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2014 1435
September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Experiment No.( 1 )
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
1.3-Compensating windings:
Compensating winding are used for the purpose of neutralizing the
effect of armature-reaction in the zones outside the influence of the
interpoles and particularly to maintain an uniform flux distribution under
the faces of the main poles. They are suitably connected in series with the
armature and interpoles windings. They are located in the slots provided in
the pole-shoes.
1.4-Experimental investigation
1.4.1-Part A:
1- You are given a disassembled four poles d.c machine. Observe the
constructional mentioned above.
2- On each pole two windings are placed. Find out by avometer which
one is series winding and which one is shunt winding.
3- Measure the resistance of both the windings by ammeter-voltmeter
method. Circuit diagram is given in fig. (1.1.b).
4- Now connect all four series or shunt windings in series (fig.1.4.a) and
give dc supply. By a magnetic indicator check the south and north poles. By
a magnetic material check the field effect. Move a coil connected to a
voltmeter inside the machine to see the induction effect.
5- Reverse the current flow in the field windings and see its effect by using
the magnetic pole indicator.
6- Connect all four series windings in series and all four shunt winding in
series in all you have four terminals.
7- Connect the machine as a series machine, shunt machine, separately
excited machine and compound machine either cumulatively connected or
differentially connected (fig.1.4.b&c) machine show the connection for
each machine to your teacher.
1.4.2-Part B:
Go to machine panel No.2. you will nd the symbolic diagram of each field
winding and armature:
1- Repeat point 7 of part A as in g. (1.5 ).
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
2-Connect the given machine as a shunt generator and using the dc shunt
motor as prime moves. Start the set. See the field-flux distribution under a
pole by an oscilloscope. Connect the oscilloscope to the search coil.
1.5-Discussion:
1- Why resistance of series and shunt field windings difference give
reason.
2- Draw the diagram of a pole and winding on the pole, for a certain
current direction show the direction of the flux and the polarity of
the pole. How do you change the direction of flux?
3- How do you connect the interpoles to armature winding? Give
reason.
4- When you move a coil in a magnetic field, voltage is induced in the
coil. Explain the law.
Fig(1.1.a)
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Fig(1.1.b) Fig(1.1.c)
Fig(1.2.a) Fig(1.2.b)
Fig. (1.3)
Fig. (1.4.a)
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Experiment No.( 2 )
2-1- Objective:
To obtain the no load characteristics of a d.c. shunt generator.
2-2- Theory:
The magnetization curve of a generator shows the relationship
between the no-load terminal voltage (which equals to the armature
induced e.m.f) and the field current (that flows in the shunt field circuit).
This curve is obtained by driving the generator at constant speed with its
terminals left open-circuited.
This curve is often called the open circuit characteristics curve (OCC) or
no load curve.
E= volt
60 a
Where:-
N = speed in rpm.
P =number of poles.
For any given machine the terms Z P and a are constants and the EMF
equation can be written as:-
E = Ke.N.
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
With the machine runs up to full speed, and the field circuit is opened. The
machine acts as every feeble generator giving about 2% to5% of normal
voltage and this is due to residual magnetic flux of the magnetic poles of
the machine. When the filed circuit is completed the EMF due to the flux
circulates a current around the circuit of the armature and the field.
If the produced flux is in the same direction of residual flux the induced
(EMF) will be increased.
The small induced (EMF) will be applied to field resistance Rf of the filed
winding, and filed current will increase the flux again, causing induced
(EMF) to climb up the OCC. But this increased value of E is again applied to
(Rf) and will increase (If), which in turn increase, (E) some more.
The process continues with climbing up the OCC and (If, V) climbing up
the Rf- line until the two points coincide at the intersection point. We say
that the shunt generator voltage (V) has built up to (V0). Fig. (2.1) Shown
the (OCC) of d.c shunt generator.
The first part of the curve will be linear and the tangent to this curve
represents the critical resistance of the field circuit. The curve starts to
bend when the iron begins to saturate. For a given magnetic flux, the (EMF)
generated varies in direct proportional to the speed of rotation. If the
number of magnetization curves for different speeds be plotted on the
same base and to the same scale, then the ordinates of the various curves
for any particular value of the excitation will vary in direct proportion to
the speed, i.e. the critical resistance varies directly with speed.
If the resistance of the field circuit is kept constant so that it gives rated
voltage, then any reduction of the sped will cause a reduction of the
induced (EMF) and hence flux per pole. This means that there is a certain
speed (critical speed), below which the machine will not excite.
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
2-4- Graphs:
Plot the open circuit characteristics for two speeds.
2-5- Discussion:
1- What is the no-load characteristic of d.c. generator?
2- Discuss the saturation (magnetic, no-load) characteristic?
3- In the no-load test of d.c. generators what is the parameter must be
kept constant?
4- What are the conditions foe self-excited d.c. generators or the
conditions for voltage build up?
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Figure. (2.1)
Figure. (2.2)
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Experiment No.( 3 )
Load Characteristics of a D.C Shunt Generator
3-1- Objective:
To obtain the load characteristics of d.c shunt generator.
