Compressibility of Soil

Soil Mechanics
CVL 3413
Chapter 11
Compressibility of Soil
Dr. Sari Abusharar
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning
2nd Semester 2015-2016 1

Outline of Presentation
Contact Pressure and Settlement Profile
Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation
Fundamentals of Consolidation
One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test
Void RatioPressure Plots
Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays
Effect of Disturbance on Void RatioPressure Relationship
Calculation of Settlement from One-Dimensional Primary
Consolidation
Compression Index (Cc)
Swell Index (Cs)
Secondary Consolidation Settlement
Time Rate of Consolidation
Coefficient of Consolidation
Calculation of Consolidation Settlement Under a Foundation 2
Introduction
A stress increase caused by the construction of foundations or other
loads compresses soil layers.
The compression is caused by:
(a) deformation of soil particles,
(b) relocations of soil particles, and
(c) expulsion of water or air from the void spaces.
soil settlement
3
Introduction
In general, the soil settlement caused by loads may be divided into
three broad categories:
1. Elastic settlement (or immediate settlement), occurs immediately
after the construction. This is computed using elasticity theory
(Important for Granular soil)
2. Primary consolidation settlement, due to gradual dissipation of
pore pressure induced by external loading and consequently
expulsion of water from the soil mass, hence volume change.
(Important for Inorganic clays)
3. Secondary consolidation settlement, occurs at constant effective
stress with volume change due to rearrangement of particles.
(Important for Organic soils)
When foundations are constructed on very compressible clays, the
consolidation settlement can be several times greater than the elastic
settlement. 4
5
The sand at the edge of a flexible foundation is pushed outward,
and the deflection curve of the foundation takes a concave
downward shape.
In the case of
cohesionless sand,
the modulus of
elasticity increases
with depth.
Additionally, there is
a lack of lateral
confinement on the
edge of the
foundation at the
ground surface.
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Representative values of the modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio for
different types of soils are given in Tables 11.4 and 11.5, respectively.
14
Example 11.1
15
Example 11.1
16
Example 11.1
17
When a saturated soil layer is subjected to a stress increase, the pore
water pressure is increased suddenly.
In sandy soils that are highly permeable, the drainage caused by the
increase in the pore water pressure is completed immediately. Pore
water drainage is accompanied by a reduction in the volume of the soil
mass, which results in settlement. Because of rapid drainage of the pore
water in sandy soils, elastic settlement and consolidation occur
simultaneously.
When a saturated compressible clay layer is subjected to a stress
increase, elastic settlement occurs immediately. Because the hydraulic
conductivity of clay is significantly smaller than that of sand, the excess
pore water pressure generated by loading gradually dissipates over a
long period. Thus, the associated volume change (that is, the
consolidation) in the clay may continue long after the elastic settlement.
The settlement caused by consolidation in clay may be several times
18
greater than the elastic settlement.
A: inside area of
the cross section
of the cylinder
Ps : load carried by
the spring
Pw: load carried
by the water
19
20
21
22
The one-dimensional consolidation testing procedure was first
suggested by Terzaghi.
This test is performed in a consolidometer (sometimes referred to as
an oedometer).
The soil specimen is placed inside a metal ring with two porous stones,
one at the top of the specimen and another at the bottom. The
specimens are usually 64 mm ( 2.5 in.) in diameter and 25 mm. ( 1 in.)
thick.
The load on the specimen is applied through a lever arm, and
compression is measured by a micrometer dial gauge. The specimen is
kept under water during the test. Each load usually is kept for 24
hours.
After that, the load usually is doubled, which doubles the pressure on
the specimen, and the compression measurement is continued. At the
end of the test, the dry weight of the test specimen is determined.23
24
(a) Schematic diagram of a consolidometer;
(b) photograph of a consolidometer (c) a consolidation test in progress25

Stage I: Initial compression, which
is caused mostly by preloading.
Stage II: Primary consolidation,
during which excess pore water
pressure gradually is transferred
into effective stress because of the
expulsion of pore water.
Stage III: Secondary consolidation,
which occurs after complete
dissipation of the excess pore water
pressure, when some deformation
of the specimen takes place
because of the plastic readjustment
of soil fabric.
26
27
Step 1: Calculate the height of solids, Hs, in the soil specimen using the
equation:
Step 2: Calculate the initial height of voids as
28
Step 3: Calculate the initial void ratio, eO, of the specimen, using the
equation
Step 4: For the first incremental loading, (total load/unit area of

specimen), which causes a deformation , calculate the
change in the void ratio as
( is obtained from the initial and the final dial readings for the loading).
It is important to note that, at the end of consolidation, total stress

is equal to effective stress . 29
Step 5: Calculate the new void ratio after consolidation caused by the
pressure increment as
For the next loading, (note: equals the cumulative load per
unit area of specimen), which causes additional deformation , the
void ratio at the end of consolidation can be calculated as
At this time, = effective stress, . Proceeding in a similar manner,

