front of the lawnmower frame by using a three hundred and sixty degree
spinning attachment that came attached to the wheels. The two electric motor wheels will be the
drive system for the machine. The same process as a zero turn riding lawnmower will be applied
to make the turning radius of the machine as minimal as possible. They will be attached to the
rear of the lawnmowers frame to get the full effect of the zero turn process. The zero turn
lawnmower spins the wheels in opposite directions to turn effectively left or right. These wheels
will be attached securely to the frame to insure that they do not come off in the process of turning
or moving. The dimensions of the powered wheels are: diameter of 285 mm and a width of
35mm.

WHEELS

6
 Chapter - 2
History
Invention

The first lawn mower was invented by Edwin Budding in 1830[1] in Thrupp, just outside Stroud,
in Gloucestershire, England. Budding's mower was designed primarily to cut the grass on sports
grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and was granted a British
patent on August 31, 1830.[2]

An early cylinder (reel) mower, showing a fixed cutting blade in front of the rear roller and
wheel-driven rotary blades.

Budding's first machine was 19 inches (480 mm) wide with a frame made of wrought iron. The
mower was pushed from behind. Cast-irongear wheels transmitted power from the rear roller to
the cutting cylinder, allowing the rear roller to drive the knives on the cutting cylinder; the ratio
was 16:1. Another roller placed between the cutting cylinder and the main or land roller could be
raised or lowered to alter the height of cut. The grass clippings were hurled forward into a tray-
like box. It was soon realized, however, that an extra handle was needed in front to help pull the
machine along. Overall, these machines were remarkably similar to modern mowers.[3]

Two of the earliest Budding machines sold went to Regent's Park Zoological Gardens in London
and the Oxford Colleges.[4] In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding dated
May 18, 1830, Ferrabee paid the costs of enlarging the small blades, obtained letters of patent
and acquired rights to manufacture, sell and license other manufacturers in the production of
lawn mowers. Without patent, Budding and Ferrabee were shrewd enough to allow other
companies to build copies of their mower under license, the most successful of these being
Ransomes of Ipswich, which began making mowers as early as 1832.[3]

His machine was the catalyst for the preparation of modern-style sporting ovals, playing fields
(pitches), grass courts, etc. This led to the codification of modern rules for many sports,
including for football, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and others.[5]

7
Further improvements

A horsedrawn lawn mower on an Australian golf course in the 1930s.

The first gasoline-powered lawn mower, 1902.

It took ten more years and further innovations to create a machine that could be drawn by
animals, and sixty years before a steam-powered lawn mower was built. In the 1850s, Thomas
Green & Son of Leeds introduced a mower called the SilensMessor (meaning silent cutter),
which used a chain drive to transmit power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder. These
machines were lighter and quieter than the gear-driven machines that preceded them, although
they were slightly more expensive.[3] The rise in popularity of lawn sports helped prompt the
spread of the invention. Lawn mowers became a more efficient alternative to the scythe and
domesticated grazing animals.

Manufacture of lawn mowers took off in the 1860s. By 1862, Ferrabee's company was making
eight models in various roller sizes. He manufactured over 5000 machines until production
ceased in 1863. The first grass boxes were flat trays but took their present shape in the 1860s.
James Sumner of Lancashire patented the first steam-powered lawn mower in 1893. His machine
burned petrol and/or paraffin (kerosene) as fuel. These were heavy machines that took several
hours to warm up to operating pressure.[6] After numerous advances, these machines were sold by
the Stott Fertilizer and Insecticide Company of Manchester and Sumner. The company they both
controlled was called the Leyland Steam Motor Company.

Around 1900, one of the best known English machines was the Ransomes' Automaton, available
in chain- or gear-driven models. Numerous manufacturers entered the field with petrol (gasoline)
engine-powered mowers after the start of the 20th century. The first was produced by Ransomes
in 1902. JP Engineering of Leicester, founded after World War I, produced a range of very
popular chain-driven mowers. About this time, an operator could ride behind animals that pulled
the large machines. These were the first riding mowers.

8
Commercial lawn mower in use April 1930 in Berlin.

The first United States patent for a reel lawn mower was granted to Amariah Hills on January 12,
1868.[7] In 1870, Elwood McGuire of Richmond, Indiana designed a human-pushed lawn mower,
which was very lightweight and a commercial success. John Burr patented an improved rotary-
blade lawn mower in 1899, with the wheel placement altered for better performance. Amariah
Hills went on to found the Archimedean Lawn Mower Co. in 1871.

In the United States, gasoline-powered lawn mowers were first manufactured in 1914 by Ideal
Power Mower Co. of Lansing, Michigan, based on a patent by Ransom E. Olds. Ideal Power
Mower also introduced the world's first self-propelled, riding lawn tractor in 1922, known as the
"Triplex."[8][9] The roller-drive lawn mower has changed very little since around 1930. Gang
mowers, those with multiple sets of blades to cut a wider swath, were built in the United States in
1919 by the Worthington Mower Company.

Atco Ltd and the first motor mower

Main article: Atco (British Mower Company)

In the 1920s one of the most successful companies to emerge during this period was Atco, at that
time a brand name of Charles H Pugh Ltd. The Atco motor mower, launched in 1921 was an
immediate success. Just 900 of the 22-inch-cut machines were made in 1921, each costing 75.
Within five years, annual production had accelerated to tens of thousands. Prices were reduced
and a range of sizes was available, making the Standard the first truly mass-produced engine-
powered mower.

Rotary mowers

Rotary mowers were not developed until engines were small enough and powerful enough to run
the blades at sufficient speed. Many people experimented with rotary blade mowers in the late
1920s and early 1930s, and Power Specialties Ltd. introduced a gasoline-powered rotary mower.
KutKwick replaced the saw blade of the "Pulp Saw" with a double-edged blade and a cutter
deck, converting the "Pulp Saw" into the first ever out-front rotary mower.[10]

One company that produced rotary mowers commercially was the Australian Victa company,
starting in 1952. Its mowers were lighter and easier to use than similar ones that had come
before. The first Victa mowers were made at Mortlake, an inner suburb of Sydney, by local
resident Mervyn Victor Richardson. He made his first model out of scrap in his garage. The first
Victa mowers were manufactured, going on sale on 20 September 1952. The new company, Victa
Mowers Pty Ltd, was incorporated on 13 February 1953.

9
The venture was so successful that by 1958 the company moved to much larger premises in
Parramatta Road, Concord, and then to Milperra, by which time the mower incorporated an
engine, designed and manufactured by Victa, which was specially designed for mowing, rather
than employing a general-purpose engine bought from outside suppliers. [11] Two Victa mowers,
from 1958 and 1968 respectively, are held in the collection of the National Museum of Australia.
[12]
The Victa mower is regarded as something of an Australian icon, appearing en masse, in
simulated form, at the opening of the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000.

Invention

The first lawn mower was invented by Edwin Budding in 1830[1] in Thrupp, just outside Stroud,
in Gloucestershire, England. Budding's mower was designed primarily to cut the grass on sports
grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and was granted a British
patent on August 31, 1830.[2]

An early cylinder (reel) mower, showing a fixed cutting blade in front of the rear roller and
wheel-driven rotary blades.

