Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
EDITED BY
fT. E. PAGE, c.h., lttt.d.
ARISTOTLE
POLITICS
AEISTOTLE
POLITICS
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
H. RACKHAM, M.A.
FSLLOW OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE AND LATE
ONITBR3ITT LECTURER, CAMBRIDGE
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
CAMBRIDGE. MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
MCMLLX
First prinled 1932
Reprinted with some corrections 1944
Reprinted 1950, 1959
vi
INTRODUCTION
1. Practical Prolegomena
3. Editions
The commentary of Newman on the whole work
(4 vols.,1887-1902) and that of Susemihl and Hicks
on five Books (1894) are most valuable collections
of information. The Teubner edition of Susemihl
revised by Immisch (2nd ed., 1929) gives a useful
brief presentation of the evidence for the text.
" Also the version of Aretinus (Leonardo Bruno of Arezzo)
1438, is once or twice cited as Ar.
* Codd. cet. in the critical notes of this edition.
INTRODUCTION
4. Life of Aristotle
three years, and gave him his niece as wife but then ;
5. Aristotle's Writings
(&' ),
scientific treatises.
'
The former were published
and are doubtless included
among the exoteric discourses referred to in his
'
(
the charm and flow of style which Cicero and Quin-
tilian praise in Aristotle. To the latter group belong
the extant works, and these are for the most part
singularly devoid of those qualities of style. They
are called '
lectures '
),and in
fact each consists of a collection of separate dis-
courses on different parts of a subject, loosely put
together to form a treatise on the whole, with transi-
tional passages of summary and preface, and cross-
references, often untraceable. Some passages are
mere outlines of the argument, others set it out fully
but baldly, and others are copious and even eloquent,
as if written to be read by the professor to his class.
Doubtless they are actual drafts for courses of
lectures, put together by Aristotle or his pupils to
form treatises, and kept in the library of the school
as an encyclopaedia for the use of students. It is to
them that Cicero refers when in another passage he
speaks of Aristotle's writings as '
notes (commentarii).
'
Republic.
In Aristotle's whole scheme of science, Politike
belongs to the group of Practical Sciences, which
seek knowledge as a means to action, whereas the
Theoretic Sciences (such as theology, metaphysics,
pure mathematics and astronomy) seek knowledge
for its own sake. The Practical Sciences fall into two
groups again the Poietic or Productive Sciences,
;
' '
xiii
INTRODUCTION
Ethics), but also how it is to be secured (that of Poli-
tics) ; and it is also practical in the narrower sense,
because happiness is found (in Ethics) not to be a
product of action but itself to consist in action of a
certain sort.
The
works
?
short essay Oeconomicus included among the
' ,
of Aristotle is certainly by one or more
Peripatetics of a later date.
" •,
Aristotle recorded are
'Pi/Topos
Other political works of
(a dialogue),
Ilepl
(a dialogue on colonization), -
(formal pleadings on points of difference
~
—
gomena the theory of the state in general and a
classification of the varieties of constitution (2) ;
—
Books IV., V., VI., Practical Politics the nature of
existing constitutions, and principles for their good
government ; (3) Books VII., VIII., Ideal Politics
the structure of the best state (unfinished).
A probable view ° is that the work was begun on
one plan and later finished on another. Book I., a
prefatory treatise on domestic economy, was prob-
ably written for the first plan ; it is unfinished, and
clumsily fitted on to its present sequel. Book II.
also looks like part of the first plan, kept to form part
of the second one ; the same applies to Book III.,
perhaps the oldest part of all, which shows signs of
incomplete revision to fit the new plan. Books IV.,
V., VI. are the newer work, and contemporary with
the conclusion of The Nicomachean Ethics. Books
VII.. VIII., the Best State, are the earlier work, put
aside unfinished when the plan was changed, and
their substitute was never written.
a
Stocks in Classical Quarterly, xxi M partly following von
Arnim and Jaeger. Barker in Classical Review, xlv. p. 162,
discusses the point in relation to Aristotle's life and political
experiences.
XV
INTRODUCTION
—
Book I. The Family. The state (c. i.) is not merely
a large family (a retort to Plato's communism), but
different in kind, yet it is a natural outgrowth from
an aggregation of villages, as the village is from
an aggregation of families. The family (c. ii.) is a
partnership of master and slave, husband and wife,
father and children it involves the business of pro-
;
not desirable, his system (c. ii.) will not produce it,
his account is incomplete, and there are other minor
objections. The communism of Laws (c. iii.) is less
thorough-going. The equalitarian constitution of
Phaleas and that of Hippodamus (cc. iv., v.) are criti-
cized, with a short essay on the dangers of political
innovation ; then the constitution of Sparta (c. vi.),
that of Crete, said to have been its model (c. vii.), and
that of Carthage (c. viii.). There follow notes on
Solon and a few other law-givers (c. ix.).
—
Book III., The Nature of the State. Political Science
(cc. i.-iii.) asks What is a citizen ? and
'
Is the good-
'
'
but they should not share the highest offices, only elect
to and control them. The subject is treated afresh
(cc. vii., viii.) education and virtue are the best
:
—
claims to power wealth, birth and numbers have
relative but not absolute claims. Supereminence
puts a man or group of men above the law : hence
the value of ostracism, for even in the ideal state
—
supereminence would be dangerous except super-
eminence in virtue, which should make a man
—
monarch. Royalty (c. ix.) Spartan, oriental, elective
(the aesymnete), that of heroic times, and (c. x.)
absolute monarchy. It calls for supreme virtue in an
individual but royalty passed into aristocracy as
;
—
Book IV. Existing Constitutions. Science (c. i.)
must study not only the ideally best form of state
but the best under given conditions. Monarchy
and Aristocracy (c. ii.) have been dealt with there ;
xxi
INTRODUCTION
military system and placation of the people by public
benefactions. (6) The various Offices of Government
are enumerated and discussed (c. v.).
xxiii
ARISTOTLE'S POLITICS
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POLITICS, I. ii. 13-15
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POLITICS, . . 15-18
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POLITICS, . . 18-19
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POLITICS, . . 19-22
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BOOK II
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On the following criticisms see Grote, Plato, iii. pp.
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»
(1) §§ 3-7 ; (2) § 8-c. ii. § 11 ; (3) c. ii. §§ 11 mid.-13;
also (4) other objections c. ii. §§ 15-16.
70
;;
POLITICS, . . 2
that is to be well ordered to have community in every-
thing which can possibly be made common property,
or is it better to have some things in common and
others not ? For example, it is possible for the citizens Plato's
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POLITICS, II. . 4-6
,
° in kind.
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POLITICS, II. . 6-9
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POLITICS, II. . 9-12
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POLITICS, II. . 6-9
— j•
operate in opposite ways the masses are discon- and
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frame institutions for the most part which will lead to Riches
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citizens, but the legislator should also have reeard poverty
to relations with the neighbouring peoples and with defence»
all foreign nations. It is essential therefore for the
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strength, about which Phaleas has said nothing.
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;
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POLITICS, II. v. 12-14
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POLITICS, II. . 10-12
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POLITICS, .. 21-23
giver is one that Plato has made in the Laws. The training
orpeace
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POLITICS, II. vi. 23—vii. 2
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POLITICS, II. . -8
arrangement a sound one
is for the Cosmi unlike stability
;
d
Aliens required special permission to reside at Sparta, and
the ephors had powers to expel them for undesirable conduct.
155
,. ARISTOTLE
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empire, and also the island has only lately been in-
vaded by warfare from abroad, rendering manifest
the weakness of the legal system there.
Let this suffice for our discussion of this form of
constitution.
VIII. Carthage also appears to have a good consti- Constitu-
tion of
tution, with many outstanding features as compared Carthage.
with those of other nations, but most nearly resem-
bling the Spartan in some points. For these three
constitutions are in a way near to one another and
—
are widely different from the others the Cretan, the
Spartan and, thirdly, that of Carthage. Many regula-
tions at Carthage are good ; and a proof that its
constitution is well regulated is that the populace
willingly remain faithful to the constitutional system,
and that neither civil strife has arisen in any degree
worth mentioning, nor yet a tyrant.
I
Points in which the Carthaginian constitution Resem-
resembles the Spartan are the common mess-tables sparta.
of its Comradeships corresponding to the Phiditia, and
the magistracy of the Hundred and Four correspond-
ing to the Ephors (except one point of superiority
the Ephors are drawn from any class, but the Cartha-
ginians elect this magistracy by merit) ; the kings
and the council of Elders correspond to the kings and
Elders at Sparta, and it is another superior feature
that the Carthaginian kings are not confined to the
same family and that one of no particular distinction,
and also that if any family distinguishes itself a
. . .
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d Durazzo, on the Adriatic.
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POLITICS, III. . 10— . 3
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POLITICS, III. . 8-10
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POLITICS, III. . 12—xii. 2
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POLITICS, III. xii. 2
Additional Notts
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ei
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ii.
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iii. 1, yap .
state needs citizens of the working classes, etc., and these
nature of things be perfect
1277 b 38
human
translation
as subject and ovtos as predicate (meaning
(,
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The
fourfold classification given just before is repeated
in rather loose terms in this sentence.
b
The word originally denoted the duty of the wealthy
citizen holding the office of Choregus to supply dresses, etc.,
for the chorus and actors in a drama.
