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Assessment of CO2 capture using potassium-

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reactor by multiscale modeling

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DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.002

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 Fuel 164 (2016) 6672

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Assessment of CO2 capture using potassium-based sorbents in

circulating fluidized bed reactor by multiscale modeling
Shuai Wang a,, Qi Wang a, Juhui Chen b, Guodong Liu a, Huilin Lu a, Liyan Sun a
a
School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
b
School of Mechanical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China

h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t

A multiscale reaction model is applied

to simulate CO2 capture process.

Distribution of solid sorbents and
temperature field is predicted.

Effects of operating velocity on
hydrodynamic and reaction are
evaluated.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Potassium-based carbonate looping in a circulating fluidized bed system including an absorber and a
Received 19 August 2015 regenerator is a potential CO2 capture technology, which has attracted great focus in recent years. In
Received in revised form 26 September the current work, the simulation of CO2 capture process is carried out by considering the influence of
2015
clusters on the hydrodynamic and reaction, where the multiscale reaction model is employed to reflect
Accepted 1 October 2015
Available online 9 October 2015
the change of CO2 absorption rate caused by clusters. The non-uniform flow structure in the absorber can
be predicted very well. The distributions of solid sorbents and temperature field are also predicted. The
results reveal that there exists heterogeneous feature for temperature and solid sorbents owing to the
Keywords:
Cluster
cluster formation. The prediction considering the cluster effect is more consistent with experimental
CO2 capture data. Meanwhile, the impact of gas inlet velocities on the hydrodynamic and CO2 removal process is
Circulating fluidized bed evaluated.
Numerical simulation 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multiscale

1. Introduction
As is well known, the release of carbon dioxide into the atmo-
sphere from fossil fuel-fired power plants makes a major contribu-
tion to global warming [1]. Numerous efficient methods have been
developed to separate CO2 from flue gases. Gomes et al. [2] and
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 0451 8641 2258; fax: +86 0451 8622 1048.
E-mail address: shuaiwang@hit.edu.cn (S. Wang).
Greer et al. [3] studied the CO2 capture and de-absorption process
on the basis of amine-based absorbents. It was found that the
diethanol amine was the economical amine-based absorbent with
a high CO2 loading capacity. In addition, the chemical absorption of
CO2 with regenerable solid sorbents was also concerned owing to
its potential of low energy requirement and low temperature oper-
ation [4,5]. Especially the inorganic alkali metal-based carbonate is
considered to be the best available sorbent for post-combustion as
a result of its widespread distribution with low cost [69].