Budding's first machine was 19 inches (480 mm) wide with a frame made of wrought iron. The
mower was pushed from behind. Cast-irongear wheels transmitted power from the rear roller to
the cutting cylinder, allowing the rear roller to drive the knives on the cutting cylinder; the ratio
was 16:1. Another roller placed between the cutting cylinder and the main or land roller could be
raised or lowered to alter the height of cut. The grass clippings were hurled forward into a tray-
like box. It was soon realized, however, that an extra handle was needed in front to help pull the
machine along. Overall, these machines were remarkably similar to modern mowers.[3]

Two of the earliest Budding machines sold went to Regent's Park Zoological Gardens in London
and the Oxford Colleges.[4] In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding dated
May 18, 1830, Ferrabee paid the costs of enlarging the small blades, obtained letters of patent
and acquired rights to manufacture, sell and license other manufacturers in the production of
lawn mowers. Without patent, Budding and Ferrabee were shrewd enough to allow other
companies to build copies of their mower under license, the most successful of these being
Ransomes of Ipswich, which began making mowers as early as 1832.[3]

His machine was the catalyst for the preparation of modern-style sporting ovals, playing fields
(pitches), grass courts, etc. This led to the codification of modern rules for many sports,
including for football, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and others.[5]

10
Further improvements

A horsedrawn lawn mower on an Australian golf course in the 1930s.

The first gasoline-powered lawn mower, 1902.

It took ten more years and further innovations to create a machine that could be drawn by
animals, and sixty years before a steam-powered lawn mower was built. In the 1850s, Thomas
Green & Son of Leeds introduced a mower called the SilensMessor (meaning silent cutter),
which used a chain drive to transmit power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder. These
machines were lighter and quieter than the gear-driven machines that preceded them, although
they were slightly more expensive.[3] The rise in popularity of lawn sports helped prompt the
spread of the invention. Lawn mowers became a more efficient alternative to the scythe and
domesticated grazing animals.

Manufacture of lawn mowers took off in the 1860s. By 1862, Ferrabee's company was making
eight models in various roller sizes. He manufactured over 5000 machines until production
ceased in 1863. The first grass boxes were flat trays but took their present shape in the 1860s.
James Sumner of Lancashire patented the first steam-powered lawn mower in 1893. His machine
burned petrol and/or paraffin (kerosene) as fuel. These were heavy machines that took several
hours to warm up to operating pressure.[6] After numerous advances, these machines were sold by
the Stott Fertilizer and Insecticide Company of Manchester and Sumner. The company they both
controlled was called the Leyland Steam Motor Company.

Around 1900, one of the best known English machines was the Ransomes' Automaton, available
in chain- or gear-driven models. Numerous manufacturers entered the field with petrol (gasoline)
engine-powered mowers after the start of the 20th century. The first was produced by Ransomes
in 1902. JP Engineering of Leicester, founded after World War I, produced a range of very
popular chain-driven mowers. About this time, an operator could ride behind animals that pulled
the large machines. These were the first riding mowers.

Commercial lawn mower in use April 1930 in Berlin.

The first United States patent for a reel lawn mower was granted to Amariah Hills on January 12,
1868.[7] In 1870, Elwood McGuire of Richmond, Indiana designed a human-pushed lawn mower,
which was very lightweight and a commercial success. John Burr patented an improved rotary-
blade lawn mower in 1899, with the wheel placement altered for better performance. Amariah
Hills went on to found the Archimedean Lawn Mower Co. in 1871.

11
In the United States, gasoline-powered lawn mowers were first manufactured in 1914 by Ideal
Power Mower Co. of Lansing, Michigan, based on a patent by Ransom E. Olds. Ideal Power
Mower also introduced the world's first self-propelled, riding lawn tractor in 1922, known as the
"Triplex."[8][9] The roller-drive lawn mower has changed very little since around 1930.
Gangmowers, those with multiple sets of blades to cut a wider swath, were built in the United
States in 1919 by the Worthington Mower Company.

Atco Ltd and the first motor mower

Main article: Atco (British Mower Company)

In the 1920s one of the most successful companies to emerge during this period was Atco, at that
time a brand name of Charles H Pugh Ltd. The Atco motor mower, launched in 1921 was an
immediate success. Just 900 of the 22-inch-cut machines were made in 1921, each costing 75.
Within five years, annual production had accelerated to tens of thousands. Prices were reduced
and a range of sizes was available, making the Standard the first truly mass-produced engine-
powered mower.

Rotary mowers

Rotary mowers were not developed until engines were small enough and powerful enough to run
the blades at sufficient speed. Many people experimented with rotary blade mowers in the late
1920s and early 1930s, and Power Specialties Ltd. introduced a gasoline-powered rotary mower.
KutKwick replaced the saw blade of the "Pulp Saw" with a double-edged blade and a cutter
deck, converting the "Pulp Saw" into the first ever out-front rotary mower.[10]

One company that produced rotary mowers commercially was the Australian Victa company,
starting in 1952. Its mowers were lighter and easier to use than similar ones that had come
before. The first Victa mowers were made at Mortlake, an inner suburb of Sydney, by local
resident Mervyn Victor Richardson. He made his first model out of scrap in his garage. The first
Victa mowers were manufactured, going on sale on 20 September 1952. The new company, Victa
Mowers Pty Ltd, was incorporated on 13 February 1953.

The venture was so successful that by 1958 the company moved to much larger premises in
Parramatta Road, Concord, and then to Milperra, by which time the mower incorporated an
engine, designed and manufactured by Victa, which was specially designed for mowing, rather
than employing a general-purpose engine bought from outside suppliers. [11] Two Victa mowers,
from 1958 and 1968 respectively, are held in the collection of the National Museum of Australia.
[12]
The Victa mower is regarded as something of an Australian icon, appearing en masse, in
simulated form, at the opening of the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000.

12
 CHAPTER-3

About Solar Grass Cutter

Grass cutter machines have become very popular today. Most common machines are used for
soft grass furnishing. In our project Grass cutter machine we are aimed to develop for operation
and construction. The main parts of the Grass cutting machines are DC motor, relay switch for
controlling motor, Battery for charging it through solar panel. It is placed in a suitable machine
structure. The motor have 45 rpm and it is connected to the electric supply by the use of a roll of
wire. Motor controlled by an electric switch for easy operation. The tempered blades are
attached in this machine. The raw materials mainly used are sheet, motor, switch, wheel, wire,
aluminum sheet, square pipe, paint, insulating material and other standard item like nuts, bolts
and reverts.

Our new design for an old and outdated habit will help both customer and the environment. This
project of a solar powered automatic grass cutter will relieve the consumer from mowing their
own lawns and will reduce both environmental and noise pollution. This design is meant to be an
alternate green option to the popular and environmentally hazardous fuel powered lawn mower.
Ultimately, the consumer will be doing more for the environment while doing less work in their
daily lives.