278
POLITICS, IV. . 2-4
(2) likewise also what is the one that is easier and more
279
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POLITICS, IV. . 4— ii. 1
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POLITICS, IV. . 3— in. 1
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288
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of these were rich and did not give the three hundred
poor a share in the government although they were
free-born and like themselves in all other respects,
no one would say that this people was governed
democratically ; and similarly also if there were few
poor, but these more powerful than the rich who were
more numerous, no one would call such a government
a democracy either, if the other citizens being rich
7 had no share in the honours. Rather therefore ought
we to say that it is a democracy when the free are
sovereign and an oligarchy when the rich are, but
that it comes about that the sovereign class in a
democracy is numerous and that in an oligarchy
small because there are many men of free birth and
few rich. For otherwise, suppose people assigned
the offices by height, as some persons a say is done in
Ethiopia, or by beauty, that would be an oligarchy,
because both the handsome and the tall are few in
8 number. Nevertheless it is not enough to define
these constitutions even by wealth and free birth
only ; but inasmuch as there are more elements than
one both in democracy and in oligarchy, we must add
the further distinction that neither is it a democracy
if the free b being few govern the majority who are
not of free birth, as for instance at Apollonia on the
Ionian Gulf and at Thera (for in each of these cities
the offices of honour were filled by the specially
noble families who had been the first settlers of the
colonies, and these were few out of many), nor is it
a democracy c if the rich rule because they are in a
majority, as in ancient times at Colophon (for there
the majority of the population owned large property
c
Perhaps the Greek should be altered here to give '
an
oligarchy.'
291
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See § 1.
292
POLITICS, IV. . &-11
before and say that there are more forms than those thes^te.
mentioned, and what these forms are, and why they
vary. For we agree that every state possesses not
one part but several. Therefore just as, in case we
intended to obtain a classification of animals, we
should first define the properties necessarily belonging
to every animal (for instance some of the sense-
organs, and the machinery for masticating and for
receiving food, such as a mouth and a stomach,
and in addition to these the locomotive organs of
10 the various species), and if there were only so many
necessary parts, but there were different varieties
of these (I mean for instance certain various kinds
of mouth and stomach and sensory organs, and also
of the locomotive parts as well), the number of poss-
ible combinations of these variations will necessarily
produce a variety of kinds of animals (for it is not
possible for the same animal to have several different
sorts of mouth, nor similarly of ears either), so that
when all the possible combinations of these are taken
they will all produce animal species, and there will
be as many species of the animal as there are com-
11 binations of the necessary parts : —
so in the same
way also we shall classify the varieties of the con-
stitutions that have been mentioned. For states
also are composed not of one but of several parts, as
293
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298
POLITICS, IV. . 14— iv. 1
for the same men to be the soldiers that defend the hence
state in war and the farmers that till the land and ^JP"**'
the artizans, and also the councillors and judges, and Democracy
indeed all men claim to possess virtue and think c ^^
themselves capable of filling most of the offices of forma
state ; but it is not possible for the same men to
be poor and rich. Hence these seem to be in the
fullest sense the parts of the state, the rich and the
poor. And also the fact that the rich are usually
few and the poor many makes these two among the
parts of the state appear as opposite sections ; so
that the superior claims of these classes are even
made the guiding principles upon which constitutions
are constructed, and it is thought that there are two
forms of constitution, democracy and oligarchy.
1 IV. That there are then several forms of constitu- Varieties of
10 y
tion, and what are the reasons for this, has been aJf*
stated before ; let us now say that there are several Democracy
varieties both of democracy and of oligarchy. And
this is clear even from what has been said already.
For there are several classes both of the people and
of those called the notables ; for instance classes of
the people are, one the farmers, another the class
dealing with the arts and crafts, another the com-
mercial class occupied in buying and selling and
another the one occupied with the sea and this —
is divided into the classes concerned with naval
warfare, with trade, with ferrving passengers and
with fishing (for each of these classes is extremely
numerous in various places, for instance fishermen
299
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POLITICS, IV. . 1-3
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302
POLITICS, IV. . 3-6
303
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POLITICS, IV. . 6—v. 1
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POLITICS, IV. v. 1-3
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state has income from tribute or foreign property.
308
POLITICS, IV. v. 3-5
309
.
ARISTOTLE
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POLITICS, IV. v. 5-8
311
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POLITICS, IV. v. 8-11
best'
—
only to the constitution of which the citizens
are best in virtue absolutely and not merely good
men in relation to some arbitrary standard, for
under it alone the same person is a good man and a
good citizen absolutely, whereas those who are good
under the other constitutions are good relatively to
their own form of constitution) ; nevertheless there
are also some constitutions that have differences
both in comparison with oligarchically governed
states and with what is termed constitutional govern-
ment, inasmuch as in them they elect the officials
11 not only by wealth but also by goodness this form ;
313
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POLITICS, IV. v. 11— . 2
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should be excised.
320
POLITICS, IV. . 2-4
321
, ARISTOTLE
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conjectural emendation removes this mysterious epi-
gram, giving ' and not one of the two (only).'
b
Or, if is an interpolation, ' not merely because
322
POLITICS, IV. . 4-6
the case with the form that lies in the middle, for
each of the two extreme forms can be seen in it.
5 This is the case with the constitution of Sparta.
For many people endeavour to describe it as being a
democracy, because its system has many democratic
features, for instance first of all its regulation for the
rearing of boys, since the sons of the rich are brought
up in the same way as those of the poor, and are
educated in a manner in which the sons of the poor also
could be educated, and they are also treated similarly
at the next age, and in the same manner when they are
grown up, for there is nothing that distinguishes the
rich man from the poor man —
thus the arrangements
for food are the same for all at the common messes,
and the rich wear clothes such as even any poor man
could procure, and also because of the two greatest
offices the common people elect to one and share in
the other (they elect the Elders and share in the
Ephorate) ; but others call it an oligarchy, because
it has many oligarchical features, for instance that all
the offices are elective and none appointed by lot
and few persons have the power to sentence to death
6 and exile, and a number of other such matters. But
in a well-constructed mixed constitution both of the
two factors, and neither of them, should seem to be
present, and it should be kept safe by its own means
and not by outside aid, and by its own means not
because those who desire its security are more
numerous outside it b (for even a bad constitution
might possess this quality), but because no section
of the state whatever would even wish for another
constitution.
1294 b
.
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POLITICS, IV. . 6—. 3
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c
N.E. 1101 a 14.
326
POLITICS, IV. . 3— . 3
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POLITICS, IV. . 8-11
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del Spengel :
335
1296 b
.
>/\\ \ /
.
ARISTOTLE
. ,
r
etvai
11 >Q\
15
elvat
€
.
^•,,
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,
.
20
,
(
- ,--
^
." .
25
30
, ,,,
,, , , ,
-
3
836
POLITICS, IV. . 13— . 3
337
85 . ,•€ ARISTOTLE
'
, , ,
€
,*
4
€
1297 a
• , , ,-
elvai
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15
,
, "
retatj
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20
' ° The word is
e^etvat
• -
loosely used of this small class.
338
:
339
,
ARISTOTLE
1297 a ,
t ,
s , , ,
M , x
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.
80
.
,, •
,
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8
1297
40
b (>
,
, ' yiyverat
340
POLITICS, IV. . 6-8
,
1297 b
. 1
, 9
•
,
,' .
paSiov,
-
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15
?
,
"
'
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10
20
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25
1
),
Lindau.
,
842
POLITICS, IV. . g-io
*
11
.
, (
.
,
,
so
),
85 XI.
en
, , ,
,.
j
,
40
,, ,
,
1
1298 a
^
eirai
'
',
'
. 2 3
1
Congreve :
rivas Wilson
*, : &s
codcl.
codd.
8
<ehai> ? ed.
S44
POLITICS, IV. . 11—. 1
/^^.
constitution separately, taking their appropriate start- ment:
ing-point. All forms of constitution then have three
factors in reference to which the good lawgiver has to
consider what is expedient for each constitution and
;
'
?
2
/
\
,(.,
,
3
15
,
),
20
, []? ,-
owieVai
4
,
,
• ? ,
'
-
1
1
Susemihl.
'
Otherwise unknown.
346
POLITICS, IV. . 1-4
S47
, ,, ,
ARISTOTLE
' ?
€ € ,,
'
--? 5
s ,
85 .
, .
? .-
,
,
', ,
6
'
40
1298 b
' ,
' -
, £ ., * 1
-1
348
1
Garvey,
" i.e. in
Immisch
<\>')>
: ' codd.
an advanced democracy.
Spengel.
7
POLITICS, IV. . 4-7
, ,,t>
• 8
\ / > / < »
, , 8.-
2
'
, 8
()'
3
4,
eti>ai -
(
15 fj
6
), , (,
20
," , etrai
)• -
2 6
'
1
1
Tives seel.
2
ttj
3
disponitur
Coraes :
?
(
Camerarius (cum Guilelmi codd. plerisque).
The
Newman
re codd.
:
?)
mss. give
. codd.
Guil.
'
or
:
by
5
€
lot.'
(seel. Brandis).
Congreve.
? Richards.
350
POLITICS, IV. . 7-8
)
,
1
. ,?
, , .
iv
,
,
._,
- 9
,*
80
85
),
,
(
,,-- 6
8
10
•
,,
, '
-
40
,' .
*(), .
1299 a
XII. 1
.
an %
1
Susemihl:
There were
; and
codd. 2
Coraes:
at Corinth as well as a
-%
and
at Sparta, Athens and else-
where at Athens they sat with the presidents of the
and
352
:
333
12OT»
ol
),
,
( ,
,, ,-
, ARISTOTLE
'
-
, eimi
'
,
8
ytVea^ai
^ .-
, . 2
15
•
, ( ,
yei^ea^at
1
,
.
2
, ),,
20
25
,-,
at
'
)', -
(,
s
'
,
'
,
?
3
1
. :
2
codd. (et nonnulli
suppleuit Rassow.
).
Distributions of corn were made at times of scarcity, or
when the state had received a present of corn.
354
POLITICS, IV. . 1-3
355
,,
ARISTOTLE
€, -
.
1299 a
( yap
30 ),
,
, , -
\
( »'
-
85
, etrai ? ,- '
1299 b
) '
( 5
.•
'
, (
etrar
;)
10
-^?),
.
° An implement (its exact shape does not appear to be
6
357
ARISTOTLE
1299 b
)-
, € ,, 1
'
2
-
15
, 3
» '
,
20
,
*
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, 7
,
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)
25
-
,
so
'
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( ) , . 8
1
Bojesen : */
2
Thurot
codd. (vvvayot o't'aj
: codd.
? ed.).
8
Thurot : codd.
