SUMMARY OF POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

GRADE THEOREMS, POSTULATES, AND CORROLARIES

Ruler Postulate
The distance between points and , written as
POSTULATE 1 , is the absolute value of the difference between
the coordinates of and . is also called the
length
.

Segment Addition Postulate

POSTULATE 2 If is in between and , then + = .
If + = , then is in between and .

Protractor Postulate
The measure of denoted by is
POSTULATE 3 equal to the absolute value of the difference
between the real numbers for and

Angle Addition Postulate

POSTULATE 4 If point B is in the interior of , then:
+ =

Line Postulate
POSTULATE 5 Through any two points there exists exactly one
line.

Points-Existence Postulate for a Line

POSTULATE 6
A line contains at least two points.

Line Intersection Postulate

POSTULATE 7 If two lines intersect, then their intersection is
exactly one point.

Plane Postulate
POSTULATE 8 Through any three noncollinear points there
exists exactly one plane.

Points-Existence Postulate for a Plane

POSTULATE 9
A plane contains at least three noncollinear points.

Flat-Plane Postulate
POSTULATE 10 If two points lie in a plane, then the line containing
them lies on the plane.

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Plane Intersection Postulate

POSTULATE 11 If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a
line.

Properties of Segment Congruence

For any segment ,
REFLEXIVE PROPERTY


If , then
THEOREM 20.1 SYMMETRIC PROPERTY


If and
TRANSITIVE PROPERTY
, then

Properties of Angle Congruence

For any angle ,
REFLEXIVE PROPERTY

THEOREM 20.2 If , then
SYMMETRIC PROPERTY

If , and
TRANSITIVE PROPERTY
then

Right Angle Congruence Theorem

THEOREM 20.3
All right angles are congruent

Congruent Supplements Theorem

If two angles are supplementary to the same angle
(or to congruent angles) then they are congruent.
THEOREM 20.4
If 1 + 2 = 1800 and 2 + 3 = 1800 ,
then 1 3

Congruent Complements Theorem

If two angles are complementary to the same
angle (or to congruent angles) then the two angles
are congruent.
THEOREM 20.5
If 4 + 5 = 900 and 5 + 6 = 900 ,
then 4 6

Linear Pair Postulate

POSTULATE 12 If two angles form a linear pair, then they are
supplementary.

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Vertical Angles Theorem

THEREM 20.6
Vertical angles are congruent.

Parallel Postulate
If there is a line and a point not on the line, then
POSTULATE 13
there is exactly one line through the point parallel
to the given line.

Perpendicular Postulate
If there is a line and a point not on the line, then
POSTULATE 14
there is exactly one line through the point
perpendicular to the given line.

If two lines intersect to form a linear pair of

THEOREM 21.1
congruent angles, then the lines are perpendicular.

If two sides of two adjacent acute angles are

THEOREM 21.2 perpendicular, then the angles are
complementary.

If two lines are perpendicular, then they intersect

THEOREM 21.3
to form four right angles.

Corresponding Angles Postulate

POSTULATE 15 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
the pairs of corresponding angles are congruent.

Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
THEOREM 21.4
the pairs of alternate interior angles are
congruent.

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Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
THEOREM 21.5
the pairs of consecutive interior angles are
supplementary.

Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then
THEOREM 21.6
the pairs of alternate exterior angles are
congruent.

Perpendicular Transversal Theorem

THEOREM 21.7 If a transversal is perpendicular to one of two
parallel lines, then it is perpendicular to the other.

Corresponding Angles Converse Postulate

If two lines are cut by a transversal so that the
POSTULATE 16
corresponding angles are congruent, then the lines
are parallel.

Alternate Interior Angles Converse.

If two lines are cut by a transversal so that
THEOREM 22.1
alternate interior angles are congruent, then the
lines are parallel

Consecutive Interior Angles Converse.

If two lines are cut by a transversal so that
THEOREM 22.2
consecutive interior angles are supplementary,
then the lines are parallel.

Alternate Exterior Angles Converse.

If two lines are cut by a transversal so that
THEOREM 22.3
alternate exterior angles are congruent, then the
lines are parallel.

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If two lines are parallel to the same line, then they

THEOREM 22.4
are parallel to each other.