Our project entitled solar based grass cutter is successfully completed. It will be easier for the
people who are going to use project for further modification. This grass cutter occupy less space
and light in weight and as it uses nonconventional source of energy hence running cost is zero. It
has facility of charging battery while grass cutter is in the working condition. The cost of solar
based grass cutter is less than the market grass cutter. Grass cutter is used to keep the lawn clean
and uniform in schools, gardens and playgrounds.

In the time where technology is merging with environmental awareness, consumers are looking
for ways to contribute to the relief of their own carbon footprints. Pollution is man-made and can
be seen in our own daily lives, more specifically in our own homes. Due to the effect of emission
of gases from the burnt fuel into the atmosphere, this necessitates the use of the abundant solar
energy from the sun as a source of power to drive various type of agricultural equipments. This
project of a solar powered grass cutter will relieve the consumer from mowing their own lawns

13
and will reduce both environmental and noise pollution. This design is meant to be an alternate
green option to the popular and environmentally hazardous gas powered lawn mower.

Solar energy

Solar energy is very large, inexhaustible source of energy. The power from the sun interrupted by
earth is approximately 1.8/10MW, which are many thousands of times larger than the present
consumption rate on the earth of all energy sources. The quantum of energy Indias land area
receive from sun is equivalent to 15,000 time sits consumption requirement (500 billion kWh) as
projected for 2004. In addition to its size, solar energy has two other factors in its favor. Firstly,
unlike fossil fuels and nuclear power, it is an environmentally clean source of energy. Secondly,
it is free and available in adequate quantities in almost all parts of the world people live. The real
challenge in utilizing solar energy is of and economic concern. One has to strive for the
development of cheaper methods of collection and storage so that large initial investments
required at preset in most applications are reduced, solar energy in India:

A large amount of solar radiation fall on India and for most of the country very few days are
without sunshine. India lies within the latitude of 7 N to and 37 N with annual average intensity
of solar radiation as500 to 60 available in regions. Average solar radiation falling on India in arid
and semiarid regions is 7.5 K w h/m/d. Solar energy 5 10 K w h/year

Potential to meet basic energy needs of teeming millions who live in rural India. Solar energy is
an important, clean, cheap and abundantly available renewable energy. The sun radiates heat and
light. The heat, light received from the sun supports the environment on the earth through the
following well known natural effects.

Temperature balance on the earth

Photo-synthesis by biological plants production of oxygen and organic materials, production

of organic chemicals and bio-mass

Wind due to unequal heating of water, land surfaces

Heatingof ocean water: ocean thermal energy (OTEC)

Waves in ocean: ocean wave energy

Tides in ocean: ocean tidal energy (due to gravitational forces)

14
The sun produces enormous amount of energy of heat and light through sustained nuclear fusion
reactions. The solar energy received on the earth in the form of radiation is used for heating and
producing an electrical energy.

Among the non-conventional sources of energy solar energy is the most promising. Hence our
project is based on the solar energy conversion to mechanical energy to run a normal grass cutter.

Specifications
1.3.1.3: Maximum Power: 50W, Maximum Voltage: 12V, Maximum Current: 2.9A: 1 Type

Comparison
SOLAR SYSTEM FUEL SYSTEM
1 Totally free from pollution Pollution is a great factor
2 No fuel consumption Fuel is the important need
3 No. of reciprocating parts No. of reciprocating parts
are less are more
4 Friction is greatly reduced Frictions between the
parts are high.
5 Low cast and maintenance Maintenance is difficult &
costly
6 Load carrying capacity is Load carrying capacity is
low high
7 Continuous ride for hours Continuous ride is
together is not possible possible
8 Ratio of speed reduction Speed reduction ratio is
more when weight less and it does not vary
increases very much

15
Problem identification:
Earlier most of the activities are done by manually. Gradually so many big and small equipment
are developed to ease human activities,thus to reduce the human efforts to do the things . Now a
days most of the activities which included human efforts are either replaced or automated by the
use of machines or other kinds of equipment. Skilled persons are required for conventional grass
cutter .why because here we uses animals like bulls .now a days the technology is developed in
other hands skilled persons with convention grass cutter were decreased. Now we have a need to
depend on the technology. Due to the risk involved in a conventional grass cutter, now days very
few peoples coming forward to grass cutting by conventional grass cutter .moreover, educational
background of Indian youth is improving. So most of people hesitate to use conventional grass
cutter

The objective of our project is to design and automatic lawn mower which operates on solar
energy and avoids the drawback of old lawn mowers. The purpose is to avoid energy crisis in
India and reduces the human efforts, operating cost and maintenance cost. Also solar based grass
cutter keeps the environment clean and healthy. It is used for cutting different types of grasses for
various applications. The whole machine operates on the solar energy.

This electrical energy is stored in the battery. The motor is connected to the battery through
connecting wires. The cutting blades tap the power from dc motor and which in turn actuates the
blades and hence rotating blades cut the grass.

This grass cutter occupy less space and light in weight and as it uses nonconventional source of
energy hence running cost is zero. It has facility of charging battery while grass cutter is in the
working condition. The cost of solar based grass cutter is less than the market grass cutter. Grass
cutter is used to keep the lawn clean and uniform in schools, gardens and playgrounds.

Here we are using separate motor for mowing and cutting the grass. The speed of motor used for
blades is greater than motor used for mowing the cutter.

In old model of grass cutter IC engine was used and hence because of its environmental impact
pollution level rises IC engine driven cutter is more costly. Maintenance of such conventional
machine is more. To avoid these drawbacks we plan to built new type of grass cutter which runs
on solar energy and this model is also economical.

this is a new proposal idea of a machine grass cutter where it was applied the ergonomics design
concept which is cover the ergonomic aspects like safety, user friendly in term of functional, cost

16
and the specially was used the solar energy was generated by solar panel as a source of power
replacement the petrol like currently grass cutter machine at the market.

CHAPTER-4
Working
Coming to the working of solar powered grass cutter, it has panels mounted in a particular
arrangement at an angle of 45 degrees in such a way that it can receive solar radiation with high
intensity easily from the sun. These solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy as
studied earlier. Now this electrical energy is stored in batteries by using a solar charger. The main
function of the solar charger is to increase the current from the panels while batteries are
charging, it also disconnects the solar panels from the batteries when they are fully charged and
also connects to the panels when the charging in batteries is low. The motor is connected to the
batteries through connecting wires .Between these two mechanical circuit breaker switch is
provided. It starts and stops the working of the motor. From this motor, the power transmits to
the mechanism and this makes the blade to slide on the fixed blade and this makes to cut the

17
grass.

Advantages Disadvantages and Applications

ADVANTAGES:
Compact size and portable

Easy to move from one place to another place

Operating principle is simple.

Single person can also operate this machine

18
LIMITATIONS
Large time required to remove the grass

Difficult to operate in rainy seasons

APPLICATION
For cricket ground.

football ground.

