Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
GENERAL INFORMATION
Course lecturer:
Contact:
Through the administration, Department of Electronic Technology,
Technical University, Budapest
Or
podor.balint@kvk.uni-obuda.hu
podor@mfa.kfki.hu
SUBJECTS COVERED IN THE COURSE
Physical basics of photonics (optical properties and quantities, physics of
passive and active optical components)
Five short test papers (15-20 min) during the term (will be announced)
The grade is based on the average of the grades of the five tests
One (but only one) test can be repeated at the end of the term
Optoelectronics:
Photonics:
PHOTONICS
PHOTONICS
High parallelism
Two-dimensional information can be sent and received
Nonlinear materials
New logic devices can be created
Photonics-electronics coupling
The best of electronics and photonics can be exploited by
optoelectronic devices
Ray optics is the limit of wave optics when the wavelength is very short.
ANTIQUITY
Fermats principle
The angle between the incident beam and the normal vector of the
surface and the angle between the reflected beam and the normal
vector of the surface are equal.
OPTICS OF EARLY MODERN PERIOD
AS WE SEE IT NOW
2 > c sin-1(n1/n2)
Snells law: nr sinr = ni sini
Principle of light pipe
Fermats principle states that the optical path length (OPL) must be
stationary, i.e. a first order change in the path will cause a second
order change in the OPL.
FERMATS PRINCIPLE: APPLICATION
The whole geometric or ray optics can be derived from Fermats priciple.
Huygens (1629-1695)
developed the wave theory of light
realized that light slowed down on entering dense media
explained polarization and double refraction
Young (1773-1829)
explained interference and colored fringes and showed that light
was a transverse wave
Fresnel (1788-1827)
performed experiments to establish the wave theory
derived expressions for reflected and transmitted waves
HUYGENS PRINCIPLE
Huygens principle states that a wave propagates as if the wave-front
were composed of an array of point sources each emitting a spherical
wave.
All points on a given wave front are taken as point sources for the
production of spherical secondary waves, called wavelets, which
propagate outward through a medium with speeds characteristic of
waves in that medium
After some time has passed, the new position of the wave front is the
surface tangent to the wavelets
EXPERIMENT OF YOUNG AND FRESNEL
HUYGENS-FRESNEL PRINCIPLE
DOUBLE REFRACTION
AAline
lineviewed
viewedthrough a cubic
through sodium
a cubic chloride
sodium (NaCl,
chloride halite)crystal
(halite) crystal
(optically
(opticallyisotropic) andand
isotropic) a calcite (CaCO
a calcite 3) crystal
crystal (optically
(optically anisotropic).
anisotropic).
EM WAVE OPTICS
Maxwell equations
D B
H=J+ E=- D= B=0
t t
1 2 1
(2 - ) u = 0 u : E or H v =
v2 t2 ()1/2
EM WAVE
WAVE EQUATION
where
= kc = 2c/
() = c/n
v = c/
= v/f = c/(nf)
POLARIZATION
y
Plane of polarization
E
x ^
Ey y
^ ^
x xEx
Ex
E yE
^
y
z E
(a) (b) (c)
(a) A linearly polarized wave has its electric field oscillations defined along a line
perpendicular to the direction of propagation, z. The field vector E and z define a plane of
polarization. (b) The E-field oscillations are contained in the plane of polarization. (c) A
linearly polarized light at any instant can be represented by the superposition of two fields Ex
and Ey with the right magnitude and phase.
POLARIZATION
Special cases of the phase difference between Ex and Ey
POLARIZATION
Ecos
Linearly
Light detector
polarized light E TA 2
TA 1
Polarizer 2 = Analyzer
Polarizer 1
Unpolarized light
Randomly polarized light is incident on a Polarizer 1 with a transmission axis TA1. Light
emerging from Polarizer 1 is linearly polarized with E along TA1, and becomes incident
on Polarizer 2 (called "analyzer") with a transmission axis TA2 at an angle to TA1. A
detector measures the intensity of the incident light. TA1 and TA2 are normal to the light
direction.
POLARIZATION
Photography
Optical measurement techniques
Optical data recording
Etc
BREWSTER ANGLE
Refraction modifies (changes)
the polarization.
Z = Zo/r = Zo/n
POYNTING VECTOR
S=ExH
REVISION QUESTIONS
3. The Earth receives 1350 Wm-2 of sunlight. What is the rms electric
field E at the earth assuming that the sunlight is all of a single frequency?