ARTERY
It stop posteriorly
it includes all the arteries. Arteries carry bloods away
from heart. The artericl system in frog beings with
truncus arterious. The trumats divides into left and
right branches or trunks, each of which subdivides
into three major vessels or aortic arches:
1) common carotid
2) systemic and
3) pulmocutaneous.
Common barnchial
arch: It is a short vessel running forward and
outward, but soon divides into 2 branches: external
and internal carotides.
A. External carotid: It is the smaller inner branch
carrying blood to the tongue and adjacent parts. It is
also called lingual.
B. Internal carotid: It is the larger attes branch. At its
base it forms a little swelling. The carotid labyrinth. Its
lumen is converted into a labyrinth by folding of the
walls. It is probably a sense organ and controls blood
pressure in the internal barntie artery. The internal
carotid divides into 3 branches - a palatine to the
some of mouth, a cerebral to the brain and
an ophthalmic to the eye.
Systemic arch: It is the longest of
the three arches and with greatest distribution of
blood. The two systemic archer curve dorsally around
the oesophagus and join with each other behind the
heart to form the dorsal aorta. In its course each
systemic arch gives off 3 arteries:
a. Oesophageal. A small artery to oesophagus.
b. Occipition-vertebral. It immediately sends an
occipital branch to occiput or posterior part of head,
and a vertebral branch to vertebral column and spinal
cord.
c. Subcalvian: It is a large supplying the
shoulder region and extending into the forelimb as
brachial artery.
Dorsal aorta: As already said, it is formed by the
union of both the systemic arches.
lying mid.dorsally just beneath the vertebral coloun. It
gives off the following arteries :
a. Coeliaco-mesentric. It is a single large artery
arising from the junction of the two systemic arches. It
has two main branches : the coeliac to
stomach, pancreaseand liver; and the
anterior mesentric to spleen and intestine.
b. Gonadial. A pair of short arteries to gonads. Called
spermatic. In male frog and overian in female frog.
c. Renal. While passing between the two kidneys,
dorsal costa sends off 5-6 pairs of small renal arteries
in a series into both the kidneys.
d. Posterior mesentric. It arises from the posterior
end of dorsal aorta, or sometimes from anterior
mesentric. It goes to large intestine or rectum.
e. Commo iliacs. The dorsal costa finally bifurcates
posteriorly into two common liliacs, each supplying an
epigastric to ventral body wall, rectovesciluar to
rectum and urinary bladder, femoral to hip and upper
thigh, and sciatic to lower leg.
Pulmocutaneous arch: It
divides into main arteries, pulmonary to the lung and
cutaneous to skin of dorsal and lateral sides.
Exercise 13
Does the sinus venosus contract?
Yes it also contracts.
What is meant by the pacemaker of the heart?
Specialized area of heart muscle
that controls and regulates heart
beat
Heart decreases in size and color changes to
light red:
SYSTOLE (contraction)
Heart returns to larger size and to dark red:
DIASTOLE (relaxation)
Explain the dark appearance of the vein.
 Vein color is determined in large
part by the color of venous blood,
which is usually dark red (and not
blue as is commonly believed) as a
result of its low oxygen content.
The presence of valves can easily be
demonstrated, how can this be done?
The valves work in the same way
as one- way swing doors, the blood
pushing the valves open as it
travels toward the heart; the valves
close as blood fills that part of the
vein, and prevents backward flow.
I. VEINS (Venous system)
A. External jugular vein
From what organ is the blood
drained?
lingual vein from tongue
maxillary vein from lower jaw
B. Innominate vein
What organs or parts of body are drained by
each of these veins?
Internal jugular vein from head,
brain, and spinal cord
Suprascapular vein - from
shoulders
C. Musculocutaneous vein
What parts of the body are drained by each of
them?
from sides of head
from sides of body
D. What do you call each of these veins (3
tributaries to the postcaval vein)
Hepatic portal vein from liver
Renal portal vein from kidneys
Ovarian or Spermic veins from
gonads
E. What possible routes can the blood take from
the hindlimb to the heart?
Renal portal circulation
Anterior abdominal vein by way of
the liver
II. INTERNAL ANATOMY OF FROG HEART
What is the significance of the differences in size
of the two atria?
Right receives blood from all parts
except lungs. Left receives from
lungs.
Describe the valves that guard this opening.
Spiral valve in the conus arteriosus:
direct deoxygenated blood into the
aortic arches of leading to the gills
and lungs.
direct oxygenated blood into
arches that supply other parts of
the body
modification arising from the
formation of a typhlosole-like
septum
ventral edge is free
Within the truncus arteriosus are two longitudinal
divisions or septa which divide the truncus into
three channels. Where to these channels lead?
Common carotid artery
Systemic artery
Pulmocutaneous artery
What structure minimizes the mixture of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the
frogs heart?
 The spiral valve in the conus
arteriosus, longitudinal septa and
interatrial septum
III. INTERNAL ANATOMY OF MAMMALIAN
HEART
What kind of blood enters the left atrium?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
Right ventricle is smaller and has thinner wall
compared to the left ventricle. What is its
significance?
The left ventricle is more muscular
than the right ventricle because it
pumps the blood at a higher
pressure. Just as any other muscle
in your body If you work one and
not the other- the one you work
gets bigger and the opposing
wont.
The left ventricle pumps blood at a
higher pressure because it has a
further distance to travel, blood
from the left ventricle goes to all
areas of the body. The right
ventricle only has to pump blood to
the lungs which is a much shorter
distance, therefore less pressure is
required.
What is the advantage of having two ventricles?
There is no opportunity for the
mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood. There is more
efficiency of the heart since each
ventricle has a specific task.
Right ventricle: pumps blood to the lungs
Left ventricle: pumps blood to the other parts
of the body
IV. ARTERIES (Arterial System)
What is the function of the carotid gland?
Motors blood pressure.
Carefully lift the dorsal aorta and see the small
arteries rising from its dorsal wall. What part of
the body is supplied by these arteries?
Coeliac
Left and right gastric artery
supplies stomach and pancreas
Hepatic artery supplies liver and
anterior part of pancreas
Anterior Mesenteric
Supplies lumbar/back region,
kidneys, urogenital system
What body part of the viscera does it supply?
Posterior portion of the rectum
Dorsal wall of the uterus (female)
Follow each branch and determine the organs
supplied
Epigastric artery SUPPLIES ventral
abdominal vein
Recto-vesicular artery SUPPLIES
rectum and urinary bladder
Femoral artery SUPPLIES skin and
anterior thigh muscles
Sciatic artery extension of iliac
artery to the rest of the hindlimb