All garden

All Playground

Future work
We completed our project successfully with the available sources. But the results and
modifications are not up to the expectations. This can be further improved by incorporating the
following modifications to obtain better results. This efficiency can be increased by using some
other mechanism. and speed of motor is reduce because we have used heavy material and this
material can be replaced by using light weight material .and design of blades should be done
based on types of grass is used to cut. The project which we have done surly reaches the average
families because the grass can be trimmed with minimum cost and with minimum time Finally
this project may give an inspiration to the people who can modify and can obtain better results

So in future it is expected to run all equipments by using solar energy. This system is having
facility of charging the batteries while the solar powered grass cutter is in motion. So it is much
more suitable for grass cutting also. The same thing can be operated in night time also, as there is
a facility to charge these batteries in day light.

Photovoltaic effect

photovoltaic effect can be observed in nature in a variety of materials that have shown that the
best The performance in sunlight is the semiconductors as stated above. When photons from the
sun are absorbed in a semiconductor, that createfreeelectrons with higher energies than the
created there must be an electric field to induce these higher energy electrons to flow out of the
semi-conductor to do useful work. A junction of materials, which have different electrical
properties, provides the electric field in most solar cells for the photon interaction in a
semiconductor. A solar cell consists of

19
 Semi conductor in which electron hole pairs are created by the absorption of incident solar
radiation

Region containing a drift field for charge separation

Charge collecting front and back electrodes.

1.3.1.2 Photovoltaic effect The photo-voltaic effect can be described easily for p-n junction in a
semi-conductor. In an intrinsic semi-conductor such as silicon, each one of the four valence
electrons of the material atom is tied in a chemical bond, and there are no free electrons at
absolute zero. If a piece of such a material is doped on one side by a five valance electron
material, such as arsenic or phosphorus, there will be an excess of electrons in that side,
becoming an n-type semi-conductor.

The excess electrons will be practically free to move in the semi-conductor lattice. When a three
valance electron material, such as boron dopes the other side of the same piece, there will be
deficiency of electrons leading to a p-type semi-conductor. This deficiency is expressed in terms
of excess of holes free to move in the lattice. Such a piece of semi-conductor with one side of the
p-type and the other, of the n-type is called p-n junction. In this junction after the protons are
absorbed, the free electrons of the n-side will tends to flow to the p-side, and the holes of the p-
side will tend to flow to the n-region to compensate for their respective deficiencies. This
diffusion will create an electric field from the n-region to the p-region. This field will increase
until it reaches equilibrium for voltage, the sum of the diffusion potentials for holes and
electrons. If electrical contacts the connected through an external electrical conductor, the free
electrons will flow from the n-type material through the conductor to the p-type material as
shown in the figure. Here the free electrons will enter the holes and become bound electrons thus
both free electrons and holes will be removed. The flow of electrons through the external
conductor constitutes an electric current, which will continue as long as move free electrons and
holes are being formed by the solar radiation. This is the basis of photo-voltaic conversion that is
the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. The combination of n-type and p-type
semiconductors thus constitutes a photo-voltaic cell or solar cell. All such cells some rate direct
current that can be converted into alternating current it desired.

20
 The photo-voltaic effect can be observed in almost any junction of material that have
different electrical characteristics, but the best performance to date has been from cells using
semiconductor material especially all of the solar cells used for both space and terrestrial
applications have been made of the semiconductor silicon. Future cells may use such materials as
the semiconductors like Gallium arsenate, copper sulphate cad sulphide etc. The device used to
utilize the photovoltaic effect is solar cell.

CHAPTER -5

21
Focus of project work
The project work is focused on preparing an advantageous power source for grass cutting
operation which is not dependent on the climates condition and is punctual on its work. Moving
the grass cutters with a standard motor powered grass cutters is an inconvenience, and no one
takes pleasure in it. Cutting grass cannot be easily accomplished by elderly, younger, grass cutter
moving with engine create noise pollution due to the loud engine, and local air pollution due to
the combustion in the engine. Also, a motor powered engine requires periodic maintenance such
as changing the engine oil. Even though electric solar grass are environmentally friendly, they
too can be an inconvenience. Along with motor powered grass cutter, electric grass cutters are
also hazardous and cannot be easily used by all. Also, if the electric grass cutter is corded,
mowing could prove to be problematic and dangerous. The prototype will also be will be charged
from sun by using solar panels.The sun provides sustainable amount of the energy used for
various purposes on earth for atmospheric system. Every minute the sun radiates about 5.6810 26
calories of energy and the earth intercepts only 2.551018 calories (NRF, 2010). This represents
only 2000 millionth of the total solar energy sent into the space. The total solar energy is
estimated to be 30,000 times greater than the total annual energy of the world . The solar
powered lawnmower is based on the same principle that other early inventions of lawn mowers
works on. The difference is just the application of the energy source. It uses the photovoltaic
panel to generate the energy needed to power the mower. It is assumed that a lawnmower using
solar as the energy source will address a number of issues that the standard internal combustion
engine and electric motors lawn mowers do not. A lawnmower with solar energy will be easier to
use, it eliminates down time by frequent trips to the gas station for fill-ups and danger associated
with gasoline spillage.

The solar powered lawnmower will help to reduce air pollution as well as noise pollution
produced by other types of lawnmowers. In addition, it will help to reduce the running cost of
using and maintaining a lawnmower. NYSDEC (2012) were of the opinion that lawnmowers
must be designed to reduce pollutions generated than at present. This was further buttress by the
ARB (2011) proposing the ease of electricity to power lawnmower. However, most electric
mowers available at present are very inconvenient in that they require the use of an extension
cord which invariably gets in the way of mowing the lawn. Rotary mowers are based on the use
of small but powerful engine that provides enough torque to spin a very sharp horizontal blade
that cuts the grass upon contact. The blade is located in the deck that prevents grass from flying
all over the place when struck. In most cases, the motor is situated at the top of the deck, which
is usually mounted on four wheels. There is also a bag connected to the deck that is used to
collect cut grasses. Traditionally used lawnmowers do not use gas or electric power cord.
Pushing it turns a number of curved blades . They have no engines, quite inexpensive, relatively
safe and it requires little blade adjustment and sharpening. Some models have battery powered

22
motor to spin the blade while pushing the mower. Cutting tends to be uneven and some could not
cut grasses taller than 1.5 inches or trim closer than 3 inches around obstacles, while the
electrically operated mower uses an electric mechanism (motor) to spin a blade in a rotary form.
Cords are potential problems on lawns with trees and other obstacles. Todays cordless models
run longer per charge than previous models types. This requires little upkeep beyond blade
sharpening. Most offers a side or rear bag and mulching mode that cut clipping finely enough
they settle within the lawn and fertilizes it as they decompose.

Operation principle
Electrical energy of the battery is converted to mechanical energy through a set of blades
designed to achieve cutting .

Operation
The electric circuit ensures power transfer from the battery to run the D.C. motor, whilst the
solar panel power to continuously recharge the battery while in operation. The cutting blades tap
power from the D.C.