3-2- Theory:
The principal advantage of d.c shunt generator is that the generator
can be self-excited and this eliminates need for an external source of
excitation.
The armature may not develop its rated voltage for any of the following
reasons:
2- The total filed resistance is greater than the critical resistance for
the speed used.
3- The speed is less than the critical speed for the total field resistance
used.
6- External load resistance lower than some critical value when the
machine is started on load.
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
V= E ( IR + Vb + E )
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Where
E =KeN
3-4- Graph:-
Plot the external and internal characteristics.
3-5- Discussion:-
1- Why the output voltages drop when the load current is increased?
2- Explain the build up of the emf for d.c shunt generator?
3- What are the reasons made the armature not develop it rated
voltages
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Fig. (3.1)
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Fig. (3.2)
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Experiment No.( 4 )
4-1- Objective:
To obtain the load characteristics of separately excited d.c generator.
4-2- Theory:
In a separately excited d.c generator the field winding is connected in
series with a variable resistor (know as a field regulator).and an ammeter
to a separate d.c source such as battery or d.c generator. There fore the
field current is independent of the machine it self and is unaffected by the
load change. The generator is driven at rated speed and is kept constant.
There fore the armature voltage tends to remain steady as the load
changes. Armature reaction and Ia Ra drops in the armature cause the
voltage to drop as the load current increases. For rough calculation to
obtain the internal characteristic; armature reaction drop is neglected and
the equation become
E = V + IaRa
In other word, the internal characteristic is obtain from the IaRa ordinates
in the external characteristic curve.
A curve AB in g (4.1) is plo ed between the load current and the terminal
voltage in the external characteristic.
2 Run the machine at rated speed and keep it constant throughout the
experiment.
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
3 The field regulator is adjusted until the terminal voltage equals the
rated voltage.
4-4- Graph:
Plot the external and internal characteristics.
4-5- Discussion:
1 Why did the field current of this generator un affected by the load
change?
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Fig. (4.1)
Fig. (4.2)
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Experiment No. ( 5 )
5-1- Objective:
To obtain the load characteristics of d.c series excited generator.
5-2-Theory:
The machine can not produce any voltage when it is disconnected from the
load except that generated due to residual magnetism in the pole pieces.
Consequently at no load the voltage of a series generator approximately
zero as against the shunt generator in which the voltage is at a maximum
value at no load. Both the armature and the series field carry the same
load current so the voltage increases with the load current. Without the
effect of armature reaction the emf characteristic would be similar to the
magnetization curve. Armature reaction effect and the IL (Rf+Ra) drop both
reduce the terminal voltage. The net result is generally rising characteristic
like that shown in curve AC in g .(5.1) but if satura on is approached the
characteristics are drop and the extern becomes nearly vertical . Neglecting
the armature reaction effect, the output voltage.
V = E IL (Ra + Rf) = IL RL
Where: V = open circuit voltage
IL = load current
Rf = series field resistance
Ra = armature and interpole resistance
RL = load resistance
Internal characteristics (curve AE) is obtained by adding ordinates of
(Ra + Rf) IL to external (curve AC). The magnetization characteristic is
represented by (curve AB). See fig.(5.1).
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
H. G. J
5-3-Test procedures:
1- Connect the circuit diagram shown in g .(5.2)
2- Run the machine at rated speed and record the no load voltage . The
speed is maintained constant.
5-4-Graph:
5-5-Discussion:
1- Compared between d.c shunt and series generator for their internal and
external characteristics.
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Fig. (5.1)
Fig. (5.2)
Fig. (5.3)
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Experiment No.( 6 )
6-1-Objective:
To obtain the load characteristics of d.c compound generator.
6-2-Theory:
The characteristics of a compound generator are a combination of the
shunt and series characteristics. The shunt generator has a drooping
characteristic of output voltage generator has a rising characteristic (for
small value of load current). However there are two possibilities,
depending upon the method of connecting the series field relative to the
shunt field in one connection, the series field assists the shunt field and is
known as commutative connection, the other, series field opposes the
shunt field and is known as differential connection. The compound
generator that develops the same voltage at full load as at no load (for the
same speed) is said to be flat or level compound fig (6.1). Under compound
gives full-load voltage less than the no-load value while over compound
causes the full-load voltage to exceed that at no-load. Proper amount of
compounding requires proper number of turns in the series winding.
Usually a diverter is used across the series field through which any degree
of over-compound may be obtained up to the maximum by increasing the
resistances of the diverter compound generators are either short-shunted
and long-shunted. Since the shunt field current is only a very small
percentage of the total load of the machine. It is evident that it makes little
difference which connection is used, the choice being more a matter of
convenience than any thing else.
6-3-Procedure:
1- The compound generator and DC shunt motor coupled to the shaft
of the generator are connected according to fig (6.2). Switches S 1
and S2 are open with the series field connected to assist the shunt
field, the generator is run up to normal and its voltage is adjusted
to the rated voltage by means of a shunt field regulator and kept
unaltered. The speed is maintained constant. Switch S1 is closed
and the generator is loaded gradually up to 20% overload readings
of the voltage and load current are noted.