358
—
POLITICS, IV. . -8
say how many magistracies every state must neces-
sarily possess and how many, though not absolutely
necessary, it ought to possess, knowing these points
one might more easily realize what kinds of magis-
tracies are of a suitable nature to be combined into a
single office. And it is suitable for the further ques-
tion not to be overlooked, what kinds of matters
ought to be attended to by a number of officials
locally distributed and what ought to be under
the authority of one magistrate for all localities,
for example should good order be seen to in the
market-place by a Controller of the Market and else-
where by another official, or everywhere by the same
one r and ought the offices to be divided according to
the function or according to the persons concerned
I mean, for instance, should there be a single official
in control of good order, or a different one for children
7 and for women ? and also under the various constitu-
tions does the nature of the magistracies vary in
accordance with each or does it not vary at all for —
example in democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy and
monarchy are the magistracies the same in their
powers, although they are not filled from equal ranks
nor from similar classes but are different in different
constitutions (for example in aristocracies drawn
from the educated, in oligarchies from the wealthy,
and in democracies from the free), or although some
constitutions happen to be correspondent with the
actual differences of their magistracies, yet in other
cases are the same magistracies advantageous even
where the constitutions differ (for in some places it
is suitable for the same magistracies to have large
85
, ,.
?
•
',
•, at
,
'
,- eivat
.*
. 9
-
,(.
1300 a
(
. ?
,
;) '
'
).
efteVat
at -
,
,
10 10
, ' at
1
, ,
.
Spengel : codd.
°
6
See 1298 b 29
Or
? .
-
possibly from going in processions
regulations reus
'
361
1300 a
€
,
ARISTOTLE
,
15
(
,
20 77
? • iv
),
, 11
,.
. ' Tt^oV, «rat
'
1
, ,-
, '
25 — []
2
, * —
3
,[ ,
] ,. -
,
30 '
5
[] 7
, '
6
12
2
4
8
7
1300 a 23-b 5 locum vertiginosum
quisque suam rescripserunt.
Thurot.
?
post
Rabe:
Thurot.
add.
), codd.
3
4
viri docti
Ar.
s
Rabe.
: .
ad libidinem
Hayduck.
(
'
'
40 )
.
'
( '
1300 b
. ?
, ?
-
<> -( ^?
' 13
^, ), . Tim?
2
''
^^ alpeaei
-
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• ,
!0 ^ [] ^? 3
.
• ?
XIII.
. , 1
1 Lambinus. 2 2
: cet. 3
[] om. 1
.
365
1300 b
is ., , ARISTOTLE
.
20
iv
, ,
,
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., ,
' el
{ ,, 1
,- 2
,
25
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30 , ? -?, -
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•
2
36
1
, , 2
,
i.e. men that had been allowed to flee the country when
charged with accidental homicide, and on their return were
accused of another homicide, a wilful murder.
366
POLITICS, IV. . 1-3
,?
1300 b
,,
,
40
'
1301a
, '
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*
. ,
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'
1
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' 4
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Tii/aw
•
,, ,, ? '
.,
2
15
'
1 suppleuit Newman.
2 Susemihl
wepi : ) wepi codd.
S68
POLITICS, IV. xiii. 3-4
369
1301a
20
• I.
,.,,, , ,- 1
25
({
' ' ).'
30
, )) ,
'
('
,
editors, as
pose that because they are all alike free they are
equal absolutely), oligarchy arose from their assum-
ing that if they are unequal as regards some one
thing they are unequal wholly (for being unequal
in property they assume that they are unequal
3 absolutely) and then the democrats claim as
;
371
1301
35 ol
. '
ARISTOTLE
,7 ,
40
1201 b
.
,
,' ,, '
ok
1
-
.-
,
, •,
2
4
(
-
, ,,
^. ,
'
*
- '
, ,
5
15
,
372
2
, <7^> ws
1
vel
6$(>
? ed.
post nyyal Richards.
POLITICS, V. . 3-5
when each of the two parties has not got the share
in the constitution which accords with the funda-
mental assumption that they happen to entertain,
class war ensues. And of all men those who excel in
virtue would most justifiably stir up faction, though
they are least given to doing so ; for they alone
can with the fullest reason be deemed absolutely
unequal. And there are some men who being
superior in birth claim unequal rights because of
this inequality for persons who have ancestral virtue
;
373
1801 b
?,
,. ARISTOTLE
iv
«
20
*
• ) ?
,, iv 6
.
25
(,
6
.
)'
80 ,
—
7
• ,'
,
, ,
.
) ,, (
b
1
aut
See 1307 a 34
aut
.
el
,,
schol. :
'
codd.
e
See 1301 a 27 ff. and note.
374
POLITICS, V. . 5-8
375
•, ARISTOTLE
,
1302a
6
.
'
1
'
euyeVeia
iv
* 2
•, ?. 3
.
£\
•,,
9
, .
15
.
,
,
[]*
,,
II. 1
20
,
8
3
4
1
:
— < &> a
Lambinus.
codd. det.
Stahr.
om. p : Victorius.
POLITICS, V. . 8— . 1
noble birth and virtue are found in few men, but the
qualifications specified in more nowhere are there
:
c
Viz. the material, final and efficient causes of revolutions
(Jowett).
377
.--
ARISTOTLE
1302 a
25 .
, , { ''
, 8
,, )' - ' 2
'..
30
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35 ,
,,, .' •-
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^?
' , ' , /^ 1
, , , ,
40
i:02b
'
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suppleuit Immisch.
378
POLITICS, V. . 1-3
5
,
, ,, ,, ARISTOTLE
'^ '
-
- 4
?
.• ,
1
,
. ') ,.? ,
£>
15
,
, "
(
•)/?
,, -
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20
)/'^
, , ,
1
: Niemeyer.
380
POLITICS, V. . 3-5
381
1302 b
25
,
.
(,,' ,
ARISTOTLE
/cat -
30
,, '
/cat /cat ev ^?
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.
' 7
85
, 6
40
1303 a
«-
,
.
,
,-
,
' 8
382
POLITICS, V. . 6-8
383
,-
ARISTOTLE
1303»
/
,
. .
, ' , ,
1
8•
iv
), ,
'
,
at 9
15 (
Sta.
'
,^ .
20
.,
,' ',
'
-
-
25
,, * , •,
3
10
1
' Susemihl. 2
.
8 ' Aretinus: ' codd.
4
eyyvs vel (yyi^ov ? immisch (tanquam propinquum
sit Guil.).
seventh.'
384
POLITICS, V. . 8-10
, ' -
85
,
",
^ ,
'
,' -- 11
,(
1303 b
.
,,
1
'
5
', ',
' .)
1
Spengel : codd.
POLITICS, V. . 10-11
,, , iv 1
12
,
,
. , ^ .
iv
iv
Nonet?•
15
,
. ,
€,
, ,,
III.
. ,
at 1
,
20
*
*
, 3
'
-
25
1
Sylburg.
3
2
.
suppleuit Richards.
arepos suppleuit Coraes.
4
rbv Coraes : rts codd.
? . ,,
so etrai
85
,
6 , ,. 2
1
6 '
3
1304 a
, .,
, '
,
,
1
2
codd.
ed. :
cet. (.
irpoarjyeTo
Victorius).
codd.
' -
a i.e. the ratio of being a half to the whole a bad start
:
391
ARISTOTLE
,
1304
,«
MraaeW
, ,.
>t ,
it
em
>\ >
-
»
4
15
,, yap 1
20 • ,
--
/nra
25 ' -
80
' ' /
1
Ovyarepa om. codd. fere omnes.
-
° i.e. the fathers of the two suitors for the heiress's hand
turned the quarrel into a faction fight.
* Perhaps the same event as that referred to 1301 b 21.
c
Unknown.
S92
POLITICS, V. . 3-6
393
35
. -
, , ,-
ARISTOTLE
.
/cat
,
, '
,
1304 b
5
, ., ,
'
.•
•
,,
^•
* -.
/?
8
1
Richards.
15 ,
8e
.
20
IV. .0 '
. :
( -
.,
25
,, - ),
',
,- 2
30
•
,. , ' -
° Date unknown. b
.-
See 1302 b 23 .
3
c
owed for repairs to the
i.e. ships, and perhaps also for
advances of pay to the crews.
d Probably the Pontic Heraclea (c/. 1305 b 5, 36, 1306 a
37), founded middle of 6th century B.C., not the Trachinian.
396
POLITICS, V. . 8— iv. 2
397
35
•
, , ,- ARISTOTLE
1305 a
.
. ,
-
,
5
, , *
,
,,, 4
,, ,
(
), ,
15 5
^ 6
An
(
See 1300 a 18 ff..
event otherwise unknown.
c
Perhaps that of Thrasybulus (Hdt. i. 20), 612 B.c.
398
POLITICS, V. rv. 3-5
S99
ARISTOTLE
1305 a ,. , ,
). ' , w__r * *» » »
. ,,
\ ,
,
r'
be to
etrai rare
,
? ,, ,,
20
ol
25 Meyctpois*
,
.
,
6
so
, ,, - 1
tirai
.
,
ytVea^ai yiWa^ai
86
.
40 , • ,
V. At '
' ^
2
-
1
1305 b
£
£>.
yi^ea^ai
,
1
ed. : $ codd. 2
Richards.
POLITICS, V. . 5—v. 2
oligarchies
.
caused
.
4-01
1305 b
.
s J
,
'
,
,
,
t » I
ARISTOTLE
s ->t ' - » '
? ,,"
' iv
iv
iv iv iv
ev
'
10
, )
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-
-
-
.
'
. '
,' ,', ,. 3
15
, ,
,
. ,
-
,
4
20
ev
^, .- The contrasted
(
case, of dissolution of oligarchy arising
'
403
, ,^ '
ARISTOTLE
—
25
-
, iv )
,
, '
2
,
iv
— ,
'
iv
1
5
,
'
--
85
, ' ).
—
,
— ,
' 6
,•, (
8
40
1306 a
405
ARISTOTLE
, ) , --
1306 a, v/
,
.
f/. , , ,
s
' 7
.