one can obtain the void ratios at the end of the consolidation for all
load Increments.
30
31
Example 11.2
32
Example
33
This leads us to the two basic
definitions of clay based on stress
history:
1. Normally consolidated, whose
present effective overburden pressure
is equal to the maximum pressure that
the soil was subjected to in the past.
2. Overconsolidated, whose present
effective overburden pressure is less
than that which the soil experienced
in the past.
The maximum effective past pressure
is called the preconsolidation pressure.
34
Casagrande (1936) suggested a simple
graphic construction to determine the
preconsolidation pressure from the
laboratory plot. The procedure is
as follows (see Figure 11.13):
1. By visual observation, establish point a,

at which the plot has a
minimum radius of curvature.
2. Draw a horizontal line ab.
3. Draw the line ac tangent at a.
4. Draw the line ad, which is the bisector
of the angle bac.
5. Project the straight-line portion gh of
the plot back to intersect line
ad at f.
The abscissa of point f is 35 the
preconsolidation pressure, .
Example
For example 11.2, determine the preconsolidation pressure, c '
'
c = 18.5 ton/ft 2
36
The overconsolidation ratio (OCR) for a soil can now be defined as
37
In the literature, some empirical relationships are available to predict
the preconsolidation pressure. Some examples are:
(1) Nagaraj and Murty (1985):
38
(2) Stas and Kulhawy (1984):
(3) Hansbo (1957):
39
A soil specimen will be remolded when it is subjected to some

degree of disturbance. This remolding will result in some deviation
of the plot as observed in the laboratory from the actual
behavior in the field. The field plot can be reconstructed from the
laboratory test results in the manner described in this section
(Terzaghi and Peck, 1967).
40
41
Figure 11.14 Consolidation characteristics of normally consolidated clay of

42
low to medium sensitivity
43
Figure 11.15 Consolidation characteristics

44
of overconsolidated clay of low to medium sensitivity
Primary Consolidation Settlement
45
Primary Consolidation Settlement
For normally consolidated clays
For overconsolidated clays
46
47
Skempton (1944) suggested the following empirical expression for
the compression index for undisturbed clays:
On the basis of observations on several natural clays, Rendon-Herrero

(1983) gave the relationship for the compression index in the form:
Nagaraj and Murty (1985) expressed the compression index as:
48
Swell Index (Cs)
The swell index is appreciably smaller in magnitude than the
compression index and generally can be determined from laboratory
tests. In most cases,
The swell index was expressed by Nagaraj and Murty (1985) as
Based on the modified Cam clay model, Kulhawy and Mayne (1990)
have shown that
49
Swell Index (Cs)
Typical values of the liquid limit, plastic limit, virgin compression
index, and swell index for some natural soils are given in Table 11.7.
50
Example 11.3
51
Example 11.3
52
Example
53
Example 11.3
54
Example 11.4
55
Example 11.4
56
Example 11.4
57
Example 11.4
58
Example 11.5
59
Example 11.5
60
Example 11.5
61
Example 11.5
62
Figure 11.20 Variation of e with log t under a given load increment and definition
of secondary consolidation index 63
The secondary compression index can be defined as:
The magnitude of the secondary consolidation can be calculated as
64
65
66
Example 11.6
67
Example 11.6
68
69
70
71
72
Example 11.7
73
Example 11.8
74
Example 11.9
75
Example 11.10
76
Example 11.8
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Example 11.11
87
Example 11.11
88
Calculation of Consolidation Settlement Under a Foundation
Assuming that the pressure increase varies parabolically, using
Simpsons rule, we can estimate the value of as
89
90
91
92
93
HW # 10
Solve Problems
11.1
11.3
11.5
11.6
11.13
11.15
11.17
11.19
11.20 94

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Soil Mechanics

2nd Semester 2015-2016 1

(b) photograph of a consolidometer (c) a consolidation test in progress25

Step 2: Calculate the initial height of voids as

Step 4: For the first incremental loading, (total load/unit area of

It is important to note that, at the end of consolidation, total stress

At this time, = effective stress, . Proceeding in a similar manner,

1. By visual observation, establish point a,

(1) Nagaraj and Murty (1985):

(3) Hansbo (1957):

A soil specimen will be remolded when it is subjected to some

Figure 11.14 Consolidation characteristics of normally consolidated clay of

Figure 11.15 Consolidation characteristics

For normally consolidated clays

For overconsolidated clays

On the basis of observations on several natural clays, Rendon-Herrero

Nagaraj and Murty (1985) expressed the compression index as:

The swell index was expressed by Nagaraj and Murty (1985) as

The magnitude of the secondary consolidation can be calculated as

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