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.002
0016-2361/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 S. Wang et al. / Fuel 164 (2016) 6672
Nomenclature
a acceleration (m s2)
C fluctuating velocity of particles (m s1)
CD drag coefficient of a single particle
dc cluster diameter (m)
ds particle diameter (m)
D diffusivity (m2 s1)
Dgs Rate of energy dissipation (J m3 s1)
e restitution coefficient
E activation energy (kJ mol1)
f volume fraction of dense phase
F force acting on each particle or cluster (N)
g gravity (m s2)
g0 radial distribution function
H specific enthalpy (J kg1)
Kdc inter-phase mass exchange coefficient (m s1)
k0 reaction pre-exponential factor (s1)
kg the thermal conductivity of gas (kg m1 s1)
ks conductivity of fluctuating energy (kg m1 s1)
nden number of particles in the dense phase per unit volume
ndil number of particles in the dilute phase per unit volume
Ndf energy dissipation (W kg1)
p fluid pressure (Pa)
ps particle pressure (Pa)
r reaction rate (kmol m3 s1)
R universal gas constant (J mol1 K1)
S mass source (kg m3 s1)
T temperature (K)
Zhao et al. [10] tested the capacity of CO2 capture and regener-
ation property of K2CO3-based sorbents supported on Al2O3 in a
fluidized-bed reactor by means of multiple cycles experiments. It
was demonstrated that the K2CO3-based sorbents supported on
Al2O3 had excellent attrition resistance performance. Lee et al.
[11] investigated the thermal stability of potassium-based sor-
bents using ZrO2 as additives and supports in a fixed bed reactor.
It was found that the potassium-based ZrO2 sorbents had fine
capacity of CO2 capture, which was independent on calcination
temperature and atmosphere. ZrO2 was suggested as supports to
improve the thermal stability of potassium-based sorbents.
Jaiboon et al. [12] evaluated the impact of different flow patterns
on CO2 removal on the basis of K2CO3 solid sorbents in fluidization
systems including slugging, multiple bubbling, fixed bed, fast and
turbulent fluidization. The result revealed that the turbulent flu-
idization regime presented an outstanding CO2 capture capacity.
In order to better understand and evaluate the performance of
CO2 adsorption process and impact of effective parameters, numer-
ical modeling has been developed by several researchers [1315].
Ayobi et al. [16] implemented a computational fluid dynamic
(CFD) simulation of the CO2 adsorption process in a bubbling flu-
idized bed absorber using potassium carbonate particles. The pre-
diction on bubble behaviors and CO2 concentration showed a
better agreement with experimental data. Chalermsinsuwan
et al. [17] employed a kinetic theory-based hydrodynamic model
to analyze the influence of various operating parameters in a com-
pact circulating fluidized bed system. It was emphasized that the
dependence of CO2 removal on solid density and diameter was
not obvious. Yu et al. [18] compared the impact of different drag
models on the hydrodynamic and CO2 removal. It was pointed
out that the consideration of the cluster effect can improve the
accuracy of prediction.
With regard to a circulating fluidized bed sorptionregenera-
tion system for CO2 capture, the multiscale structure characterized
by clusters and dispersed particles will not only affect the
67
u velocity (m s1)
U superficial velocity (m s1)
Uden superficial slip velocity in dense phase (m s1)
Udil superficial slip velocity in dilute phase (m s1)
Uint superficial slip velocity of interface (m s1)
Xi mass fractions of gas species
Yi mole fractions of gas species
Greek letters
b drag coefficient (kg m3 s1)
c collisional energy dissipation (J m3 s1)
e volume fraction
h granular temperature (m2 s2)
k thermal conductivity of mixture (W m1 K1)
l viscosity (Pa s)
n bulk viscosity (Pa s)
q density (kg m3)
s stress tensor (Pa)
Subscripts
den dense phase
dil dilute phase
g gas phase
s particle phase
w wall
gassolid interaction, but also result in the non-uniformity of
CO2 absorption reaction. To describe the effect of clusters on reac-
tion kinetics, a multiscale chemical reaction model was proposed
[19,20], where the discrepancy of reaction rates and component
concentrations caused by clusters was taken into account. The
model was further validated by the investigation of the regenera-
tion reaction of oxygen carriers.
This study aims to investigate the CO2 capture process by con-
sidering the cluster effect on the reaction kinetics, which is not
available in recent literatures. The multiscale reaction model is
incorporated into the framework of the two-fluid model to reflect
the impact of clusters as mesoscale structures on the CO2 absorp-
tion reaction. The simulation of a circulating fluidized bed system
for CO2 capture with potassium-based carbonates is carried out.
The predicted results are compared with experimental data. The
distributions of CO2 concentration in the cluster-based dense
phase and the gas-rich dilute phase are evaluated. The non-
uniformity of flow and temperature field caused by clusters is
investigated. Meanwhile, the impact of inlet gas velocities on
hydrodynamic and CO2 removal is also analyzed.
2. Mathematical model
In the current work, the two-fluid model with the kinetic theory
of granular flow [21] is employed to simulate the hydrodynamics in
a fluidized bed absorber for CO2 capture. The corresponding govern-
ing equations consist of continuity equations, momentum equa-
tions, energy conservation equations and species transport
equations. Detailed descriptions are summarized in Wang et al. [19].
2.1. Cluster structure-dependent (CSD) drag model
Drag coefficient plays a significantly important role in the sim-
ulation of the gassolid flow. For the compact circulating fluidized
68 S. Wang et al. / Fuel 164 (2016) 6672