», ' -
1
, ., 8
"
'
-
,
.' eirai '
,-
£0
25
,
),,
, 1
(
) 7rpos r)
,-
Richards.
9
deal with the Athenian general may have been in 367 b.c.
i.e. both of the lower classes and of the subject cities.
6
d
i.e. like a dynasteia, favourable to the interest of a few
very wealthy families ; see 1292 b 10 n.
• Corinth was at war with Argos c. 350 b«c. Timophanes
406
POLITICS, V. v. 6-9
407
•, ,
ARISTOTLE
1306 a
30
?
,
,.
85 , ev
,
,
',
10
2
^
''' -
•^
,
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,
1306b
. '
3
,
,^
6
1 non
,vertit Guil. : rots Niemeyer.
-
11
2
<> ? Newman .1 codd.
3
.% L. & S. : avrovs codd. (tr.
:
post Richards).
. , -
'
ARISTOTLE
\ S
1
I I
?
v„
^, ,- '
,
2
15
'
, .-
.
'
( -
,
12
).
,,
20
VI. > 8 1
25
(
—
—
),
80
* 3
—
(
1
yap
*
<ei >>
<>
Richards.
Immisch.
* Congreve : codd.
* Lambinus : codd.
410
—
POLITICS, V. v. .
11— 1
(?
ARISTOTLE
— « /
-
' -\
orav Tire?
'
35 /( * '-
?)
(
1
'
, .
1307a
iv
—
,
).
iv
[/cat ]• 2
5
(
^ "). eirai,
iav
6 -
,
3
\0 , ( -\ codd.
dAiy-
(
1
Schneider :
e
Perhaps Hanno who fought in Sicily against the elder
Dionysius c. 400 b.c.
413
1307 a
15
,, ,,-
;
x
oAtyap^tav) ,
'
at
ARISTOTLE
at
,
yap at
.
>
*_-« re
, ,' ,,
, ,
'
at
,, -
20 . 5
1
25
' (
•)
€
() .
' 6
so ,
1
(uel ) Spengel :
6
writer loosely speaks of aristocracies and polities
The
as a single class, differing only in degree of concentration of
power hands of the upper classes.
in the
c
from aristocracy to democracy.
i.e. Possibly these
events occurred after the defeat of Athens at Syracuse in
413 b.c, when the Athenian party at Thurii was banished
414
POLITICS, V. . 3-
oligarchy), for both constitutional governments and
most of the constitutions that are called aristocracies
4 aim at blending these. For this a is the point of dis-
tinction between aristocracies and what are called
constitutional governments, and it is owing to this
that some of them 6 are less and others more
stable ; for the constitutions inclining more towards
oligarchy men call aristocracies and those inclining
more to the side of the multitude constitutional
governments, owing to which those of the latter sort
are more secure than the others, for the greater
number is the stronger, and also men are more con-
tent when they have an equal amount, whereas the
owners of wealthy properties, if the constitution
gives them the superior position, seek to behave
insolently and to gain money. And speaking
broadly, to whichever side the constitution leans,
that is the side to which it shifts as either of the two
parties increases its own side —a constitutional
government shifts to democracy and an aristocracy
to oligarchy, or to the opposite extremes, that is,
aristocracy to democracy (for the poorer people
feeling they are unjustly treated pull it round to
the opposite) and constitutional governments to
oligarchy (for the only lasting thing is equality in
accordance with desert and the possession of what is
6 their own). And the change mentioned c came about
at Thurii, for because the property-qualification for
honours was too high, the constitution was altered to
a lower property-qualification and to a larger number
of official posts, but because the notables illegally
bought up the whole of the land (for the constitution
). . . ,
1
6
ARISTOTLE
,. , -
" - 7
(
, )'
, ',^ , ).-
(
,,
40
1307 b
,.
, -
,
-
,,. 1
,
'
416
POLITICS, V. . 6-8
it has been said in what has gone before about all 1303 a 20 «
forms of constitution in general, that even a small
change may cause a revolution. For when they give
up one of the details of the constitution, afterwards
they also make another slightly bigger change more
8 readily, until they alter the whole system. This
occurred for instance with the constitution of Thurii.
There was a law that the office of general could be
held at intervals of four years, but some of the
younger men, becoming warlike and winning high
repute with the mass of the guards, came to despise
the men engaged in affairs, and thought that they
would easily get control so first they tried to repeal
;
1807b
15
,.
, .
,
,
,
ARISTOTLE
,.
, ,
,
, ,
20 '
' ,
^
at
/.
9
."
, .,
'
, , •
VII.
,
1
so
85
, ,
,
yivo
-
/•
1
^ *
'
2
2
1
Richards : codd.
2
(ex Plat, de rep. -t24 d) M'P 1 :
3
:
8
, <$
cet.
Par.
418
POLITICS, V. . 8— . 2
419
,,
,' .'
ARISTOTLE
6 '
ei
, '
, '
, -
,
'
40
1308 a
( ). ,-
,
' 3
5 eimi
?
, ^? .
15
,,,
,
(
- eirai,
4
* ),
-
See Additional Note on p. 483.
420
POLITICS, V. . 2-4
does not come all at once, for the mind is led astray
by the repeated small outlays, just like the sophistic
puzzle, if each is little, then all are a little.'
' This is
true in one way but in another it is not ; for the
whole or total is not little, but made up of little
parts. One thing therefore that we must guard
against is this beginning ; and the next point is that
we must not put faith in the arguments strung to-
gether for the sake of tricking the multitude, for they
are refuted by the facts (and what sort of constitutional
3 sophistries we refer to has been said before). And l -"* l * ff
»
again we must observe that not only some aristo-
cracies but also some oligarchies endure not because
the constitutions are secure but because those who
get in the offices treat both those outside the con-
stitution and those in the government well, on the
one hand by not treating those who are not members
of it unjustly and by bringing their leading men into
the constitution and not wronging the ambitious
ones in the matter of dishonour or the multitude in
the matter of gain, and on the other hand, in relation
to themselves and those who are members, by treating
one another in a democratic spirit. For that equality
which men of democratic spirit seek for in the case
of the multitude is not only just but also expedient
4 in the case of their compeers. Hence if there are
a greater number in the governing class, many of
the legislative enactments of a democratic nature
are advantageous, for example for the offices to be
tenable for six months, to enable all the compeers to
participate in them for the compeers in this case are
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POLITICS, V. . 8-10
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POLITICS, V. . 10-13
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POLITICS, V. . 13-15
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POLITICS, V. . 15-18
in the laws we
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tions, and so is the supreme elementary principle
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;
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POLITICS, V. . 1-4
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POLITICS. V. . 4-
possessed the power of royal rule in the one set of
cases and of their honourable office in the other,
for example Phidon in Argos ° and others became
tvrants when they possessed royal power already,
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POLITICS, V. . 7-8
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4-44
POLITICS, V. . 9-11
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POLITICS, V. . 14-15
causes we mentioned
in the case of monarchies, § .
as also in thatconstitutional governments ;
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Works and Days 25
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POLITICS, V. . 18-20
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POLITICS, V. . 20-22
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POLITICS, V. . 22— . 1
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3
POLITICS, V. . 1-3
ditional way and the one in which most tyrants («) repres-
administer their office. Most of these ordinary safe- prwautions
guards of tyranny are said to have been instituted
by Periander b of Corinth, and also many such devices
may be borrowed from the Persian empire. These
are both the measures mentioned some time back i3i3aieff.
to secure the safety of a tyranny as far as possible
the lopping off of outstanding men and the destruction
—
of the proud, and also the prohibition of common
meals and club-fellowship and education and all other
things of this nature, in fact the close watch upon
all things that usually engender the two emotions
of pride and confidence, and the prevention of the
formation of study-circles and other conferences for
debate, and the employment of every means that
will make people as much as possible unknown to
one another (for familiarity increases mutual con-
3 fidence) and for the people in the city to be always
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462
POLITICS, V. . 5-7
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—
POLITICS, V. . 7-10
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POLITICS, V. . 10-12
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POLITICS, V. . 12-15
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POLITICS, V. . 16-18
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POLITICS, V. . 20-23
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POLITICS, V. . 23— . 1
number 5 gives —
two harmonies,' meaning when-
—
ever the number of this figure becomes cubed, in the
belief that nature sometimes engenders men that
are evil, and too strong for education to influence
speaking perhaps not ill as far as this particular
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formula for the change from Aristocracy to Timocracy
—
quoted here occurs at 546 c see Adam's note there.
477
ARISTOTLE
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POLITICS, V. . 1-3
479
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Newman.
n.
480
POLITICS, V. . 3-5
481
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lacunam Schneider.
:
: . codd.
489
POLITICS, V. . 6-6
if the men
of no property become more numerous,
and from democracy to oligarchy if the wealthy
class is stronger than the multitude and the latter
neglect politics but the former give their mind to
them. And although there are many causes through
which revolutions in oligarchies occur, he mentions
—
only one that of men becoming poor through riotous
living, by paying away their moneyin interest on
loans — as if at the start all men most men were
or
6 rich. But this is not true, but although w hen r
Additional Note
V. vii. 2, 1307 b 37 (p. 421). This is the sorites fallacy;
add to one stone another, and another, and another when —
do they make a heap
—
()? and take away stone after
stone when do they cease to be a heap ? Horace's ratio '
483
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Book VII. in some editions, Book VIII. in others.
6
Book IV., 1297 b 35 ff.
c
Book V.
d
1318 b— 1319 a 6.
These topics do not occur in the extant work.
484
BOOK VI"
1 I. We
have already discussed b how many and what Book vr.
are the varieties of the deliberative body or sovereign ^ ** 0CRACT
power in the state, and of the system of magistracies Oligarchy
"'
and of law-courts, and which variety is adapted to
which form of constitution, and also c the destruction
of constitutions and their preservation, from what
sort of people they originate and what are their
causes. But as a matter of fact since there have
come into existence several kinds of democracy and
similarly of the other forms of constitution, it will be
well at the same time to consider d any point that
remains about these varieties, and also determine the
mode of organization appropriate and advantageous
2 for each. And further we must also investigate e the
combinations of all the modes of organizing the actual
departments of state that have been mentioned/
for these modes when coupled together make the
constitutions overlap, so as to produce oligarchical
aristocracies and republics inclining towards demo-
cracy. I refer to the combinations which ought to
be investigated but have not at present been studied,
for example if the deliberative body and the system
of electing magistrates are organized oligarchicallv
' i.e. the deliberative, executive and judicial, see 1297 b
41 ff.