Motor.
When the power switch is on, the electrical energy from the battery powers the motor which in
turn actuates the blades. The solar panel generates current to recharge the battery, thereby
compensating for the battery discharge. The rotating blades continuously cut the grass as the
mower is propelled forward and the cut grass. Height of cut is adjusted by means of the link
mechanism via the lift rod.

Literature Review
For designing of remote Lawn Cutter we referred various literature, papers etc. The review of
previous method used given below: In this lawn mower uses an solar based energy source, which
is easier to use, more advantageous comparing to other energy source especially for gas based
source of power .But our lawn cutter is not based on solar because of its cost and may create
some complexity during working. So we avoided solar powered lawn mower .In this hydrogen
based lawn mower, the advantage of powering a lawn mower by hydrogen rather than by
gasoline is mainly ecological. We not used this for our lawn cutter because it is very old method
and many overcome produced from this type lawn cutter .The self- powered design objective is
to come up with a mower that is portable, durable, easy to operate and maintain. It also aims to
design a self-powered mower of electrical source; a cordless electric lawn mower. The heart of
the machine is a battery-powered dc electric motor. It is also useful method for our lawn mower.
It is similar to our lawn cutter using display and keypad.The present technology commonly used
for trimming the grass is by using the manually handle device. In this project we have automated
the machine for trimming the grass. The device consists of linear blade which is operated with

23
the help of the motor the power supply for the motor is by using battery. The battery can be
charge by using power supply and solar panel.

Component of grass cutter

Sr. No. Item Quantity Remark

1. DC Motor 2 Rotating the

wheel

2. DC Motor 1 Rotating the

blade

3. Wheel 4 Moving the

robot

4. Battery 1 Power supply for

motors
5. Solar panel 1 Power supply for
batteries
6. Remote 1 Control

7. Collapsible 3 High carbon

blade steel resist wear

PHOTOVOLTAIC PRINCIPLE

The photo- voltaic effect can be observed in nature in a variety of materials that have shown that
the best performance in sunlightis the semiconductors as stated above. When photons from the
sun are absorbed in a semiconductor, that create free electrons withhigher energies than the
created there must be an electric field to induce these higher energy electrons to flow out of the
semiconductorto do useful work. A junction of materials, which have different electrical
properties, provides the electric field in mostsolar cells for the photon interaction in a
semiconductor.
Solar photovoltaic cells are essentially semi-conductors, which have electrical transmission
properties like metal or salt waterand insulators like rubber. Panels are constructed with sheets of
doped silicon, primary element in beach sand with impuritiesadded like phosphorus that allows
electrons to flow.

24
When the protons from the solar energy hit a photovoltaic cell, a flow of electrons starts which
can be drawn off by a pair ofwires, thereby creating direct current. A number of solar cells
electrically connected to each other and mounted in a supportstructure or frame is called a
photovoltaic module. Modules are designed to supply electricity at a certain voltage. The
currentproduced is directly dependent on how much light strikes the module.

Problem identification
A Solar Grass Cutter is a machine that uses a revolving blade or blades to cut a lawn at an even
height. Lawn mowers employing a blade that rotates about a vertical axis are known as rotary
mowers, while those employing a blade assembly that rotates about a horizontal axis are known
as cylinder or reel mowers. Many designs have been made, each suited to a particular purpose.
The smallest types, pushed by a human, are suitable for small residential lawns and gardens,
while larger, self-contained, ride-on mowers are suitable for large lawns, and the largest, multi-
gang mowers pulled behind a tractor, are designed for large expanses of grass such as golf
courses and municipal parks.

The problems with available grass cutter are

1. Power consumption: The available grass cutter are petrochemical powered which will
consume large amount of conventional energy Source.

2. Human effort: The mowing work always needs to get control with a worker for the proper
mowing.

3. Time consumption: For mowing the land in different patterns and design it takes larger time
and human effort

4. Safety.

25
Operation principle
Electrical energy of the battery is converted to mechanical energy through a set of blades
designed to achieve cutting

Operation. The electric circuit ensures power transfer from the battery to run the D.C. motor,
whilst the solar panel power to continuously recharge the battery while in operation. The cutting
blades tap power from the D.C.

Motor. When the power switch is on, the electrical energy from the battery powers the motor
which in turn actuates the blades. The solar panel generates current to recharge the battery,
thereby compensating for the battery discharge. The rotating blades continuously cut the grass as
the mower is propelled forward and the cut grass. Height of cut is adjusted by means of the link
mechanism via the lift rod.

The Solar grass cutter is made up of an motor, a battery, an solar panel, three collapsible blades,
and a link

Mechanism. The power and charging system comprises of an alternator which charges the
battery while in operation. The D.C. motor forms the heart of the machine and provides the
driving force for the collapsible blades. This is achieved by the combined effect of mechanical
action of the cutting blades and the forward thrust of the mower. The system is powered by an
electrical switch which completes the circuit comprising the induction motor and the battery.
Thewheel is finding the path to avoid the obstacles and machine damage.

Chapter-6

26
Environmental issues
A 2001 study showed that some mowers produce the same amount of pollution (emissions other
than carbon dioxide) in one hour as driving a 1992 model vehicle for 650 miles (1,050 km).[21]
Another estimate puts the amount of pollution from a lawn mower at four times the amount from
a car, per hour, although this report is no longer available. Beginning in 2011, the United States
Environmental Protection Agency set standards for lawn equipment emissions and expects a
reduction of at least 35 percent.

Mowers also create significant noise pollution, and could cause hearing loss if used without
hearing protection.[26] This can be avoided through the use of reel mowers or by using cheap,
easily obtainable hearing protection such as earplugs or earmuffs

Easy to use
Lawn mower handle height should be adjustable.

Hand grip should be comfortable (padded).

Lawn mower should be light weight and easy to carry especially if you have steps to cross
through your lawn.

Surface ability
Clean and tidy trimmed lawn with neat cut of grass and weeds at an adjusted height.

Lawn mowers reviews reveal that they have mulching, rear bagging and side discharge feature.

Large wheels and a balanced control of lawn mower make lawn mowing easier and faster.

Additional features

Weight ofmachineisless.

Compactandeasytostoremachine

Project strategy
We had replaced conventional I.C .Engine from the lawn mower.

We had upgraded the lawn mower by implementing the vacuum system on the rotary blade
assembly.

27
We dont need vibration isolation in order to damp the vibration due to cutting action of lawn
mower because we fabricated balanced lawn mower.

Moving ability of grass cutter

Mowing is the periodic cutting of a grass lawn to a specified height. The ability to tolerate
mowing is one of the criteria that separate grass from the rest of the grass species.

Mowing is always a stress on the grass plants. Just because they can tolerate mowing does not
mean they like it. Reduce that stress by adopting these practices.

Mow early in the morning or, even better, in the evening Mowing during the heat of the day can
cause the plant to go into shock.

Mow when the grass is dry. Your mower will work better and there is less likelihood that disease
will be spread from plant to plant.

Follow the one-third rule. Select a mowing height appropriate for the grass species in your lawn.
Then set your mower blade height of cut and mow frequently enough so you cut off no more
than the top third of the grass plant. This will encourage stronger roots.