In a plane, if two lines are perpendicular to the

THEOREM 22.5
same line, then they are parallel to each other.

Triangle Sum Theorem

THEOREM 23.1 The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 1800 .
+ + =

COROLLARY TO THE TRIANGLE SUM THEOREM

The acute angles of a right triangle are
COROLLARY 1
complementary
+ = 900

Exterior Angle Theorem

The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is
THEOREM 23.2 equal to the sum of the measures of the two
nonadjacent interior angles.
1 = +

Third Angles Theorem

If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two
THEOREM 23.3 angles of another triangle, then the third angles
are also congruent.
If and , then

Properties of Congruent Triangles

Reflexive Property of Congruent Triangles
Every triangle is congruent to itself.
Symmetric Property of Congruent Angles
THEOREM 23.4
If , then
Transitive Property of Congruence
If and , then

POSTULATE 17 Slopes of Parallel Lines (Discussed in LG 14)

POSTULATE 18 Slopes of Perpendicular Lines (Discussed in LG 14)

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Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Postulate

If three sides of one triangle are congruent to
three sides of a second triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.
POSTULATE 19
If Side ,
Side , and

Side

Then
Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Postulate
If two sides and the included angle of one triangle
are congruent to two sides and the included angle
of a second triangle, then the two triangles are
POSTULATE 20 congruent.
If Side
,
Angle , and
Side

Then
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Postulate
If two angles and the included side of one triangle
are congruent to two angles and the included side
of a second triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.
POSTULATE 21
If Angle ,
Side

, and
Angle
Then
Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence Theorem
If two angles and a non-included side of one
triangle are congruent to two angles and the
corresponding non-included side of a second
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
THEOREM 24.1
If Angle ,
Angle , and
Side

Then

Planning a Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are

Proof Congruent (CPCTC)

Base Angles Theorem

If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the
THEOREM 25.1 angles opposite them are congruent.

, .

Converse of the Base Angles Theorem

If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the
THEOREM 25.2 sides opposite them are congruent.

, .

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COROLLARY TO THEOREM 25.1

COROLLARY 2
If a triangle is equilateral, then it is equiangular.

COROLLARY TO THEOREM 25.2

COROLLARY 3
If a triangle is equiangular, then it is equilateral.

Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Congruence Theorem

If the hypotenuse and leg of a right triangle are
congruent to the hypotenuse and a leg of a second
THEOREM 25.3 right triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.

If and

, then

Perpendicular Bisector Theorem

If a point is on the perpendicular bisector of a
segment, then it is equidistant from the endpoints
THEOREM 26.1
of the segment.

If
is the perpendicular bisector of
, then
= .

Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem

If a point is equidistant from the endpoints of a
segment, then it is on the perpendicular bisector
THEOREM 26.2
of the segment.

If = , then lies on the perpendicular

bisector of
.

Angle Bisector Theorem

If a point is on the angle bisector of an angle, then
THEOREM 26.3
it is equidistant from the two sides of the angle.

If = , then = .

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Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem

If a point is in the interior of an angle and is
THEOREM 26.4 equidistant from the sides of the angle, then it lies
on the bisector of the angle.

If = , then = .

Concurrency of Perpendicular Bisectors of a

Triangle
The perpendicular bisectors of a triangle intersect
THEOREM 26.5
at a point that is equidistant from the vertices of
the triangle.
= =

Concurrency of Angle Bisectors of a Triangle

The angle bisectors of a triangle intersect at a
THEOREM 26. 6 point that is equidistant from the sides of the
triangle.
= =

Concurrency of the Medians of a Triangle

The medians of a triangle intersect at a point that
is two-thirds of the distance from each vertex to
the midpoint of the opposite side
THEOREM 27.1

If is the centroid of , then = ;


= ; and = .

Concurrency of Altitudes of a Triangle

The lines containing the altitudes of a triangle are
concurrent.
THEOREM 27.2
If
,
, and are the altitudes of , then
the lines , , and
intersect at some point .

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Midsegment Theorem
The segments connecting the midpoints of two
THEOREM 27.3 sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and
is half as long.

and =

If one side of a triangle is longer than another side,

THEOREM 28.1
then the angle opposite the longer side is larger
than the angle opposite the shorter side.