485
.
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488
POLITICS, VI. . 4-6
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POLITICS. VI. . 6-9
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POLITICS, VI. . 11-13
495
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2
a poor man's one, when 6 rich and 5 poor vote one way,
and 15 poor and 4 rich the other, the division is 17 to 23, and
the view of the latter party, which is carried, represents a
larger total of wealth but a larger proportion of poor men.
h
Cf. IV., 1291 b 30-41, 1292 b 25-33.
4.96
POLITICS, VI. . 13—n. 1
there are ten rich citizens and twenty poor ones, and
opposite votes have been cast by six of the rich on
one side and by fifteen of the less wealthy on the
other, four of the rich have sided with the poor and
five of the poor with the rich then the side that has
;
* The mss. give ' not having,' but editors do not explain
how in that case people would avoid starvation.
497
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498
POLITICS, VI. . 1-3
499
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•,•, - 10
15
,, -
20
,
yevea^at
, --- 11
" In Book V.
b
In . Africa. Diodorus (xiv. 34) describes a revolution
there in 401 B.C., when five hundred of the rich were put to
death and others fled, but after a battle a compromise was
arranged.
504
POLITICS, VI. . 8-
kind of democracy is to be organized, and it is clear
how we ought to organize the other kinds also. For
they must diverge in a corresponding order, and at
each stage we must admit the next inferior class.
9 The last kind of democracy, because all the popula- The last
tion share in the government, it is not within the Jo^of*'
power of every state to endure, and it is not easy democracy
for it to persist if it is not well constituted in its laws
and customs (but the things that result in destroying
both this state and the other forms of constitution
have been nearly all of them spoken of before").
With a view to setting up this kind of democracy
and making the people powerful their leaders usually
acquire as many supporters as possible and admit to
citizenship not only the legitimate children of citizens
but also the base-born and those of citizen-birth on
one side, I mean those whose father or mother is a
citizen ; for all this element is specially congenial to a
10 democracy of this sort. Popular leaders therefore Dem-
regularly introduce such institutions they ought how- °°
•
;
See 1275 b 36 n.
505
•, ,/# ARISTOTLE
nf
^, #-
1319 b f ,
5 ^ \ t \ r,
ol
.
25
[] 1
,.'
III. 1
35
,
,', -- , --
,
40
1320 a
,
5 . ol
1
Scaliger.
' 2
' Book V.
506
POLITICS, VI. . 11— . 2
1320 & - /
, w \ <}
ARISTOTLE
/ on
,- <*o '
),
, 6
' ol
{
, -,
1
is ^,
'
,-
2
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etVat
, , ),
'
20 {
—
{
25
? , -
" 1
'
3
'
Bernays :
1
: cet.
1 Trj Immisch : rrj codd.
3
Immisch : iav.
508
POLITICS, VI. in. 2-3
509
, ,),
ARISTOTLE
80 , ,, ), ,
(
' 4
35
Set
, ,, / . •
6
* , ,
,, , ,
'
1320 b
5
, ,
1
' ,?
Immisch
2
(post
'
interpuncto).
cod. inferior.
The fifty daughters of Danaus were married to their
cousins, and all but one murdered their husbands on the
bridal night, and were punished in Hades by having to pour
water into the jar described.
510
POLITICS, VI. in. 3-5
' -
1320b
, €
? .. ,
,
? , „ , ,
-
6
1
15
,?'. ?
'
20
25
,
,,
,
,,
,^ ,
IV.
'' ^'
— '^
-
'
1
-
30 , '
1
:
,
* codd.
" This seems to mean that the land was in private owner-
ship, but that there was some system of poor-relief, to pro-
.
'
, - 2
512
POLITICS, VI. . 5—. 2
uytetav
t
ARISTOTLE
,.
,
85
' 8
t32la at
, ,, 3
6
.
, , ,,
'
, at
(
'
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(
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15
514.
1
2
),
Lambinus
cod.
/?2
inf.
,
7/^.
:
: codd.
cet.
,- 4
POLITICS, VI. . 2-4
515
ARISTOTLE
,
,
-
20
,
'
.
, ,/^ ,, - 5
25
?
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.,
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1
85
,
^/
1
tovs Niemeyer.
b
by superior mobility.
i.e. § 1, 1320 b 25 ff.
c
If the text is correct it seems to mean that the list was
revised from time to time and some old names taken oif and
new ones put on.
516
POLITICS, VI. . 4^6
517
ARISTOTLE
1821 a
40
, ,. klvai
.
oAiy-
1321 b ^
,
,
V.
, ?
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6
,
-
,, '
.
etrai
/,
, /^ <$> fj
/^?
2
15
?
. ,
^?
:? ,
20 ,
The phrase suggests that in a democracy public duties
are chiefly undertaken for their emoluments.
» Book IV. 1297 b 35 IF., 1299 a 3 ff.
c
c. iv. § 1.
d Book IV. 1299 b 30 ff.
Cf.
51S
POLITICS, VI. . — v. 3
, ,- *
'
,
25
• '
yap,
'- 4
, ,.
[] 1
30
?
'
'
* --
eVriuAeiai
' /'?.
/^
35
? 2
., '
-
,
3
40 '
520
1
om. . 8
S'oSThurot:
* % inseruit
codd.
-
Wilamowitz.
5
POLITICS, VI. v. 3-6
the same matters but deals with the country and the
regions outside the city ; and these magistrates are
called in some places Land-controllers and in others
Custodians of Forests. These then are three depart-
ments of control over these matters, while another
office is that to which the revenues of the public
funds are paid in, the officials who guard them and revenue
by whom they are divided out to the several ad- oificers :
.
,,
*' ?, , '
, ?
eiWu
^?,
.
' ?, - /uai^ 6
15
, ,,
evta
•
2
1
1
,
1
1
,
20 ,^ 8
1
quater pro ras Niemeyer
2
inseruit
Scaliger:
mg.
4
codd.
*
.
cod. inf. (post avrovs Welldon).
inseruit Coraes.
3
.
25 • ,3
, , etrai
? ,, ?.-
?
^6?,
,
e7n/xeAetaf
30 8
•,, - '
35
,,
,,,,?
'
- 9
1322b
1
2
. . .
mg. cod.
seel.
,
Susemihl.
at
cet.
inf.
ed. (aliorum magis Guil.): :
° At Athens and elsewhere young citizens from eighteen
to twenty were enrolled in training corps for military instruc-
tion ; these served as police and home troops.
524
POLITICS, VI. v. 7-9
525
1322 b
5
at
,
ARISTOTLE
, ,,
-
1
eVtat , ,
,
? ,
,
, *• ,
,,
2 3
15 6
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6
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20
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, , ?
3
526
fj
1
: ' cet.
6
!
Lambinus.
4
>
a
ed.
Schneider.
:
1
codd.
.
;
25
, ,
a x*
ARISTOTLE
, 11* '
6 '
30
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35
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1323a
,, -
•
ytWa^ai
.
ywai^t
, ' 3
--
1
£\•/
*
7rt '
codd.
Richards
Spengel
:
(circa
codd.
ratiocinationes
* [*<*#']
Guil.):
Heinsius.
528
POLITICS, VI. v. 11-13
w t!
,
52.Q
1323 a
tlkov,
,.
, ' ,
ARISTOTLE
.
-
530
POLITICS, VI. v. 13
531
1323 a
I. - 1
15
, . ,
. eivcu
20
, , 6
, .
, - €
2
25
, /, .
,
iv
-
1
80 , , 1 Victorius.
able mode of life. For while this is uncertain it is also cc. i.-iij.
[], 1
'
[] 2
3
85
? ,
.,
8
40
*
5
., . (
4
, ,1
$
, 6
Coraes.
3
Vahlen :
4
),
2
cov
Richards
1
:
:
etvat
Bernays.
cet.
5
4
eh Vahlen : codd. (<.\\-\> Richards).
6 1
: elvai cett.
534.
POLITICS, VII. . 2-4
(sed fortasse -
[efocu], <> eTvai,
intelligendum).
edd.
535
'
1823 b
.
' ] ,?
-
ARISTOTLE
15
,
,
.
20
. , ' Set
,^
5
26
,
'
?
,
eirai
, -
'
' etmi,
,
,
so
,'
° e.g. the finest man excels the finest monkey to the degree
in which the species man excels the species monkey.
Aristotle taught that some events are the result of the
*
536
POLITICS, VII. . 4-5
537
•
ARISTOTLE
.•
1
/cat
85
, - 2
40 . ,
, , ,, /zeVa
'
1324 a
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10
etrat
•
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,
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. 2
15 ,
<€5 >
1
Coraes.
2
Coraes.
538
POLITICS, VII. . 5— . 2
539
ARISTOTLE
, '.- 6
,
20
." * 1
,
, '
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etmt 3
25
so
eirai
^ .,
,
2
6
6
,
-
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3
4
.
35
1
, 1
3
'
ye Spengel re codd.
:
Richards.
541
, ,.
ARISTOTLE
.•,
1324 a , ,, , „ _ v „ , ,
avrov
40
elvat
1324 b
, 5
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.
eirai
, ,•-
2
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?
--
^/?,
?.
^?
,• 6
15
-
2
1
,
",
Richards.
Congreve ('
et sic cum
77wei^
pro
, Busse): codd.
542
POLITICS, VII. . 4-6
—
opposite view to these they think that the life of
action and citizenship is the only life fit for a man,
since with each of the virtues its exercise in actions
is just as possible for men engaged in public aifairs
and in politics as for those who live a private life.