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Fig. (6.1)
Fig. (6.2)
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Experiment No.( 7 )
7-1-Object:
In this experiment a survey of the main characteristics and control of dc
shunt motor is made. Due to particular feature of these motors, a study of
the speed control is very important or useful.
7-2-Theory:
A dc shunt motor consists of two parts, armature and the main field
poles. The circuits of these two parts are connected in parallel and supplied
from a common dc source. Resistances are connected in series with both
circuits to provide for the necessary speed control.
Excluding the effect of armature reaction and resistance drop, the main
two variables in speed control are the supply voltage and the flux. Speed
can be calculated from the following equation:
Va IaRa
N
K
Where
N = the speed
K=constant
=flux
It is clear that speed varies directly with (Va) and inversely with flux or
field current.
Therefore if speeds above rated speed are desired, field control would be
suitable and for speed below rated speed the armature control is used.
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
7-3-Procedure:
The circuit diagram is connected as shown in g.(7.1). The motor is started
insuring that the starting resistance is maximum and the field resistance is
minimum.
7.3. -A-
Starting from the rated speed, the motor is loaded by means of the
coupled dc generator and readings of speed N, armature current Ia and
torque T are noted. The torque readings are taken at each load by
balancing the lever arm of the torque measuring unit by putting the
weights.
H. G. J
Through out the test the field current of the motor is kept constant at the
value Ifo needed to run the machine on no-load rated speed, IL and Vt are
noted.
7.3. -B-
Adjust the load of the machine so that Ia is kept constant a (4 A). The
eld resistance is varied and speeds up to 1800 rpm are obtained. For each
variation of field resistance readings of speed N, torque T and If are noted.
7.4-Results:
2 NT
Watts Wo = Power output =
60
Wo
Efficiency= =
Wi
7.5-Conclusions:
1-Comment on the curves obtained in view of the theoretical performance.
2- Discuss the effect of a possible break (open circuit) in the shunt field
circuit while the motor is running.
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Fig.(7.1)
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Experiment No.( 8 )
Swinburne's Test
8.1-Objective:
Determination of no- load losses and estimation of efficiency of a d.c shunt
machine by indirect methods.
8.2-Theory:
The losses during no load conditions of a d.c shunt machine will be iron loss,
friction and wind age loss, field copper loss. If those losses are measured during no.
load condition, then efficiency of a d.c shunt machine either as a generator or as a
motor no. load losses can be measured by a Swinburne's test in this test the given
d.c shunt machine is driven as a motor. The method cannot be used in the case of a
d.c series motor.
The given shunt machine is run on no. load as D.c shunt motor and the input
current, shunt field current and applied voltage are noted. (See Fig.8.1). The
resistance of armature (Ra) cold= Ra1 and the resistance of the shunt field (R
shunt=R sh1) are measured by ammeter and volt. Meter at the ambient temperature.
(Ra hot= Ra2) and (Rsh hot=Rsh2) are calculated for an assumed temperature rise
of (750 c ) during loaded condition (t2=t1+75c ) by using the formula
Ra2=Ra1 (1+75 t1) 1
Rsh2=Rsh1 (1+75 t1) . 2
Where ( ) is the coefficient of increase of resistance with temperature,
t1 is ambient temp.
Estimation of :-
Let the measured values be:
V = applied voltage
September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
= If Rsh1
From the cold resistance of the armature, copper loss I2 x Ra1 is calculated and
from the cold resistance of the shunt field, copper loss r2/Rsh1 is calculated the
sum of these two losses deducted from the input power V I gives the friction and
iron losses i.e. the stray losses.
If now the calculated field copper loss v2/Rsh2 using the hot temperature is added
to the stray losses. The result will be constant losses Pc.
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
Output power = V * I
8.3-Test procedures:
1-Connect the machine as in the fig. (8.1). Start the machine as shunt motor with
full start resistance in circuit, gradually reduce the starter resistance and adjust
the rated speed by record input current (I) field current (I shf) and supply
Voltage (Va).
2-Stop the machine by opening the D.C main supply switch.
3-Measure (Rat1), the resistance of armature at room temperature (t1) by
ammeter-voltmeter method.
8.4-Graph:
Plot the efficiency Vs percentage load current for cases motor and
generator operation.
8.5-Discussion:
1-Comment on the curves option.
2-Note when the maximum efficiency occurs.
3- Is this method applicable for testing a series machine? If not
why?
4- What are the advantages and disadvantages of Swinburne's test?
5- Find out the condition of maximum efficiency by mathematical
derivation.
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
S1 Starter
S2
Ia A
If A
Z
DC Su p pl y
Shunt N,T
field M
V Wdg
ZZ H
Rf
HH
Fig (1)
Swinburne test circuit diagram
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
N(rpm)
Without field
N1
With field
G D F C B T(s)
FIG.(8.2 )
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September 14 2014 Lab. of DC Electrical Machines Electromechanical Eng. Dept
[6]