Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
drugs
Physical Appearance
Morphine is legally available only in the form of its water-soluble
salts. Most common are morphine sulfate and morphine hydrochloride.
Both are fine white crystalline powders, bitter to the taste. Both
are soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol.
Dosage
~~~~~~
Medical
For moderate to severe pain the optimal intramuscular dosage is
considered to be 10 mg per 70 kg body weight every four hours.
The typical dose range is from 5 to 20 mg every four hours,
depending on the severity of the pain. The oral dose range is
between 8 and 20 mg; but with oral administration morphine has
substantially less analgesic potency (approximately one-tenth of
the effect produced by subcutaneous injection) because it is
rapidly destroyed as it passes through the liver immediately
after absorption. The intravenous route is employed primarily
for severe post-operative pain or in an emergency; in this case
the dose range is between 4 and 10 mg, and the analgesic effect
ensues almost immediately.
Nonmedical
Irregular or intermittent users (who are not substituting the drug
for another narcotic analgesic) may start and continue to use doses
within the therapeutic range (e.i., up to 20 mg). However, regular
users who employ morphine for its subjectively pleasurable effects
frequently increase the dose as tolerance develops. To take several
hundred milligrams per day is common, and there are reliable reports
of up to four or five grams (4000 - 5000 mg) per day.
Routes Of Administration
Morphine may be taken orally in tablet form, and can also injected
subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously; the last is the
route preferred by those who are dependent on morphine.
Short Term Use
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Low Doses (single doses of 5 - 10 mg administered by S.C or IM injection in
non-tolerant users)
CNS, behavioral, subjective:
suppression the sensation of and emotional response to pain;
euphoria; drowsiness, lethargy, relaxation; difficulty in
concentrating; decreased physical activity in some users and
increased physical activity in others; mild anxiety or fear;
pupillary constriction, blurred vision, impaired night vision,
suppression of cough reflex.
Respiratory:
slightly reduced respiratory rate.
Gastrointestinal:
nausea and vomiting; constipation; loss of appetite; decreased
gastric motility.
Other:
slight drop in body temperature; sweating; reduced libido; prickly
or tingling sensation on the skin (particularly after intravenous
injection).
Duration
4 - 5 hours
Dependency Potential
high, continued use results in both psychological and physical
dependency
**********
** Codeine **
Drug Source
Codeine is found in opium in concentrations between %0.1 and %2.
Because of the small concentration found in nature, most codeine
found in medical products is synthesized from morphine via the
methylation of the hydroxyl group found on the second non-aromatic
ring.
Trade Name
There are no commercial name for products containing only
codeine in US. Found under common name of codeine.
Canada does have a codeine only syrup available under
Paveral. Mainly found in combination products.
Street Name
T-three's (Tylenol #3 w/ codeine), schoolboy, cough syrup
Medical Uses
* relief of mild to moderate pain
* relief of non-productive cough
* relief of diarrhea
Drug Combinations
Sold under many name brand products, the most popular being the
Tylenol with Codeine series, the number on the tablet corresponds
to the amount of codeine and caffeine found in the each tablet.
Tylenol #1 w/ codeine - 8 mg codeine, 15 mg caffeine
Tylenol #2 w/ codeine - 15 mg codeine, 15 mg caffeine
Tylenol #3 w/ codeine - 30 mg codeine, 30 mg caffeine
Tylenol #4 w/ codeine - 60 mg codeine, no caffeine
note: all tablets contain same amount of acetaminophen (300 mg)
Fiorinal (aspirin, caffeine, barbital, codeine)
Many other brand name product combinations.
Physical Appearance
Tylenol w/ codeine series are imprinted with number on one side and
other side is Tylenol label(McNeil).
Controlled Substance Status
As a single product codeine is a schedule II controlled substance
in the US.
When combined with other non-controlled substance, and depending
on amount per dose unit, codeine combined products range from
schedule III to V.
Canada has OTC codeine products available if product has no more
than 8 mg of codeine per unit dose. Some US areas may have codeine
preps available OTC, but usually require release form.
As an interesting fact, a travelers handbook noted that Greece has
banned codeine in that country (no idea on what it's status is now)
so be careful when traveling there.
Dosage
~~~~~~
Medical
Pain relief : 30mg - 220mg oral or equivalent dose SC or IM
Diarrhea relief : 10mg - 20mg orally
Cough suppressant : 5mg - 15mg orally
Nonmedical
Doses can range from 30mg up to 400mg. LD50 for codeine is 800mg in
a average nontolerant person.
At doses of > 250mg adverse effects tend to arise, including intense
itching, flushed skin, dizziness, sedation, nausea and vomiting
Routes Of Administration
Usually taken orally but can be injected IM or SC. The IV route is
not recommended as reactions such as facial swelling, pulmonary
edema and convulsions can occur.
Short Term Use
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CNS, Behavioral, Subjective:
Effects begin at 30mg and tend to mimic those of morphine, except
sedation and euphoria are less intense.
Respiratory:
same as morphine but less intense.
Gastrointestinal:
same as morphine but nausea and vomiting are less common and
constipation less severe.
Other:
alleocodone is a schedule II drug, and when combined
with other non-controlled drugs, is found from schedule III-IV.
Dosage
~~~~~~
Medical
as a cough suppressant 5mg - 10mg
for pain relief 10mg - 30mg
Nonmedical
doses are similar to those for pain relief
Routes Of Administration
Usually taken orally but can be inject via three routes. Unknown if
hydrocodone can be sniffed or smoked. Sniffing is likely possible.
**********