5 Some people then hold the former view, while others imperialism
r e
declare that the despotic and tyrannical form ofs°t a t e .
543
ARISTOTLE
.,
2t
*
25
.? ?,; ,
?'
,
eiev
8iWct0cu
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30
7€ ^^ . ' , -
85 •, ,
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1
'
40
1325 a
, .,,, '
*
3
2
'
9
1 ? Richards.
2 (bis) Stahr : (bis) codd.
8 Lambinus : codd.
Or perhaps pointed
'
stones.'
544
POLITICS, VII. . 6-9
',
eavTTjV , ARISTOTLE
?,
-
. ',
10
,, 0€((?
,
,ayahs' -
15
.,
.,
,
ewa
.- - 1
-
III. 1
20
, 1
: ?
, (
eti/ax
Richards.
,), -
, ,
2,
Spengel: rbv
'
re codd.
See cc. xiii., xiv.
6
On the ambiguous use of do well see 1323 b 32
'
' n.
546
POLITICS. VII. . 9— . 1
others think the political life the best life, for they
argue that it is impossible for the man who does
nothing to do well, and doing well and happiness are
the same thing.** To these two parties we must reply
that both are partly right and partly wrong. The
547
ARISTOTLE
, ,, ,
1325 a
2 17
, -
80 , .
•. , -
, ? 3
,, ,
85
77apieVai
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1325 b
. '
1
2
\•
\oyeiv,).
Susemihl : del codd.
Madvig : \-€> codd. (.11. -
548
POLITICS, VII. . 1-4
—
true there is nothing specially dignified in em-
ploying a slave, as a slave, for giving orders about
2 menial duties has in it nothing of nobility ; yet to
think that all government is exercising the authority
of a master is a mistake, for there is as wide a difference
between ruling free men and ruling slaves as there is
between the natural freeman and the natural slave
themselves. But these things have been adequately
decided in the first discourses. But to praise
inaction more highly than action is an error, for
happiness is an activity, and further the actions of the
just and temperate have in them the realization of
3 much that is noble. Yet on the strength of these Power must
decisions somebody might perhaps suppose that the ^^^
highest good is to be the master of the world, since
thus one would have the power to compass the
greatest number and the noblest kind of actions, and
therefore it is not the duty of the man that is capable
of ruling to surrender office to his neighbour, but
rather to take it from him, and no account must be
taken by father of sons nor by sons of father nor in
general by one friend of another, and no heed must
be paid to them in comparison with this for the
;
549
1325 b
€/ « O /
,-
ARISTOTLE
£ /-y t
,, ,,? 1
' ,
1
,
, ,' , '
'
' 5
?,
,, -
20
25
' ? ,-,.
6
. 1 Thurot : codd.
• Cf. 1323 b 32 ., 1325 a 21.
550
POLITICS, VII. . 4-6
. ,? ? . 6
so
"
IV.
,
,, ?
, . 2
35
,-
'^ .,
* yeveo^ai
eirai
32 (
40
,
,
,
),
.
,-
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2
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etvai
. -
.
,
, , eirai ^ 3
2
:
1
aWots
ed.
?
: '
Coraes
codd.
: woXiraLs Richards.
b b 39
This seems to refer to Books IV.-VI. Cf. 1288 n.
552
POLITICS, VII. in. 6— iv. 3
553
1826 &
•' , .
,, ' ,
,
ARISTOTLE
elvai
yap
,
(
is
1
ev
), '
,
,
20
,
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25
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30
• ,,>
£?
. 2
,
1 codd.
Camerarius: (cf. 14).
* —-avay infra post eirei —yheadai codd.: transp.
Boecker.
° In the mbs. this clause follows the next.
554>
POLITICS, VII. . 3-5
,
, , 8,,' 8
.
40
8
1326 b
5 ?
,
) 8 ,;
8
, 8
, <' >
—
8
(
7
10
.
, 8. ,
8, '
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;
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'
1 <'> vel <.$ '> Jackson.
556
POLITICS, VII. . 5-7
557
ARISTOTLE
1329 b v 2'''/• \ / » .«
16
20
8€€
,,
,.•
, ,• •^-
- 8
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,
^ )•
^
( ,
e77aiveaeiev
]
,
etmi
30
35
., ,
-
^?. 1
1
Richards.
° This promise is not fulfilled in the work as it has come
down to us.
" The distinction seems to be between owning (or perhaps
getting) wealth and using it ; but a probable emendation of
the Greek gives how we ought to stand in relation to its
'
employment.'
558
POLITICS, VII. . 7—v. 1
559
ARISTOTLE
,.( ' -
40
1327 a
), ,,
' eVia
'
, rots
-1
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5
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2
.
15 ,
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1
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? Immisch.
At the beginning of § 2.
560
POLITICS, VII. v. 1-4
561
, ARISTOTLE
€€€
.
,
20
* 1
** /,
efvat ,
, ,
25
, .
' 3
30
eivat
' , /?
5
,
,
€77iveia
5
35
,, , --
40
1327 b
,
,; , (
efvai
2
1
Sylburg : codd. [irpbs] e 21 Richards.
8
ed. : avroh codd. * Welldon : codd.
5 : rb ? ed. (ipsum Guil.).
562
POLITICS, VII. v. 4-6
563
8
)•,
ARISTOTLE
,
5 •, ., 87
?
10
,
,,
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'
15
,
.., 1
-
efrat
VI.
,. 1
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'
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564
POLITICS, VII. v. 6—. 1
565
1327 b
, ' ,
' ,' , -
\ /
,
ARISTOTLE
' S ' J £* If itl
, -
,•?
so
, '
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85 ,
., ,
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40
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.
•
6
^/?
,
fj . 6
3
6
3
6 .
.- '
1 1 2 1
7>05 : irpos cett. eC : et re cett.
3 Schneider : codd.
° i.e. intelligence and high spirit, capacity for self-govern-
566
POLITICS, VII. . 1-3
For 'tis thy friends that make thee choke with rage.
Moreover it is from this faculty that power to com-
mand and love of freedom are in all cases derived ;
c
Archilochus of Paros (one of the earliest lyric poets, .
600 b.c, the inventor of the iambic metre, which he used for
lampoons), fr. 61 Bergk, 676 Diehl, 67 Edmonds, Elegy and
Iambus, ii. 133.
507
1828 a
? ,? ?' ,
\ \
ARISTOTLE
^ \ '
ayvatTa?•
< >/)/
10
is
? ,
yap
*. -1
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VII. ',
- 1
,-
3
,
25
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1
Schneider:
2
5elv (vel Sei,
Richards.
) codd.
8
cod. inf. : Wyse.
509
1328 a
80
,? \
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1
'
«
ARISTOTLE
»
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,
85
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3
40
1328 b
* ', '
6
, .• , . 2
1
Postgate.
2
om. codd. cet. : .
The sentence
is unfinished.
6
Possibly the words from the beginning of § 2 But '
after '
different constitutions.'
570
—
POLITICS, VII. . 1^
for example this common property may be food or
an area of land or something else of the same sort)
2 but when of two related things one is a means and
the other an end, in their case there is nothing in
common except for the one to act and the other to
receive the action. I mean for instance the relation
between any instrument or artificer and the work
that they produce between a house and a builder
:
571
, ARISTOTLE
((
)
1328b , / * /
f \\- * > > S -
),
,
,
iv
,
10
-- ,, ,
15
',
, ,,
5
> ).
, '
(
20
, , ,
,
25
.
,
VIII.
- 1
('-
1
), * , 1
Lambinus.
-
Cf. . i. 7, in. i. 8, v. ii. 10.
572
POLITICS, VII. . 4—. 1
573
,,
ARISTOTLE
•-
30
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1329 a
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2
,
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3
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5
3
.
, 1
;
Spengel : codd.
8 [to!>s] supra post toi)s 40 Richards.
3
erepa <erepoii> Coraes.
b
Cf. iv. iv. and xiv. c. i. § 5.
574
POLITICS, VII. . 1-3
575
,•
ARISTOTLE
1329 *
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8
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Immisch
2
videtur Guil.).
: '
? Susemihl.
, , ,
4
Hayduck. 5
on Hayduck.
Susemihl : ) codd.
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ARISTOTLE
'
2
, ,'
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35
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1329 b
IX. /ce
,,, . *
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1
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1
V.]. TLV.
3 3
wepl post ras tr. Richards. Spengel.
° i.e. the '
are permanently separate from
appurtenances '
the army and the deliberative, which are the parts,' and '
578
POLITICS, VII. vin. 6— . 2
15
,
€€
,
€ , , ,
,
T
QlaQai
'
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,
Ti^es -
/cat
20
,
>? ,, 1,
25
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MtVa;
6
4
'
'
,
30
,, , '^^•
1
,
i.e.
Goettling.
3 Lambinus :
2
Bernays
codd.
the south-west peninsula or toe of Italy.
<>*
et Susemihl.
3
5
580
;
,
', ,
elvcu
,
40
,
, ,,, , TiVa?
8 6
?, ., -
1330 a
eu-,
.-
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583
ARISTOTLE
1830 a
.
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80
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.
85
.
1
3
-irepiy
,6
Richards. 2
Schneider (cf.
eu^ea^at
<6>
-
Richards.
1329 a 27).
1
alike with the mainland, the sea and the whole of its aspect.
territory. The site of the city itself we must pray
that fortune may place on sloping ground, having
40
,, ,,
'
I
ARISTOTLE
rerrapa ow
(
~
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,
1330 b
. 1
, - '
2
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.
5
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15 OtWuxs
'
-
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20
.
1
Immisch :
2
codd.
•-2
Coraes :
,
codd.
4
586
POLITICS, VII. . 1-4
?? . ,
'
, -
25
.
(
?) •
1
,*' ^-
,
3
-
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80
35 .
- 6
40 ,
) 1
2
[rois]
:
ed. (sic
Immisch,
^* * Jackson transpositis
codd.
et
6
supra post
et -
tr.
8
Richards.
