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RELATIONSHIPS
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Hosein Rahnema
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earthquake properties of Various earthquake
response quantities parameters
geometric spreading,
travel path reflection, refraction,
absorption, and geologic
structure
Subsurface conditions,
Topographic variations,
local conditions soil-structure interaction all
constitute local conditions
Geometric spreading
and absorption
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R is distance, and
is a constant dependent on travel path and
geologic conditions [Reiter, 1990].
Geometric spreading
and absorption
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Absorption Q = Q0fn
Absorption results from Q is called the quality factor,
friction in the medium and f is frequency,
scattering of the waves which Q0 and n are constants
can cause destructive dependent on rock properties.
interference. Large values of Q correspond to
low absorption (and
attenuation), and vice-versa.
Types of attenuation
relationships
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empirical theoretical
theoretical expressions
Empirical type attempt to model directly
relationships are typically many theoretical the physics of
derived by applying type relationships earthquakes and related
regression analysis incorporate mechanisms, with
methods to observed and empirically derived constants being
recorded earthquake data constants. determined empirically
In some cases, the distinction as to
whether an expression is empirical
or theoretical is difficult to discern
Empirical attenuation
relationships
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above expression to be
presented in the more useful
additive form:
10
. . . . .
2,154,000 25
for
8; 5 ,
where
a = median peak horizontal peak ground acceleration exp 1
in gals (or ).
R = distance from the site to the center of energy on the causative fault in
kilometers (km), and
M = magnitude . 1
The standard error ln and the coefficient of
variation of PGA ( ) of the above expression vary as function
of acceleration:
Peak Horizontal Acceleration
0.05g 0.48 0.51
0.1 0.46 0.49
0.15 0.41 0.43
0.3 0.3 0.31
Crouse (1991)
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Boore, Joyner
and Fumal
have recently
proposed the
following
relationship to
estimate
horizontal
ground motion
for shallow
earthquakes in
western North
America:
Boore, Joyner, and Fumal
(1993)
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In the use of this expression, a site is classified into one of four categories (A, B, C, and D) depending on
the average shear-wave velocities of the upper 30m of geologic material. Classes A, B, C, and D include
sites where the average shear-wave velocity are:
greater than 750 m/s;
between 360 m/s and 750 m/s;
between 180 m/s and 360 m/s;
and less than 180 m/s, respectively.
As a result of lack of data presently available for site class D, Boore, Joyner, and Fumal excluded it from
their analysis.
When the constants derived for estimating the peak acceleration for the larger of two horizontal
components are substituted, the above equation reduces to:
In 1994, Campbell and Bozorgnia (1994) used worldwide accelerograms from earth-
quakes of moment magnitude ranging from 4.7 to 8.1 to develop the attenuation
relationship
Peak Acceleration
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Toro et al. (1994) developed an attenuation relationship for peak horizontal rock
acceleration
Peak Acceleration
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Table 3-7 Coeffecients for Joyner and Boore (1988) Peak Horizontal
Velocity Attenuation Relationship
Variation of peak
horizontal acceleration
with distance
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Figure 3.22 Variation of peak horizontal acceleration with distance for M = 5.5, M= 6.5, and M =7.5
earthquakes according to various attenuation relationships: (a) Campbell and Bozorgnia (1994), soft rock
sites and strike-slip faulting; (b) Boore et al. (1993), site class B; (c) Toro et al. (1994); and (d) Youngs et al,
(1988), intraslab event.
Estimation of Frequency
Content Parameters
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Predominant Period
Where fc is the corner frequency, fmax, the cutoff frequency , Q(f) is the frequency-dependent
quality factor and C is a constant given by
where vs is in km/sec, Mo is in dyne-cm, and is referred to
as the stress parameter or stress drop in liars. Stress
parameters of 50 bars and 100 bars are commonly used for
sources in western and eastern North America, respectively
Estimation of Frequency
Content Parameters
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Figure 3.24 (a) Variation of Fourier amplitude spectra at R =10 km for different moment
magnitudes ( = 100 bars); (b) accelerograms generated from the M = 4 and M = 7
spectra. (After Boore, 1983.)
Estimation of Frequency
Content Parameters
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Ratio Vmax/amax
Estimation of Duration
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Figure 3.27 Variation of bracketed duration (0.05g threshold) with magnitude and
epicentral distance: (a) rock sites; (b) soil sites. (After Chang and Krinitzsky, 1977.)
Attenuation relationshops
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RMS Acceleration
Hanks and McGuire (1981) used a database of California earthquakes of local magnitude 4.0 to 7.0
to develop an attenuation relationship for rms acceleration for hypocentral distances between 10 and
100 km (6.2 and 62 mi):
Kavazanjian et al. (1985) used the definition of duration proposed by Vanmarcke and Lai (1980) with
a database of 83 strong motion records from 18 different earthquakes to obtain
Attenuation relationshops
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Arias Intensity
Campbell and Duke (1974) used data from California earthquakes to predict the variation of Arias
intensity within 15 to 110 km (9 to 68 mi) of magnitude 4.5 to 8.5 events.
Wilson (1993) analyzed strong motion records from California to develop an attenuation relationship
which, using the Arias intensity definition of equation (3.17), can be expressed as
D is the minimum horizontal distance to the vertical projection of the fault plane, h is a correction factor