Cutting your lawn too short creates an environment for both weed and disease infestation. It also
causes the lawn to lose moisture much quicker.

Benefits of grass cutter

"As a society we tend to take the benefits of grass for granted," says James B Beard Ph.D., one of
America's leading turf experts and the chief scientist at the International Sports Turf Institute.

Aesthetically, lawns enhance the quality of life, contribute to social harmony and community
pride, increase property values and compliment other landscape plants.

Across America, nearly 30 million acres of lawns have sprung back to life, providing a soft
landing for kids at play, a blanket for families to picnic and a cushion for bare feet to roam. The
same important benefits stretch worldwide.

Beard notes, Turfgrasses have been utilized by humans to enhance their environment for more
than 10 centuries. The complexity and comprehensiveness of these environmental benefits that
improve our quality-of-life are just now being quantitatively documented through research.

28
The scientific evidence clearly shows that a healthy lawn is good for the environment. "Because
it's around us every day, people don't think about the fact that a healthy turf generates oxygen for
improved air quality, says Beard.

Most homeowners don't realize noise and air pollution are reduced in most suburban areas
because the grass ecosystem serves as a natural filter for the environment.

Here are just a few of the many additional environmental benefits Beard and other scientists
report.

Lawns provide excellent soil erosion control

They improve recharge and quality protection of groundwater and provide flood control.

They enhance entrapment and biodegradation of synthetic organic compounds.

They absorb and sequester carbon dioxide gases.

They bring substantial urban heat dissipation which results in temperature moderation.

Lawns contribute to home security as well, providing high visibility zones that deter potential
intruders and open green spaces that serve as a firebreak to reduce fire hazards.

Lawn grass dependent

Cool-season turfgrasses are those species with optimum growth at temperatures between 60 and
75F (15.5 to 24C). Cool season grass species include creeping bentgrass, fine fescue, tall
fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, annual ryegrass and perennial ryegrass.

Warm-season turfgrass are those species with optimum growth at temperatures between 80 and
95F (27 to 35C). Warm season grass species include Bahiagrass, bermudagrass, carpetgrass, St.
Augustine and zoysiagrass.

To make it easier to determine the appropriate species selection, geographic areas are designated
as zones according to temperature range. Warm-season and cool-season are two of these zones as
shown on the US map.

29
Within geographic zones, other climatic conditions occur which further impact turfgrass growth.
Two primary factors are conditions which are predominantly humid or predominantly arid.

Some geographic areas are designated by combining those factors with the temperature range.
For the US, that combination yields four zones: cool/humid, cool/arid, warm/humid and
warm/arid.

A fifth geographic area, designated as the transition zone, occurs where conditions from all four
of the other zones are present. This is the most difficult zone in which to grow turfgrasses. It is
typically too cold in the winter for the warm season grasses and too hot in the summer for the
cool season grasses.

Low Maintenance
Follow these low maintenance tips to keep your lawn healthy and beautiful:

Practice water-wise irrigation. Water as early in the morning as possible, when winds are calmest
and temperatures lowest. Water only when the lawn is dry and then apply an amount that will
soak in deeply. If there is an in-ground sprinkler system, adjust it to the seasonal needs of the
turfgrass plant, dont just set it and forget it.

Mow following the one-third rule, removing just the top third of the blade, and Grasscycle,
leaving the clippings on the lawn to provide nutrients.

Fertilize when the turfgrass plant can best use the nutrients. For cool-season turfgrasses thats in
early spring (when soil temperatures are 50-degrees or higher) and late fall. For warm-season
turfgrasses, fertilize lightly through the peak growing season during the summer. Use fertilizers
with at least one-half of the nitrogen in a slow-release form.

Follow Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices. Apply pesticides only to those areas that
require them. Weeds can be pulled or spot-sprayed. A dense, vigorously growing lawn will crowd
out weeds and be able to out-grow many insect and disease problems.

Help the lawn weather drought and heat stress. But if unfavorable conditions persist and/or
irrigation is restricted, allow the lawn to go dormant. When temperatures start to drop and fall
rains increase, your low maintenance lawn will recover.

With proper low maintenance lawn care, many of the high maintenance jobs of spraying
insecticides, herbicides and fungicides wont be necessary.

30
Moving safety
The Amputee Coalition offers these safety guidelines:

First and foremost: Keep your children indoors and do not allow other children to play nearby
while you are mowing.

Never allow children to play on a lawn mower, even if it is turned off.

Never allow a child to ride on a riding lawn mower with you.

Before moving
Pick up stones, toys and debris from the lawn to prevent injuries from flying objects.

Wear shoes, not sandals.

Use eye and hearing protection.

Start and refuel mowers outdoors, never in a garage.

Refuel with the motor turned off and cool.

Blade settings.

While moving
Only use mowers with automatic shut-off abilities, such as those with a control that stops motion
when the handle is released.

: Make sure your riding mowers safety feature includes an automatic shut-off when the rider is
not in the seat.

Do not move reverse.

After moving
Turn off lawn mower completely. Do not remove the grass catcher or unclog the discharge chute
unless the lawn mower is off. Cleaning Blade:- Grass collector and underbody should be cleaned
after used each time. Use a piece of wood and a cleaning rag. Caution! Wear gloves when doing
this work. Never use water jet or high pressure cleaning. Aggressive or corrosive cleaners should
not be used. Dispose of batteries: Dont throw the batteries into the garbage, fire or water since
all used batteries are not allowed to be thrown into the trash. The batteries need to be handled-
bring back to the Battery-box or to the local collection communities. Please help to do anything
that benefits our environment: Talk to your relatives, acquaintances and friends. Dispose-
Recycling:- Dispose your tool environmentally. Electric tools are not allowed to be disposed into

31
household rubbish. Send the tool to an appropriate collection facility-inquire your local authority
about this. The plastic and metal parts can be sorted separately and thus be recycled.

Theory of dc motor speed control

The speed controller works by varying the average voltage sent to the motor. It could do this by
simply adjusting the voltage sent to the motor, but this is quite inefficient to do. A better way is
to switch the motor's supply on and off very quickly. If the switching is fast enough, the motor
doesn't notice it, it only notices the average effect. When we watch a film in the cinema, or the
television, what you are actually seeing is a series of fixed pictures, which change rapidly
enough that your eyes just see the average effect - movement. Your brain fills in the gaps to give
an average effect.

Now imagine a light bulb with a switch. When you close the switch, the bulb goes on and is at
full brightness, say 100 Watts. When you open the switch it goes off (0 Watts). Now if you close
the switch for a fraction of a second, and then open it for the same amount of time, the filament
won't have time to cool down and heat up, and you will just get an average glow of 50 Watts.
This is how lamp dimmers work, and the same principle is used by speed controllers to drive a
motor. When the switch is closed, the motor sees 12 Volts, and when it is open it sees 0 Volts. If
the switch is open for the same amount of time as it is closed, the motor will see an average of 6
Volts, and will run more slowly accordingly.

As the amount of time that the voltage is time that it is off, the average speed of the motor
increases.