bed sorptionregeneration system for CO2 capture, the cluster and a loop seal. The flue gases are fed at the bottom of absorber
formation leads to the application of conventional drag models where CO2 and steam in the flue gases are absorbed into the solid
restricted [22]. Here, the CSD drag model is used to describe the sorbents. The absorbed solid sorbents are separated by the cyclone
impact of multiscale structures [23], where the heterogeneous flow and enter the regenerator zone, where the absorbed solid sorbents
structure in a control volume is divided into three sub-systems are regenerated. Exhaust CO2 and steam leave the system via the
including the particle-rich dense phase, the gas-rich dilute outlet at the top of the regenerator zone. Then, the fresh solid sor-
phase and the interface between dilute phase and dense phase. bents are sent back to the fast fluidized bed absorber and continue
The CSD drag coefficient is calculated by the integration of drag the sorptionregeneration cycle. At the bottom loop seal of the
components in three sub-systems. The expression is written as downcomer section, small amount of air is fed to assist the circu-
follows: lation of solid sorbents. At the bottom of absorber, the uniform
eg inlet with a constant velocity is set. The solid sorbents are initially
bCSD nden F den ndil F dil nint F int  1 loaded in the reactor at a packed volume fraction. The outlet is
jug  us j
specified at the top of the cyclone with an atmospheric pressure.
For the solution of the CSD drag coefficient, eight local struc- The corresponding parameters are listed in Table 1. The K2CO3-
tural parameters are needed. Detailed equations and parameters based solid sorbents are chosen with a mean density of 1530 kg/
used in the CSD drag model and the procedure of the solution m3 and an averaged diameter of 75 lm, belonging to Geldart A par-
can be found in Wang et al. [23]. ticles. For the wall, no-slip condition is applied to gas phase and
partial-slip condition is adopted to the solid phase [25]:
2.2. Multiscale chemical reaction model
6ls es;max @us;w
ut;w  p 9
To account for the cluster effect on reaction kinetics, the gas p/qs es g 0 3h @n
component transport equations for the dense phase and the dilute
phase are solved with respective reaction rates: p
ks h @hw 3pqs es u2s g 0 h3=2
hw  10
@f eden qg X g;den;i cw @n 6es;max cw
r  f eden qg X g;den;i ug;den
@t
 f eden qg Dg;i r  X g;den;i Sg;den;i 2 p
3p1  e2w qs es g 0 h3=2
cw 11
4es;max
@1  f edil qg X g;dil;i
r  1  f edil qg X g;dil;i ug;dil On the basis of the platform of (Multiphase Flow with Inter-
@t
 1  f edil qg Dg;i r  X g;dil;i Sg;dil;i 3 phase eXchanges) M-FIX CFD code [26], the multiscale chemical
reaction model is programmed and implemented. This code allows
where Sg,den,i and Sg,dil,i denote the mass source terms as a result of the addition of extra equations and boundary conditions, which
chemical reactions. The expressions are given by: has been successfully used for the simulation of circulating flu-
idized bed. To promote the accuracy of the computation, a
Sg;den;i r den M g;i  K dc ac f eden X g;den;i  X g;dil;i 4
higher-order total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme is adopted
as the discretization scheme. The automatic time-step from 104
Sg;dil;i r dil rint M g;i K dc ac f eden X g;den;i  X g;dil;i 5
to 106 s is adjusted to improve the speed of the code. The simula-
where Kdc represents mass transfer coefficient between phases and tion is conducted for 30 s and the results are time-averaged over
takes the expression of La Nauze et al. [24]. In this study, the the last 20 s when the quasi-steady state is arrived. To evaluate
absorption reaction of CO2 with K2CO3 solid sorbent is taken into the grid independence, the simulations using different mesh sizes
consideration. Following the reaction rate with the effect of are carried out. By comparisons of CO2 removal and solid concen-
temperature given by Chalermsinsuwan et al. [17], the absorption
rates of CO2 in the dense phase, dilute phase and interface are
calculated as: Table 1
Parameters used in the simulation.




dp 3609 f eden X g;den;i qg
r den f 1  eden 1  k0 exp 6 Description Value Unit
dcl RT Mg;i
Particle density 1530 kg/m3


 Particle diameter 75 lm
3609 1  f edil X g;dil;i qg Gas viscosity 1.789  105 kg/m s
r dil 1  f 1  edil k0 exp 7 Gas diffusivity CO2 = 0.1381, H2O = 0.2178, cm2/s
RT Mg;i
O2 = 0.178, N2 = 0.2


 Reactor height 3 m
dp 3609 1  f edil X g;dil;i qg Reactor diameter 0.6 m
r int f 1  eden k0 exp 8 Inlet gas velocity 1/0.1 m/s
dcl RT M g;i
(absorber/downer)
where k0 = 0.55 s1 [17]. By the obtained gas species concentration Inlet gas temperature 343.15/298.15 K
(absorber/downer)
in each sub-system, we can calculate the averaged gas species con-
Inlet gas species mass CO2 = 0.225/0.0, H2O = 0.092/0.0,
centration in a control volume to achieve the solution of the multi- fraction O2 = 0.161/0.23, N2 = 0.522/0.77
scale chemical reaction model. (absorber/downer)
Initial solid temperature 343.15 K
Initial solid concentration 0.5
2.3. Boundary conditions and model implement Initial solid mass fraction K2CO3 = 1, KHCO3 = 0.0
Time step 1.0  1061.0  104 s
A simplified compact circulating fluidized bed sorptionregen- Restitution coefficient 0.97
eration system is selected as the simulated objective. A two- between particles
Restitution coefficient 0.9
dimensional model is employed in the simulation. This system between particle and wall
comprises a fast fluidized-bed absorber, a regenerator, a cyclone
 S. Wang et al. / Fuel 164 (2016) 6672 69