4
s
sic ?
rrjs
Richards :
Spengel
(aut
:
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i.e. an enemy's mercenaries ; but the mss. give '
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588
:
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—
for the collection there of all the goods sent from the
3 seaport and from the country. And as the divisions of
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separated (Jowett).
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POLITICS, VII. . 3— . 1
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598
POLITICS, VII. . 3-
neither individual nor state should have any need of
such things), whereas actions aiming at honours and
resources ° are the noblest actions absolutely ; for
the former class of acts consist in the removal 6 of
something evil, but actions of the latter kind are the
—
opposite they are the foundation and the generation
4 of things good. The virtuous man will use even
poverty, disease, and the other forms of bad fortune
in a noble manner, but felicity consists in their
opposites (for it is a definition established by our
ethical discourses c that the virtuous man is the man
of such a character that because of his virtue things
absolutely good are good to him, and it is therefore
clear that his employment of these goods must also
be virtuous and noble absolutely) ; and hence men
actually suppose that external goods are the cause of
happiness, just as if they were to assign the cause
of a brilliantly fine performance on the harp to the
instrument rather than to the skill of the player.
It follows therefore from what has been said that
some goods must be forthcoming to start with and
5 others must be provided by the legislator. Hence virtue is
we pray that the organization of the state may be of^f*11101
successful in securing those goods which are in the iiabit and
reason
•
control of fortune (for that fortune does control
external goods we take as axiomatic) ; but when we
come to the state's being virtuous, to secure this is
not the function of fortune but of science and policy.
But then the virtue of the state is of course caused
by the citizens who share in its government being
virtuous; and in our state all the citizens share
in the government. The point we have to consider
therefore is, how does a man become virtuous ? For
even if it be possible for the citizens to be virtuous
599
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POLITICS, VII. .— xin. 1
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POLITICS. VII. . 4-6
e
One sentence or more has been lost here.
d
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of the
best citizen.'
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606'
POLITICS, VII. . 6-9
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POLITICS, VII. . 9-12
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covet a wide empire.' * Unknown.
609
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POLITICS, VII. . 12-16
ideals are the best both for individuals and for com-
munities, and the lawgiver should endeavour to
14 implant them in the souls of mankind. The proper Proper aim
object of practising military training is not in order °l^^y
that men may enslave those who do not deserve
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avoid becoming enslaved to others then so that they
;
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POLITICS, VII. . 15-19
" i.e. an iron blade when not used loses keenness and has
to be re-tempered.
* i.e. to the state as well as to the individual.
• Hesiod, Works and Days 170 ff.
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every process and partial end are means to an ultimate
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'
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the appetite must be for the sake of the intellect,
and that of the body for the sake of the soul.
XIV. Inasmuch therefore as it is the duty of the sute
lawgiver to consider from the start how the children regulation
i-i or•
first pay attention to the union of the sexes, and
settle when and in what condition a couple should
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ofmainage,
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POLITICS, VII. . 4-7
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POLITICS, VII. . 8-10
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624-
POLITICS. VII. .— xv. 1
sation and life ; for the line between lawful and un-
lawful abortion will be marked by the fact of having
H sensation and being alive. And since the beginning
of the fit age for a man and for a woman, at which
thev are to begin their union, has been defined, let
it also be decided for how long a time it is suitable
for them to serve the state in the matter of producing
children. For the offspring of too elderly parents,
as those of too young ones, are born imperfect both
in bodv and mind, and the children of those that have
arrived at old age are weaklings. Therefore the
period must be limited to correspond with the mental
prime ; and this in the case of most men is the age
stated by some of the poets, who measure men's
age by periods of seven years, — it is about the
12 age of fifty. Therefore persons exceeding this age
by four or five years must be discharged from the
duty of producing children for the community, and
for the rest of their fives if they have intercourse it
must be manifestly for the sake of health or for
some other similar reason. As to intercourse with
another woman or man, in general it must be dis-
honourable to be known to take any part in it in any
circumstances whatsoever as long as one is a husband
and bears that name, but any who may be discovered
doing anything of the sort during the period of parent-
age must be punished with a loss of privilege suited
to the offence.
1 XV. When the children have been born, the par- Regimen
ticular mode of rearing adopted must be deemed an
important determining influence in regard to their
power of bodv. It appears from examining the other
animals, and is also shown by the foreign races that
make it their aim to lead to the military habit of
625
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POLITICS, VII. xv. 1-5
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POLITICS. VII. xv. 5-8
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POLITICS, VII. xv. 8-10
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POLITICS, VII. xv. 10-11
But when the five years from two to seven have Two
passed, the children must now become spectators at education.
the lessons which they will themselves have to learn.
And there are two ages corresponding to which educa-
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POLITICS, VIII. . 2— n. 1
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POLITICS. VIII. . 1-4
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640
POLITICS. VIII. . 4-
necessary, yet leisure is more desirable and more
fully an end than business, we must inquire what is
the proper occupation of leisure. For assuredly it
should not be employed in play, since it would follow
that play is our end in life. But if this is impossible,
and sports should rather be employed in our times
of business (for a man who is at work needs rest, and
rest is the object of play, while business is accom-
panied by toil and exertion), it follows that in intro-
ducing sports we must watch the right opportunity
for their employment, since we are applying them
to serve as medicine ; for the activity of play is a
relaxation of the soul, and serves as recreation be-
5 cause of its pleasantness. But leisure seems itself to
contain pleasure and happiness and felicity of life.
And this is not possessed by the busy but by the
leisured ; for the busy man busies himself for the
sake of some end as not being in his possession, but
happiness is an end achieved, which all men think is
accompanied by pleasure and not by pain. But all
men do not go on to define this pleasure in the same
way, but according to their various natures and to
their own characters, and the pleasure with which
the best man thinks that happiness is conjoined is
the best pleasure and the one arising from the noblest
sources. So that it is clear that some subjects must
be learnt and acquired merely with a view to the
pleasure in their pursuit, and that these studies and
these branches of learning are ends in themselves,
while the forms of learning related to business are
studied as necessary and as means to other things.
6 Hence our predecessors included music in education
not as a necessity (for there is nothing necessary
about it), nor as useful (in the way in which reading
641
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POLITICS. VIII. . 6— in. 1
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POLITICS. VIII. in. 3— .
is not a wolf nor one of the other wild animals that will
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people actually class music with them c and employ
* Or and'
it is owing to this that people perform music'
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—
pursuits of cultured leisure serious conversation, music.
the drama.
6
Or, altering the text, relaxation.'
'
C50
;
—
ment does not go with learning learning is a painful
process. Nor yet moreover is it suitable to assign
intellectual entertainment to boys and to the young
for a thing that is an end does not belong to anything
5 that is imperfect. But perhaps it might be thought
that the serious pursuits of boys are for the sake of
amusement when they have grown up to be men.
But if something of this sort is the case, why
should the young need to learn this accomplishment
themselves, and not, like the Persian and Median
kings, participate in the pleasure and the educa-
tion b of music by means of others performing it ? for
those who have made music a business and pro-
fusion must necessarily perform better than those
who practise only long enough to learn. But if it
is proper for them to labour at accomplishments of
this sort, then it would also be right for them to
prepare the dishes of an elaborate cuisine ; but this
6 is absurd. And the same difficulty also arises as to
the question whether learning music can improve
their characters ; for why should they learn to per-
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POLITICS, VIII. v. 2-4
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is
b
i.e. these visual impressions do vary to some extent in
moral effect.
c
Pauson is a painter otherwise little known. Polygnotus
decorated the Stoa Poikile and other famous public buildings
658
POLITICS, VIII. v. 7-9
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POLITICS, VIII. . 6— . 1
it became
so fashionable that almost the majority of
freemen went in for flute-playing, as is shown by
the tablet erected by Thrasippus after having pro-
7 vided the chorus for Ecphantides." But later on it
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—
gation the term purgation we use for the present
without explanation, but we will return to discuss
the meaning that we give to it more explicitly in our
treatise on poetry a —and thirdly it serves for amuse-
ment, serving to relax our tension and to give rest
5 from it), it is clear that we should employ all the
harmonies, yet not employ them all in the same way.
but use the most ethical ones for education, and the
active and passionate kinds for listening to when
others are performing (for any experience that occurs
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different degrees of intensity — for example pity and
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674
POLITICS. VIII. . 9-11
675
; ;
677
INDEX I. SUBJECTS
Dithyramb, 42 b 7 Happiness of state and individual,
Dorian mode, 76 b 9, 90 a 21, 40 b 4, 24 a 5
42 a 34 Harbours, 27 a 32
Dowries, GO b 70 a 25
2, Harp, 41 a 19, 40
Drawing lessons, 37 b 25, 38 a 17 Health and city site, 30 a 38
Drink, 74 b 11, 19 Heiresses, 70 a" 24, 74 b 25, 04 a 4
Dynasty, 92 b 10 n. Helot system, 64 a 35, 09 a 34,
72 b 19
Earth-born men, 69 a 5 Heroic monarchy, 95 a 13
Economy, domestic, Bk. I.