This on-off switching is performed by power MOSFETs. A MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-

Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) is a device that can turn very large currents on and off
under the control of a low signal level voltage.

The time that it takes a motor to speed up and slow down under switching conditions is
dependent on the inertia of the rotor (basically how heavy it is), and how much friction and load
torque there is. The graph below shows the speed

32
We can see that the average speed is around 150, although it varies quite a bit. If the supply
voltage is switched fast enough, it wont have time to change speed much, and the speed will be
quite steady. This is the principle of switch mode speed control.

33
 Chapter-7

How to use handle

Adjustable handle which reduces fatigue and improves control as it fits to your comfort level.

It is easy to adjust and there are no tools required.

It reduces the human effort while driving the lawn mower.

Using the handle showed 2ndfigure instead of handle showed in 1stfigure is desirable to reduce
the human effort.

It improves the comfort level of worker and that of worker can work for long duration.

Use of blades
. We observed that the tapper blade is cut more grass compare to straight blade and larger blade.

Because of the tapper blade have less material than the other blade and due to this the tapper
blade is optimum out of three blades.

34
Electrical (electric) power equation:
Power P = I V

Where

V = 12

W = 20

I=20/12=1.6 A

H.P = .01414

Solar panel calculation:

VOLT = 12 V

WATT =20 W

W=VXI

20= 12 X I

I = 1.6

Battery calculation:
To find the Current

Watt = 20 w

Volt = 12v

Current =?

P= V x I

20 =12 x I

35
I = 18/12 = 1.6 amp.

Design analysis
Force required by cutting blade to shear the grass is given by;

Assume F = 11 N

F =T/R

Where T = Shaft torque;

R = Radius of cutting blade=12cm

T=FR

T = 11 0.12

T = 1.32 Nm

But shaft power is given by;

P=2piNT/60

Where P = Power developed by shaft;

T = Torque required; and

N = Shaft speed in Rev/min = 8000 rpm

P=2piNT/60

P=2pi(8000)(1.32)/60

P=1105.84watt.

Construction
The new developed solar grass cutter is operated on the solar power and it consist of different
parts likes Solar plate,Battery 12 Volt D.C., Motor 12 Volt D.C, cutting blade for the cutting the
grass Solar plate is fixed on the upper part of the solar grass cutter because of sun ray is directly
on the solar plate and solar plate is directly connected to the battery for charging the battery.
Then start the rotating the motor is clockwise or anticlockwise depend upon the connection or as
per our requirement. Then we are attaching round shaft to the motor. motor is connected rom the
round shaft & round shaft is connected from cutting blade. The round shaft is transfer the motion
motor to cutting blade. Now the project mainly concentrates on designing a suitable operating
system.

36
To maintain simplicity and economy in the design the locally fabricated unit has beenSolar
power is quickly turning into one of the leading alternative sources of energy to fossil fuels, with
many manufacturers offering solar-powered cutter. Solar panels work with silicon mounted
under non-reflective glass to produce panels that collect photons from the sun and convert them
into DC power. When the cutter is not in use, a battery stores the power. When switch is Motor
start rotating clockwise direction due to the Crank for converting the rotary motion into
reciprocating motion and then hack frame also rotating like reciprocating motion. In the bench

37
Manufacturing process
1. Measurement of the material required dimensions: After designing the system it is important
to manufacture the machine with proper dimension to which will affect to lower the cost and size
with increase an efficiency of machine.

2. Cutting operation as per dimension: In the cutting operation part is held in a fixture, and cut
the work-piece as per the given dimensions.MS square rod is cuts with the help of motorized
cutting machine.MS square rod with dimension 0.75 cuts with required dimension and used to
assemble a support frame. Motorized abrasive cutting machine is widely used in fabrication and
structural industries for cutting metal .Its heavy cast iron body provides accurate and easy
cutting of metal .

3. Drilling operation:
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross section in solid
materials.

4. Welding and Grinding operation on required parts: For welding process, 3.15*350mm size
rods are used to join the MS bars as per the given dimensions. After the welding process,
grinding is necessary for remove extra material. The arc welding machines are convenient to
operate and require very less maintenance. An exclusive range of Arc Welding Machine that is
useful in fixings objects or welding any two metallic body parts.

Related work
Intelligent information appliance is the main direction of development in the appliance control at
irrigation fields. We designed a broad and commendable range of Super Mini Electric Grass
Cutter along with solar panel. As the energy conversation is very important in the current
scenario and should be done to a maximum extent where ever it is possible. Still, these mowers
grass cutting machineries all need the same things to work right -- a motor, a rotating blade, a
means of getting around and a way to get rid of the grass clipping.

38
Literature review

Research paper
1-Design, Development and Testing of Low Capital and Operational Cost Shrub Cutting
Machine(2010)

2-Optimization of the operating parameters of a grass trimming machine(2009)

3-Tuned vibration absorber for suppression of hand-arm vibration in electric

grass trimmer(2011)

4-Simple Design of Self-Powered Lawn Mower (2013).

Conclusion
1- 0The machine is fabricated as per dimensions. Design of blade and force analysis is done.
The fabricated machine is economical. Fabricated machine is easy to use and fulfills all
the objective.
2- For optimum operating parameters under investigation material of the handle produces
maximum contribution to the output performance (minimum HAV) followed by engine
speed and length of nylon cutting thread.
3- TVA installed in the optimum location is effective in reducing acceleration level of
vibration.
4- Below 40 degrees the mower handle becomes very uncomfortable to handle and pushing
the mower becomes quite difficult. At an angle of 45 degrees, the handle is found most
convenient in terms of freedom in moving the mower.

39
Free from pollution
Our project is free from pollution because we know the pollution is very harmful for human life
so in this project we used a solar panel to generate the power.

There are some harmful effects of pollution.

Pollution is one of the biggest global killers, affecting over 100 million people. Thats
comparable to global diseases like malaria and HIV.

Cleanups can save animals lives and discourage people from littering in the future. Take
initiative and host a cleanup -- wearing anything but clothes! -- at a park near you. Sign up for
ABC Cleanup.

In 1975, the National Academy of Sciences estimated that ocean-based sources, such as cargo
ships and cruise liners had dumped 14 billion pounds of garbage into the ocean.

Over 1 million seabirds and 100,000 sea mammals are killed by pollution every year.

People who live in places with high levels of air pollutants have a 20% higher risk of death from
lung cancer than people who live in less-polluted areas.

The Mississippi River carries an estimated 1.5 million metric tons of nitrogen pollution into the
Gulf of Mexico each year, creating a dead zone in the Gulf each summer about the size of New
Jersey.

Approximately 40% of the lakes in America are too polluted for fishing, aquatic life, or
swimming.

Americans make up an estimated 5% of the worlds population. However, the US uses 25% of
the worlds resources - burning up nearly 25% of the coal, 26% of the oil, and 27% of the
worlds natural gas.

Each year 1.2 trillion gallons of untreated sewage, stormwater, and industrial waste are dumped
into US water.