tration distribution, the grid size of (10 mm  15 mm) is chosen as The contour plots of instantaneous CO2 mass fraction and gas
the final computational cell considering the cost and accuracy of temperature are also displayed in Fig. 2(b) and (c). It can be
simulation. observed that there is much unconverted CO2 at the middle region
of the absorber and the CO2 removal near the wall is relatively bet-
ter, which is related to the solid concentration distribution. A
3. Results and discussion
higher solid concentration near the wall promotes the CO2
removal. Correspondingly, the CO2 capture process is an exother-
To validate the feasibility of the model, the simulation is per-
mic reaction. The gas temperature is promoted near the wall owing
formed based on the experiments of Yi et al. [27]. As shown in
to a high CO2 absorption rate. In addition, the distributions of CO2
Fig. 1, the predicted CO2 removal by the present model under dif-
mass fraction and gas temperature are also greatly influenced by
ferent operating conditions can agree well with experimental data.
the clusters and show the local non-uniformity.
Meanwhile, the relative error between simulated value and exper-
Fig. 3 shows the variations of solid mass flux with time at the
imental result is also given. It can be found that the predictions
locations of recirculation inlet and exit of absorber. It can be recog-
with consideration of the cluster effect are more consistent with
nized that both the solid fluxes give an intensive oscillation, which
measured data compared to those by the conventional model. This
is attributed to the formation of meso-scale structures. The bub-
is mainly attributed to the fact that the clusters lead to a reduction
bleemulsion phase in the loop seal results in the fluctuation of
of interphase drag force and enhance the absorption rate of CO2.
recycled particle flow. Whereas in the absorber, the solid sorbents
Fig. 2(a) shows the instantaneous distribution of solid concen-
form clusters with CO2 capture process, which brings about the
tration at quasi-steady state. The cluster structure in the absorber
oscillating of solid mass flux at the exit. By comparisons, the oscil-
can be observed, especially near the wall. The non-uniform distri-
lation extent at the exit of absorber is more intensive.
bution of solid sorbents caused by clusters is observed. Meanwhile,
we can find that there exist bubbles at the bottom of the down-
comer and regenerator zone. These heterogeneous structures will
result in the fluctuating mass flow of recycled solid sorbents.

Fig. 3. Variations of solid mass flux with time at the recirculation inlet and exit of
Fig. 1. Comparisons of model predictions with experimental data. absorber.

0.48 358
0.44 357
0.22 356
0.4 355
0.2
0.36 354
0.18
0.32 353
0.16
352
0.28 0.14 351
0.24 0.12 350
0.2 0.1 349
0.16 0.08 348
347
0.12 0.06
346
0.08 0.04
345
0.04 0.02 344