Homicide, 67 b 37, 74 b 23, 75 b 10,
Education, 60 b 16, 63 b 36 politi- 00 b 24
;
678
; ;
INDEX I. SUBJECTS
Musical instruments, 40 b 20-41 b 18 Potagogldts, 13 b 13
Priests necessary, 28 b 11 ; old
men, 29 a 27; duties, 22 b 18;
National character and constitu-
syssitia for, 31 b 5
tions, 96 b 13
Professional music, 41 b 8
Navv, size of, 27 a 40
Property, sense of, 61 b 16, 63 a 40 ;
Nobility, 59 b 35 n.
due limits of, 65 a 29, 36 b 30
Number, Plato's, 16 a 1 Proverbs, 55 b 29, 03 a 3 ', 03 b 29,
Nursing of infants, 36 a 4
1 4 a 5, 34 a 20
Prytanis, 05 a 17, 22 b 29
Oath, official, 85 b 12, 10 a 7 Punishment, 22 a 6, 32 a 12
Occupations and classes, 28 b 24 Purgation by music, 41 b 38
Office, limited tenure of, 08 a 15 Pyramids, 13 b 21
sale of, "3 a 35, b S
Oligarchy rule of the rich. Rat» le, invention of, 40 b 26
90 b 2 ; four kinds, 92 Reason, training of, 34 b 8
, 18 ; frequency, 96 a 22 ; safe-
guards, 97 a 14, 09 a 21; fall,
06 a 37
Olympic overtraining, 39 a 1
0Sbl9
52 b 14
Ostracism, 84 a 3, 88 a 26, 02 b 18,
Otakouitai, 13 b 15
Ovipara, 56 a 13
Relaxation, 37 b 38, 33 a 13, 3* x
16, b 15
Religion, state, 85 a 6, 14 b 38, 22
b 18, 28 b 11, 29 a 27, 30 a 8
Revolution, sources of, 01 a 26
aims, 01 b 5, 02 a 32 ; causes, 02 a
17; modes, 04 b 8 ; in a demm racy,
04 b 19 ; caused by small
07 a 34; by foreigners, '7 b 20;
Plato's formula for, 16 a 1
Paintings, 81 b 12, 84 b 8, 36 b 14. Royalty, 84 b 35, 86 b 6, 87 b 37,
95 a 5, 10 b 2; fall of, 12 b 38;
Parenthood, 52 a 28, 53 b 7, 56 b safeguards of, 13 a 18
10, 5S a 35, 59 a 37 Ruling class, 97 b 9, 29 a 2
Patrimony. See Entail
Pay for public services 67 b 1, Sea-ports, 27 a 11
7~4 a S, 93 a
5, 17 b 31, 20 a 17 Senate, Spartan, 70 b 35
Peace, 33 a 35, 34 a 2, 26 Serfs, 30 a 25
Penestae, 64 a 35, 69 a 37 Sex. See Male and female
Penta-'osiovudimni, 74 a 19 Site of city, 27 a 4, 30 a 34
Perioeci, 69 b 3, 71 b 30, 72 a IS, Slave, a live tool, 53 b 32 virtue
;
67Q
;; ;
INDEX I. SUBJECTS
Temple sites, 31 a 24, b 17 Village-communities, 52 b 16, 27
Territory, nature of, 26 b 26 Walls, city, 30 b 32
Thetes, 74 a 21 War, natural, 55 b 37, 56 b 23, 33 b
Thirty, the, 05 b 25 3S ; a moral education, 70 a 5,
Torch-races, 09 a 19 34 a 25
Town-planning, 67 b 22, 30 b 23 Water-supply, 30 b 40
Trade, origin of, 56 b 40, 57 a 17 Wealth, acquisition of, 53 b 12, 56
unpopularity, 58 b 1; branches, a 1 ; distribution of, 09 b 20
58 b 12 ; writers on, 58 b 40 kinds of, 5<1 a 15-57 b 40
foreign, 27 a 29 Winds, 90 a 13, 30 a 39, 35 b 1
Tripods, walking, 53 b 35 Women's education and status, 60
Tyranny, 79 b 5, 87 b 39, 93 b 28, b 15, 62 a 20, 64 b 4, 69 b 12, 24,
95 a 1; fall of, 11 a 23, 12 a 21 99 a 22, 00 a 7, 13 b 33, 14 b 27,
safeguards of, 13 a 18 19 b 28, 22 b 39, 35 a 9. See Com-
munism, and Female
Unity of state, 61 a 10, 63 b 29 Working-class citizenship, 77 b V>
Usury unnatural, 58 b 7, 25 28 b 24
t>80
INDEX .—PERSONS AND PLACES ^
References as noted on p. 677.
Aleuadae, 06 a 30 Attalus, 11 b 3
Amadocus, 12 a 14 Ausones, 29 b 20
Amasis. 59 b 8 Autophradates, 67 a 32
Ambracia, 03 a 23, 04 a 31, 11 a 40
Amphipolis, 03 b 2, 06 a 2 Babylon, 65 a 14, 76 a 28, 84 b 1
Amyntas, 11 b 3, 14 Bacchiadae, 74 a 33
Anaxilaus, 16 a 38 Basilidae, 05 b 19
Androdamas, 74 b 23 Black Sea, 3S b 22, 03 a 37, 05 b 36,
Andros, 70 b 12 38 b 41
Antileon, 16 a 32 Byzantium, 91 b 23, 03 a 33
Antimenides, 85 a 36
Antissa, 03 a 34 Camicus, 71 b 40
Antisthenes, 84 a 15 Carthage, 72 b 24, 75 b 11, 80 a 86,
Aphrodite, 69 a 29 93 b 15, 16a 34, b5, 20b 4, 24 b 12
Aphytae, 19 a 14 Catana, 74 a 23
Apollodonis, 59 a 1 Celts, 69 b 27, 24 b 12, 36 a 16
Apollonia, 90 b 11, 03 a 36, 06 a 9 Chalcidian cities, 74 b 24, 03 b 3,
Arcadians, 61 a 29, «9 b 4, 70 a 3 a 3
Archelans, 11 b 8, 30 Chalcidice, 74 a 24
Archias, 06 b 1 Chalcis, 89 b 39, 04 a 29, 16 a 31
Archilochus, 28 a 3 Chares, 06 a 5
Archytas, 40 b 26 Charetides, 58 b 40
Ares, 69 b 28 Charicles, 05 b ?6
Argo, 84 a ?4 Charitaus, 71 b 25, 16 a 34
Argos, 69 b 4. 70 a 2, 02 b 18, 03 a 6, Charondas, 52 b 14, 74 a 23, 96 a 21,
a 25, 10 b 27 97 a 23
Ariobarzanes, 12 a 16 Chios, 59 a 13, 84 a 40, 91 b 24, 03 a
Aristogiton, 11 a 38 34, 06 b 5
681
INDEX II. PERSONS AND PLACES
Chones, 29 b 21 Ethiopia, 90 b 5
Chytrum 03 b 9 Eubulus, 67 a 31
Cinadon, 06 b 34 Euripides, 11 b 33 quoted, 52 b
; 8,
Clazomenae, 03 b 9 77 a 19, 10 a 34, 28 a 15, 39 a 19
Oleander, 16 a 37 Eurytion, 06 a 39
Cleisthenes of Athens, 75 b 36, 19 Euthycrates, 04 a 12
b 21; of Sicycn, 15 b 16, 16 a 31 Evagoras, 11 b 5
Cleomenes, 03 a
Cleopatra, 11 b 15 Gelo, 02 b 32, 12 b 10, 15 b 35, 16 a 33
Cleotimus, 06 a 2 Gorgias, 60 a 28, 75 b 26
Cnidus, 05 b 12, 06 b 5
Codrus, 10 b 37 Harmodius, 11 a 37
Colophon, 90 b 15, 03 b 10 Hellanocrates, 11 b 17
Corinth, 65 a 13, 74 a 31, 06 a 23, Heniocfal, 38 b 22
10 b 29, 13 a 37, 15 b 22 Hephaestus, 53 b 36
Cjs, 14 b25 Heraclea, 04 b 31, 05 b 5, 37, 06 a
Cotys, 11 b21 37, 27 b 14
Crataeus, 11 b 8 Heracleodorus, 03 a IS
Crete, 64 a 21, 69 a 29, 71 a 29, b 20, Heracles, 84 a 23
29 b 2; education, 24 b 7 Heraclides, 11 b 21
Cyclopes, 52 b 2 ! Heraclitus, 15 a 30
Cyme, 69 a 1, 05 a 1 Heraea, 03 a 15
Cypselidae, 13 b 22 Hesiod quoted, 52 b 10, 12 b 4
Cypselus, 10 b 29, 15 b 24 Hestiaea, 03 b 33
Cyrene, 19 b 18 Hiero, 12 b 11, 13 b 14, 15 b 34
Cyrus, 10 b 38, 12 a 12 Hipparinus, 06 a 1
Hippocrates, 26 a 15
Daedalus, 53 b 35 Hippodamus, constitution of, 67 C
Daphnaeus, 05 a 26 23, 30 b 24
Darius, 11 b 38 Homer quoted, 52 b 23, 53 a 5. b 36,
D'camnichus, 11 b 30 59 b 13, 67 a 1, 78 a 36. 85 a 10, 87
Delphi, 52 b 2, 03 b 37 b 14, 92 a 13, 33 a 24, 26. 27
Derdas, 11 b 4 Honest Lady (a mare), 62 a 24
Dexander, 04 a 9
Diag.jras, 06 a 36 Iapygians, 03 a 5, 29 b 20
Dicaea (a mare), 62 a 24 Iberians, 24 b IS
Diocles, 74 a 32
Indians, 32 b 24
Dion, 12 a 4, 34 b 16 Iphiades, 06 a 31
Dionysus the elder, 59 a 28. 05 a 25, Ietrus, 05 b 5
06 a 1, 07 a 39, 10 b 30, 13 b 28; Italus, 29 b 9
Italy, 74 a 24, 29 b 5
the younger, 07 a 39, 12 a 4, 35 b 9
Diophantus, 67 b 19 Jason of Pherae, 77 a 24
Draco, 74 b 15
Lametic Gulf, 29 b 13
Ecphantides, 41 a 36 Larisa, 75 b 29, 05 b 29, 06 a 29, 11 b 18
Egypt, Si) a 13, 13 b 21, 29 a 40 Leontini, 10 b 29, 16 a 36
Elimea, 11 b 13 Lesbos, 84 a 40
Elis, 06 a 16 Leucas, 66 b 22
Ephialtes, 74 a 8 Leuctra, 70 a 33
Epidamnus, 67 b 18, 87 a 7, 01 b 21, Libya, 62 a 20
04 a 13 Locri, 66 b 19, 74 a 22, 07 a 33
Epimenides, 52 b 14 Lyctus, 71 b 28
Eretria, 89 b 39, 06 a 35 Lycurgus, 70 a 7, 71 b 25, 73 b 33.
Erythrae, 05 b 18 74 a 29, 96 a 20
682
; ;
683
;
(264)
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