If one angle of a triangle is larger than another

THEOREM 28.2
angle, then the side opposite the larger angle is
longer than the side opposite the smaller angle.

Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem

The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is
greater than the measure of either of the two
THEOREM 28.3
nonadjacent interior angles.

> and >

Triangle Inequality Theorem

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a
triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
THEOREM 28. 4
+ >
+ >
+ >

Hinge Theorem
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two
sides of another triangle, and the included angle of
THEOREM 28. 5
the first is larger than the included angle of the
second, then the third side of the first is longer
than the third side of the second.

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Converse of the Hinge Theorem

If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two
sides of another triangle, and the third side of the
THEOREM 28.6
first is longer than the third side of the second,
then the included angle of the first is larger than
the included angle of the second.

GRADE THEOREMS, POSTULATES, AND COROLLARIES

Perimeters and Scale Factors

If two polygons are similar, then the ratio of their
perimeters is equal to the ratios of their
THEOREM 29.1 corresponding lengths (scale factor).
If , then:
+ + +
= = = =
+ + +

Angle-Angle (AA) Similarity Postulate

If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two
angles of another triangle, then the two triangles
Postulate 22
are similar.
If and ,
then .
Side-Side-Side (SSS) Similarity Theorem
If the lengths of the corresponding sides of two
triangles are proportional, then the triangles are
Theorem 29.2 similar.

If = = ,

then .

Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Similarity Theorem

If an angle of one triangle is congruent to an angle
of a second triangle and the lengths of the sides
including these angles are proportional, then the
Theorem 29.3 triangles are similar.

If and = ,

then .

If the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a

Theorem . right triangle, then the two triangles formed are
similar to the original triangle and to each other.

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Geometric Mean Altitude Theorem

In a right triangle, the altitude from the right angle
to the hypotenuse divides the hypotenuse into two
segments.

The length of the altitude is the geometric mean of

Theorem . the lengths of the two segments.

For Altitude:

=

= ()()
Geometric Mean Leg Theorem
In a right triangle, the altitude from the right angle
to the hypotenuse divides the hypotenuse into two
segments.

The length of each leg of the right triangle is the

geometric mean of the lengths of the hypotenuse
and the segment of the hypotenuse that is adjacent
to the leg.
Theorem .
For Shorter Leg:

=

= ()()
For Longer Leg:

=

= ()()

Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle, the square of the length of the
Theorem .
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
the lengths of the legs.

Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

If the square of the length of the longest side of a
triangle is equal to the sum of the square of the
Theorem .
lengths of the other two sides, then the triangle is
a right triangle.
If = + , then is a right triangle
Pythagorean Inequality Theorem 1: Acute
Triangles
If the square of the length of the longest side of a
Theorem . triangle is less than the sum of the square of the
lengths of the other two sides, then the triangle is
acute.
If < + , then is acute.

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Pythagorean Inequality Theorem 2: Obtuse

Triangles
If the square of the length of the longest side of a
Theorem . triangle is greater than the sum of the square of
the lengths of the other two sides, then the
triangle is obtuse.
If > + , then is obtuse.

Triangle Theorem
Theorem . In a 45 45 90 triangle, the hypotenuse is 2
times as long as each leg.

Triangle Theorem
In a 30 60 90 triangle, the hypotenuse is
Theorem .
twice as long as the shorter leg, and the longer leg
is 3 times as long as the shorter leg.

Interior Angles of a Quadrilateral

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
Theorem .
quadrilateral is 360.
+ + + =

Properties of Opposite Sides

If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its
Theorem .
opposites sides are congruent.


and

Properties of Opposite Angles

If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its
Theorem .
opposite angles are congruent.
and

Properties of Consecutive Angles

If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its
Theorem . consecutive angles are complementary.
+ = ; + =
+ = ; + =

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Properties of Diagonals
If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, then its
Theorem .
diagonals bisect each other.


and

Opposite Sides
If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral
Theorem .
are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

Opposite Angles
If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral
Theorem .
are congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

Consecutive Angles
If an angle of a quadrilateral is supplementary to
Theorem .
both of its consecutive angles, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Diagonals
Theorem . If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each
other, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are

Theorem . congruent and parallel, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

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