While children make up 10% of the worlds population, over 40% of the global burden of disease
falls on them. More than 3 million children under age five die annually from environmental
factors.

Recycling and composting prevented 85 million tons of material away from being disposed of in
2010, up from 18 million tons in 1980.

40
Materials and Methods:
The cutting blade, the force required to cut the lawn as well as the force acting on the blade was
considered. The force required by any sharp object to have impact on the grass is less than 10
Newton. It is also depend on the height, density and the area covered by the object. Therefore in
designing the blade of the solar powered lawn mower, the force required for effective moving
should be greater than 10 Newton. A stainless steel was used in the construction of the cutting
blade because of its strength and weight which can transmit same speed as that of the dc motor or
a little less cause of friction.

Fixing of blade
The cutting blade, the force required to cut the lawn as well as the force acting on the blade was
considered. The force required by any sharp object to have impact on the grass is less than 10
Newton. It is also depend on the height, density and the area covered by the object. Therefore in
designing the blade of the solar powered lawn mower, the force required for effective moving
should be greater than 10 Newton. A stainless steel was used in the construction of the cutting
blade because of its strength and weight which can transmit same speed as that of the dc motor or
a little less cause of friction.

Edging and trimming are the finishing touches of mowing, kind of like getting a shave after
youve had a haircut. Edging and trimming are pretty close to being the same thing. Some tools
are called edgers because theyre designed to trim the lawn along a hard surface like a driveway
or sidewalk. Edgers cut a nice clean edge, but leave some dirt and grass debris that you need to
clean up. On the other hand, you can use trimmers anywhere along a hard surface, in tight
spaces, next to planting beds, and so on. Trimmers also leave some clippings on paths and
driveways that you need to sweep up.

Precautions
Edging and trimming are the finishing touches of mowing, kind of like getting a shave after
youve had a haircut. Edging and trimming are pretty close to being the same thing. Some tools
are called edgers because theyre designed to trim the lawn along a hard surface like a driveway
or sidewalk. Edgers cut a nice clean edge, but leave some dirt and grass debris that you need to
clean up. On the other hand, you can use trimmers anywhere along a hard surface, in
tightspaces, next to planting beds, and so on. Trimmers also leave some clippings on paths and
driveways that you need to sweep up.

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Warning
Edging and trimming are the finishing touches of mowing, kind of like getting a shave after
youve had a haircut. Edging and trimming are pretty close to being the same thing. Some tools
are called edgers because theyre designed to trim the lawn along a hard surface like a driveway
or sidewalk. Edgers cut a nice clean edge, but leave some dirt and grass debris that you need to
clean up. On the other hand, you can use trimmers anywhere along a hard surface, in tight
spaces, next to planting beds, and so on. Trimmers also leave some clippings on paths and
driveways that you need to sweep up.

Know the equipment. Read the owners manual. Become familiar with all the safety features and
dont disconnect any of them. Keep all nuts and bolts properly tightened. Never pull a walking
mower.

Check the lawn before mowing and wear proper clothing. Pick up any rocks or debris. Heavy
shoes and long pants provide the best protection from flying debris. If youre using a reel mower,
dont wear loose clothing.

Protect your hearing. Doing yard work can get pretty noisy. In addition to the lawn mower, high-
decibel noise comes from trimmers, edgers, and blowers. Use earplugs or earmuff-type hearing
protection.

Keep pets and children away from the lawn as you mow. Dont let children operate a lawn
mower unless theyre strong enough, responsible, and understand all the operating and safety
features. Even then, supervise them. Never give a young child a ride on a ride-on mower. Sudden
stops, flying objects, or an excited child can spell disaster.

Be careful when fueling. Stop the mower and let the engine cool for 10 minutes before fueling.
Never fill the tank with the mower on the lawn. Avoid spills by using a gas can with an adequate
pouring spout. Clean up spills immediately and put the used rags in a covered metal can.
(Gasoline-soaked rags are a fire hazard.)

Turn off the mower. Never leave the mower running unattended, or work on a motor that is
running. Turn off the power when you cross nongrass areas.

Be careful on hills. Steep slopes are always dangerous because a mower can flip over or go out
of control. Plant a ground cover other than turf in these areas. On gentle slopes, mow across the
slope, not up and down. Use a walk-behind mower.

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Tip
To protect the tree, leave a ring of grassless soil at least 3 feet wide around the trunk. Put in a
nice brick or stone edging around the outside. Better yet, cover the open soil with a thick layer (3
to 6 inches deep) of organic mulch, such as compost or bark. (Keep the mulch a few inches away
from the base of the tree.

Laying sod is a gratifying experienceyou get a new, green lawn in no time! The time to lay sod
is early morning before it gets too hot. The soil in the planting area should be moist, not soggy or
dry. Water thoroughly one or two days before the sod is delivered so that the top several inches
of soil are wetted. Then allow time for the soil to drain so that its not muddy and is workable.

Before you begin laying the sod, apply fertilizer to the entire area after the final leveling. No
need to rake the fertilizer into the soil you lay the sod right on top of it.

Before you begin laying the sod, apply fertilizer to the entire area after the final leveling. No
need to rake the fertilizer into the soil you lay the sod right on top of it.

Start laying sod along a straight edge, such as next to a walk or driveway, so that everything
starts off straight. If your lawn has an irregular shape, run a string across the center of the lawn
area, with each end of the string attached to a stake. Lay sod on either side of the string.

To avoid roughing up the planting surface or the new sod, kneel on a board or piece of plywood
as you work. Make sure that you place the edges of the sod tightly against any hard surfaces,
such as cement edgings, walks, or driveways. Otherwise, you have empty gaps where the edges
of the sod can dry out.

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Choose a lawn
Choosing an irrigation system is about convenience, efficiency, and water conservation.
Deciding on portable sprinklers or an in-ground irrigation system basically comes down to cost
versus time and convenience.

Portable sprinklers arent necessarily the most efficient system to use to water your grass. You
know hooking up the oscillating or impulse sprinklers, dragging the hose all over the lawn,
watching the clock, and trying to remember when you should move the sprinkler to a different
part of the lawn. Because your lawn should be watered in the morning, are you willing to get up
in predawn hours to start the process? Then theres the question of how youre going to drag that
sprinkler over your new lawn. Youll turn that nice smooth ground into the lunar surface.

Portable sprinklers also can be difficult to adjust and point so that the lawn gets evenly watered
without wetting the sidewalk or street. The goal isnt to turn the street gutters into rivers.
Portable sprinklers water areas unevenly, and a lot of the water gets lost to evaporation as the
sprinklers throw the water up into the air to fling it far and wide.

The secret to getting a great looking lawn while conserving precious water is to evenly moisten
the root zone without filling the street gutters. Even if you have the best lawn soil in the world,
soil can absorb water only at a certain rate. If you deliver water faster than the soil can absorb it,
you get runoff a big waste.

Dont forget! Your time is valuable, too. With an automatic timer controller installed on your
irrigation system, you can water your lawn well and wisely even when you arent home. You can
even install moisture-sensoring devices that withhold watering during times when rainfall is
doing an adequate job.

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