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 2. Instantaneous contour plots of (a) solid concentration, (b) CO2 mass fraction, and (c) gas temperature at quasi-steady state.
70
Fig. 4 displays the distribution of KHCO3 mass fraction in solid
sorbents along the axial and lateral directions of reactor. It can
be seen that the KHCO3 mass fraction decreases at the bottom
and then increases along the height of reactor. The local minimum
of KHCO3 mass fraction is attributed to the regeneration of solid
sorbents. As the CO2 is gradually captured, the KHCO3 mass frac-
tion is promoted. From the lateral profiles of KHCO3 mass fraction,
a similar non-uniform trend is found for three heights of reactor.
There is a higher KHCO3 mass fraction near the wall compared to
that in the center, which reflects the discrepancy of the CO2
absorption rate along the lateral direction of reactor.
Fig. 5 demonstrates the lateral profiles of gas and solid temper-
atures at three heights of absorber. Overall, the distributions of gas
and solid temperatures are similar. Whereas at the bottom of reac-
tor, gas temperature is lower than solid temperature. A reverse
trend appears at the upper section of absorber. This implies that
the heat is transferred from solid phase to gas phase at the bottom.
Along the height, the rising degree of gas temperature is more
Fig. 4. Axial and lateral profiles of KHCO3 mass fraction.
Fig. 5. Lateral profiles of gas and solid temperatures at different heights of absorber.
S. Wang et al. / Fuel 164 (2016) 6672
evident compared to solid temperature, which results in the
change of the direction of heat transfer.
Fig. 6 shows the axial profiles of solid concentration and CO2
mass fraction at three different inlet gas velocities of 0.5 m/s,
0.75 m/s and 1.0 m/s. We can find that under the conditions of dif-
ferent operating velocities, the concentrations of particles give
similar profiles, which are high at the bottom and decrease along
the height. The highest peak occurs at the exit of the loop seal.
Accordingly, the descending solid concentration leads to the reduc-
tion of the CO2 mass fraction along the height. The local minimum
of the CO2 mass fraction at the exit of the loop seal is caused by the
extra gas from loop seal. It is clear that the inlet gas velocities
strongly influence axial distribution of particle concentrations
and CO2 removal. With the increase of inlet gas velocities, the cir-
culation of particles and flue gases supply is enhanced. There is less
residence time for solid sorbents to react with CO2, which will
decrease the CO2 absorption rates. The CO2 removal decreases from
65.2% to 41.3% when the inlet gas velocity is increased from
Fig. 6. Effects of inlet gas velocities on axial profiles of solid concentration and CO2
mass fraction.
 S. Wang et al. / Fuel 164 (2016) 6672
Fig. 7. Effects of inlet gas velocities on lateral profiles of solid concentration, solid
velocity, CO2 and KHCO3 mass fraction.
0.5 m/s to 1.0 m/s. Thus, the inlet gas velocity is reverse propor-
tional to the CO2 removal.
Fig. 7(a) presents the effects of inlet gas velocities on the lateral
distribution of concentration and axial velocity of particles. It can
be observed that the trends are the same for the three cases.
Roughly, the concentrations of particles are low in the center
regime and high near the walls. The axial velocities of particles
are high in the center and low near the walls, which are positive
in the center regime and negative near the walls. This means par-
ticles flow upward in the center and flow-down near the walls. The
circulation of particles is formed in the absorber. The mean values
of concentration of particles and axial velocity of particles are cal-
culated. At the inlet gas velocity of 0.5 m/s, 0.75 m/s, 1.0 m/s, the
mean concentration of particles is 0.143, 0.109, 0.062 and the
mean axial velocity is 0.471 m/s, 0.714 m/s, 0.975 m/s, respec-
tively. This indicates that the increase of inlet gas velocities results
in more particles entrained by gas and decreases the concentration
of particles.
Fig. 7(b) also displays the effects of inlet gas velocities on the
lateral distribution of time-averaged CO2 and KHCO3 mass
71
Fig. 8. Axial profiles of CO2 mass fraction in dense phase and dilute phase.
fractions. The CO2 mass fraction is relatively smooth in the center
region and decreases sharply toward the wall. The CO2 mass frac-
tion decreases from 15.8% to 10.9% when the inlet gas velocities is
decreased from 1.0 m/s to 0.5 m/s. As expected, the reduction in
the operating velocity means longer contact time between solid
sorbents and flue gas. Hence, a higher CO2 removal could be
expected. Meanwhile, the effect of inlet gas velocities on KHCO3
mass fraction is also shown. When the inlet gas velocities are
increased, the gas flow is enhanced. Although the CO2 conversion
is decreased at a higher gas velocity owing to less gas residence
time, more flue gas is introduced from the inlet and reacts with
solid sorbents, which leads to an increase in the KHCO3 mass
fraction.
Fig. 8 demonstrates the lateral profiles of CO2 mass fraction in
dense phase and dilute phase. It can be found that there is a similar
trend of CO2 mass fraction for dense phase and dilute phase. The
CO2 mass fractions are globally decreased with the height
increased. However, the discrepancy between dense phase and
dilute phase can be distinguished owing to different reaction rates.
More CO2 is absorbed in the dense phase. As a result of the mass
transfer between phases, the difference is not significant.
4. Conclusion
A multiscale reaction model with consideration of the cluster
effect on reaction kinetics is developed to investigate the CO2 cap-
ture process in a circulating fluidized bed system. Different absorp-
tion rates of CO2 in the dense phase, dilute phase and interface are
taken into account in the model. A cluster structure-dependent
drag model is employed to provide local structural parameters
for the solution of multiscale reaction model. By comparison with
traditional model, the present model can agree better with exper-
imental data. The predicted results indicate that the non-uniform
distribution of solid sorbents and temperature field caused by clus-
ters has a direct influence on the CO2 absorption rate. More CO2 is
consumed in the dense phase compared to that in the dilute phase.
It is also found that the CO2 removal is significantly dependent
on resident time of solid sorbents. A low operating velocity can
improve the CO2 removal efficiency evidently.
In the further work, a regeneration process of solid sorbents is
expected to gain a more comprehensive insight into the CO2 cap-
ture system with carbonate looping.
72 S. Wang et al. / Fuel 164 (2016) 6672
Acknowledgments
This research is conducted with financial support from the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (51390494 and
51406045) and the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang
Province of China (Grant No. E201441).
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