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AbstractVehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) is a connect mobile devices using wireless channels. It is used
subclass of Mobile ad hoc networks which provides a to supply each device to ceaselessly maintain the
distinguished approach for Intelligent Transport System information required to correctly route traffic [1]. Apart
(ITS). VANETs provide communication between vehicles from the safety applications, VANETs broadcast
moving on the roads.Many protocols have been adopted valuable, real-time information to the users such as transit
to serve different topology and scenarios. We introduce systems, weather information, mobile e-commerce,
and reviewPosition based Routing Protocols, Broadcast internet access and other multimedia applications.
based routing protocols, Multicast/Geocast routing [5][6]Routing in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks is a
protocols, Cluster based routing protocols. The survey of challenging task due to the unique characteristics of the
routing protocols in VANET is very essential and network such as high mobility of nodes, dynamically
necessary for smart ITS. This paper also discusses the changing topology and highly partitioned network.[2] The
advantages / disadvantages and the applications of the performance of routing protocols depends on various
above mentioned routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc internal factors such as mobility of nodes and external
networks. The challenges and perspectives of routing factors such as road topology and obstacles that block the
protocols for VANETs are finally discussed. signal. [3] This demands a highly adaptive approach to
Keywords Delay-bounded routing, MANET, Routing deal with the dynamic scenarios by selecting the best
protocols, VANET. routing and forwarding strategies and by using
appropriate mobility and propagation models.
I. INTRODUCTION
MANET (mobile ad hoc network) is a network that has no
infrastructure and it has the ability to configure itself to
Vehicle to Vehicle data transfer is one of the main 1. Position based Routing Protocols
challenges within the design of VANET because it needs In position based protocols, the routing decisions are
to design a dynamic routing protocol. [4] Routing in based on geographic position of the vehicles. [7][9] This
traditional MANET is different to the VANET routing does not require establishment or maintenance of routes,
because of extremely dynamical topologies. Routing in but requires location services to determine the position of
VANET can be classified into following major categories: the destination. Some of the commonly used location
services include Global Position System (GPS), DREAM
www.ijaers.com Page | 221
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science (IJAERS) [Vol-4, Issue-4, Apr- 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.4.4.34 ISSN: 2349-6495(P) | 2456-1908(O)
Location Services (DLS), Reactive Location Services interest.[5][7] Geocast routing is basically a location
(RLS) and Simple Location Services (SLS).[1] With the based multicast routing, which aims to deliver
advancement of GPS based location services, position information from a source node to all other nodes within a
based routing protocols are gaining importance. specified geographical region called a Zone of Relevance
PROS: (ZOR). A Zone of Forwarding (ZOF) is demarcated,
Good performance in highway environment inside which the packets are directed instead of simply
Need of global route not required. flooding the packets everywhere in the network. In Geo
With high mobility in environment stability cast routing vehicles outside the ZOR are not alerted to
increases. avoid unnecessary hasty reaction. [5][6] Geo cast is
CONS: considered as a multicast service within a specific
It needs global positioning system position (GPS). geographic region. It normally defines a forwarding zone
GPS device stop working in tunnel. where it directs the flooding of packets in order to reduce
Location server sometime goes into deadlock state. message overhead and network congestion caused by
simply flooding packets everywhere [1].
2. Broadcast based routing protocols PROS:
This is the most commonly used routing protocol in Reduced network overhead and congestion.
VANETs, particularly in safety related applications.[7] In Reliable packet delivery in highly dynamic topology.
broadcast mode, a packet is sent to all (even unknown or CONS:
unspecified) nodes in the network and in turn each node Packet transmission delay due to network
re-broadcasts the message to other nodes in the network. disconnection.
Flooding is a prominent technique used in broadcast
routing protocols. [8] However, blind flooding results 4. Cluster based routing protocol
inbroadcast storm problem. A broadcast storm can Clustering in vehicular ad hoc network can be defined as
overload the limited channel capacity, causing channel the virtual partitioning of the dynamic nodes into various
congestion that reduces communication reliability.[2] groups. [1][9][10] A group of nodes identify themselves
Broadcast routing is frequently used in VANET for to be part of a cluster. A special node, designated as
sharing, traffic, weather and emergency, road conditions cluster-head is responsible for routing, relaying of inter
among vehicles and delivering advertisements and cluster traffic, scheduling of intra-cluster traffic and
announcements.[6] The various Broadcast routing channel assignment for cluster members. Cluster based
protocols are BROADCOMM, UMB, VTRADE, and routing is preferred in clusters. [5] A group of nodes
DV-CAST. identifies themselves to be a part of cluster and a node is
designated as cluster head will broadcast thepacket to
PROS: cluster. Good scalability can be delivered for large
Since packet is delivered via many nodes so the networks but network delays and overhead are
packet transmission is reliable. experienced when forming clusters in highly mobile
Minimize overhead by occurrence of broadcast VANET. In cluster based routing virtual network
storms infrastructure must be created through the clustering of
CONS: nodes in order to provide scalability [1].
Consume the large amount of network bandwidth. PROS:
It has good scalability of large networks.
3. Multicast/geocast routing protocols Delays in highly dynamic networks.
Multicast routing enables dissemination of messages from CONS:
single source to a group of starting point nodes of Network overhead is increased.