Non-Isolated Single Stage PFC based LED Driver

with THD Minimization using Ck Converter

S.M.Ferdous,1 Mohammad Abdul Moin Oninda,2,* Golam Sarowar,2 Kazi Khairul Islam,2 and Md. Ashraful Hoque2
1
Department of Electrical, Electronics, Computers and Systems Engineering, University of Oviedo,
Gijon, Asturias, Spain-33204.
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology,
Board Bazar, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh.
*
mamoin@iut-dhaka.edu

Abstract This paper proposes a utility supply driven single
stage PFC based LED driver using Ck converter. For low DC
voltage output requirement of LED driver, Ck converter is a
convenient choice due to its topological suitability for PFC
application and stepping the voltage down at a desired level
unlike the Boost Converter. A hysteresis current control scheme
is adopted to operate the converter in Continuous Conduction
Mode (CCM) and fast enough to follow the current reference
causing power factor to approach near unity. Although the
converter operates at variable switching frequency, the response
is very fast and independent of the converter dynamics. At the
same time the converter ensures a constant current drive at the
output side to operate the LED. Theoretical analysis, design
calculation and simulation results confirm that the proposed
single stage control scheme operates with an improved THD and
performs better compared to the commercially available
controller because the same converter is used for both PFC and
LED Driver. As it diminishes one stage of power conversion, the
efficiency of the driver is increased whereas the complexity in
controller design and implementation is decreased.
voltage without any transformer. Instead of Conventional
Boost Converter, Ck converter is used. There are mainly
three primary reasons for choosing a Ck converter. Firstly,
the availability of input side inductor Ls, like Boost converter
which is a requirement for PFC circuit for current
measurement. Secondly, Ck converter can step the voltage
down to a specific value in order to operate the LED driver
which is not possible in the case of Boost converter as it can
only step up the voltage level. Thirdly, the availability of LC
filter stage at the output side of the Ck converter and hence
smooth ripple free output voltage is possible to obtain
enabling the overall system to operate with only one DC-DC
converter. Also reduces the size of the output inductor and
capacitor.
Section II of this paper deals with the conventional average
current control technique of Ck converter. Proposed design
of the developed controller is discussed in Section III and
Simulation and Result are given in Section IV of this paper.

Index Terms Hysteresis Current Control; Ck Converter; II. CONVENTIONAL AVERAGE CURRENT CONTROL OF CK
THD; LED driver; Average Current Control. CONVERTER

I. INTRODUCTION
Generally an AC-DC converter contains large amount of
harmonics and decreased power factor due to distorted input
line current. In almost all the major areas such as
communication, computer, biomedical, automotive etc., active
power factor correction techniques are extensively used in Fig.1 Circuit Diagram of Ck Converter
power supplies, fulfilling harmonic regulations as well as
other standards. The source current gets distorted to a non- Average voltage across capacitor CS over one full switching
sinusoidal current due to these harmonics in the line current. cycle, T can be written as-
AC-DC converters must comply with harmonic standards VS - VLS - VCS - VLO - VO = 0
such as IEC61000-3-2.
In order to restore the power factor to as close as possible VS - VCS - VO = 0
to unity, power factor correction (PFC) technique is employed. VCS = VS - VO (1)
DC-DC converter used with PFC technique helps to reduce
the distortion in the input line current. At steady state,
Several power factor correction (PFC) techniques [2][9] Average voltage across inductors over one full switching
have already been discussed in many papers earlier. PFC for cycle is zero. Hence,
AC-DC converter can be classified into two types two stage VLS = VLO = 0
ac-dc converter [10], [11] and single stage ac-dc converter
Now,
[12]-[21]. PFC provides advantages of improved efficiency,
vLS ON = VS DT
maximization of real power drawn from the mains, reduction
in cost, I2R loss, voltage drop in long cables and electric vLS OFF = VS - VC 1-D T
burden on cables and electrical components [22]. This paper
proposes a technique of PFC integrated LED Driver/Constant So, average voltage across LS for one full switching cycle,
current sink DC load with reduced THD. The novelty of the vLS ON +vLS OFF
VLS =
design is that, the PFC and Driver are integrated in one single T
converter and the converter is directly driven from utility line
 VLS = VS D + VS - VS + VO 1-D [From eqn (1)] 2Vmax 2325
VO,avg = = = 207Vdc
VLS = VS D+ VO 1-D
VLS =D VS -VO + VO
From which Duty Cycle, D can be determined as:-
VLS - VO
D= (2)
VS - VO
Voltage & current gain for Ck converter are given as
D
VO = V
1-D S
1-D
IO = I
D S Fig.4 Determination of Average Voltage at the Ck Converter Input.

It can be seen that IS, which is the input current of the Now, using the voltage gain equation of Ck converter,
converter is equal to the input inductor current i.e. current D
through inductor, Ls. VO = V
D 1-D S
iLS = I VO - DVS = DVS
1-D O
So, the control block diagram can be shown as:- VO 30
D = = = 0.1266
VO +VS 30+207
So, the steady state duty cycle value = 0.1266.
Hence the converter input current can be calculated as:-
D 0.1266
IS = IO = 0.667
1-D 1-0.1266
Fig.2 Control block diagram for close loop current control of the Driver. IS = 0.0967 A

III. PROPOSED DESIGN OF CURRENT CONTROLLER So, the average input inductor current is 0.0967A.
For unity PF operation the maximum value of the current is
The proposed controller is a hysteresis current controlled needed to be calculated. Using the basic relation of maximum
based PFC with improvement in THD. The controller is value and average value of Full wave rectified DC wave
designed for LED driver application where it is desired to
supply a constant current to the load. So, LED driver circuit is IS,max = IS,avg
2
basically a constant current load where the current control is
done by a hysteresis controller. The advantage of the IS,max = 0.0967
2
controller is very fast response, independent of system
dynamics and improvement in performance. IS,max = 0.152 A
The short comings are - reduced accuracy at the constant So, the commanded input inductor current of the controller
output current and variable switching frequency which is the should be
most common drawback of using hysteresis controller.
LED Driver load is rated as 30V, 20W DC.
20W
ILOAD = =0.667A=667mA
30V
Equivalent load resistance,
30
RLOAD = =45
0.667

Fig.5 Generation of Reference Current iL* of the Converter for Unity

Power Factor operation and desired output current.

If an ideal scenarion with 100% efficiency is assumed,

Input Power,
Fig.3 Overall Converter Topology with desired Voltage Output. Pin, avg = Vs, avg Is, avg

At unity power factor operation, the input to the Ck Pin, avg =207 0.0967
converter is pulsating DC (Full wave rectified DC).
Pin, avg = 20W
Considering a 230V AC utility supply system, the
maximum value can be calculated as:- which is equal to the output power.
Vmax =2302=325Vac
So, the e value of the rectified DC voltage:-

Fig.6 Block Diagram representation of the Proposed Converter for Unity
Power Factor Operation.
Fig.7 Proposed Ck Converter with Hysteresis Current Controller.
IV. SIMULATION AND RESULT
The following diagram shows the source voltage (Vs), the
source current (Is) and the input power factor (PF).
Fig.8 Plot of Source Voltage (Vs), Input Current (Is) with a Power Factor of
0.99936. This corresponds to a Unity Power Factor Operation of the
Converter.
The following diagram indicates the input source current
and the associated THD. It may be noted here that the value of
THD is significantly reduced compare to the commercially
available LED Drivers.
Fig.9 Plot of Input Current (Is). The calculated value of THD is 3.45% as
obtained from the simulation in PSIM.
The following diagram shows the reference current iL* and
inductor current iL controlled by the Hysteresis Controller.
The response is very fast because there is no time constant
dynamics involved in the operation of the controller.
Fig.10 Plot of reference iL* and controlled inductor current iL.
Fig. 11 Plot of Output Voltage (31.64V), Output Current (0.703A) and Output
Power (22.25W). The values shown here for Voltage, Current and Power are
the approximate average value at the output of the Converter.
Now, a capacitor of 1F is added at the input of the rectifier
to further reduce the THD. The addition of the capacitor
improves the THD but makes the converter to operate at
leading Power Factor, which can be acceptable as the normal
Power factor of the Utility supply system is lagging. This may
somewhat serve the purpose of improvement of the Power
Factor in a way.
Adding a passive LC filter for THD improvement and EMI
reduction is very common for most of the commercial LED
Drivers. So instead of using any inductor a single capacitor is
only used.
Fig.12 Plot of Source Voltage (Vs), Input Current (Is) with a Power Factor of
0.8185. It is to be noted that, this corresponds to a leading Power Factor
Operation of the Converter.
Fig.13 Plot of Input Current (Is) showing THD of 2.83%.
 The maximum allowable range of THD for Voltage and
Current are given by IEEE Standard 519. According to IEEE
519, harmonic voltage distortion on power systems 69 kV and
below is limited to 5.0% total harmonic distortion (THD) with
each individual harmonic limited to 3%. The current harmonic
limits vary based on the short circuit strength of the system
they are being injected into. Essentially, the more the system
is able to handle harmonic currents, the more the customer is
allowed to inject. So the value of current THD obtained from
the proposed design are in the acceptable range to meet the
IEEE Standard given for Utility supply system.
The following diagram shows the reference current iL* and
inductor current iL.
Fig.15 Plot of Output Voltage (31.53V), Output Current (0.7A) and Output
Power (22.1W)
The following diagram shows the output voltage, current and
the power of the converter for LED Driver Application.
Fig.15 Plot of Output Voltage (31.53V), Output Current (0.7A) and Output
Power (22.1W)
V. CONCLUSIONS
The proposed Ck Converter based LED driver serves all
the requirements as prescribed by the IEEE Standards. The
Converter provides Unity Power Factor Operation with 3.45%
of THD and in other case a 0.818 Leading Power Factor with
2.83% of THD in input current. The only shortcoming that is
needed to be overcome is the output quantities. The Output
Voltage, current and Power are not the exact values as
calculated as there is no close loop control at the output of the
converter. This is not too important for a LED driver where in
most of the cases it is used for domestic lighting purpose. All
the output parameters are in acceptable range provided that
they are aimed for domestic application. However if a more
precise output is desired from the controller the current
reference of the converter iL* must be generated by a close
loop controller and an additional control loop is to be added at
the output of the controller. Nevertheless, it will also be more
complicated to control both the loops together using a single
stage converter operation as the numbers of controlling
parameters (i.e. Duty Cycle/Input Voltage) are limited. Hence,
a double stage converter with more degrees of freedom will be
needed to serve the purpose.
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