Beruflich Dokumente
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Summary
Energinet.dk has contracted SSE AB to conduct a geotechnical site investigation at the
planned Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm site. SSE AB has sub-contracted GEO to per-
form the technical investigation.
The overall objective of the present preliminary geotechnical investigation of the Kriegers
Flak area is to collect geological and geotechnical information for a later evaluation of the
foundation and installation conditions for the Offshore Wind Farm.
A total of 67 deep push seabed CPTs were performed at 42 locations, where 17 of the
locations are at a borehole location and the remaining 25 locations are solely CPT loca-
tion. The penetration depth of the seabed CPTs varied between 0.6 m and 26.7 m below
seabed with an average penetration of 13.7 m.
All samples from the boreholes have been logged and photographed offshore. Various
classification-, chemical-, strength- and deformation tests have been executed on
GEO
selected samples.
Maglebjergvej 2
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
The Danish part of the Kriegers Flak bank is composed of a rather complex se- Tel: +45 4588 4444
quence of glacial deposits, including Interstadial deposits (i.e. sediments from a Fax: +45 4588 2240
geo@geo.dk
www.geo.dk
GEO Project No 36642 CVR-no: 59782822
Report 1, 2013-10-30Kriegers Flak
short, warmer period within a glacial period), as well as Lateglacial and Postglacial de-
posits, all of which overly the Cretaceous Limestone.
The Postglacial and Lateglacial deposits consist of sand and clay and are in general less
than 4 metres thick. The deposits are generally loose/soft and have locally organic con-
tent (gyttja).
The glacial deposits mainly consist of stiff to very stiff clay till or dense to very dense
sand till and vary in thickness approximately between 20 m to 40 m. The till is generally
intersected by meltwater layers/lenses of clay and sand. At one position (KF-BH006) the
glacial deposits have not been penetrated 50 m below seabed.
Interstadial organic clay/peat has been identified in two boreholes (KF-BH004 and KF-
BH014). A C14 determination has dated this unit to 38400 years before present.
The Cretaceous Limestone is found in all boreholes except borehole KF-BH006. In the
entire area the Prequaternary bedrock is made of Maastrictian Limestone deposited dur-
ing the Late Cretaceous period. This deposit occurs very widespread in NW-Europe, in
the Kriegers Flak area mainly as a muddy, white limestone with many nodules and thin
layers of dark grey/black flint. The upper part of the limestone is locally showing evi-
dence of glacial deformation.
This Factual Report (Report 1) includes factual data and laboratory results from the in-
vestigations related to the seabed CPTs and the geotechnical boreholes at the Kriegers
Flak site.
Contents
1B.I Data Sheet - Jack-Up, Sound Prospector and tug Sound Provider
1B.II Data Sheet - Drilling and Testing from Jack-Up Platform
1B.III Data Sheet - Drilling Rig GEOfrigg
1B.IV Data Sheet DTH CPT GEOriis
1B.V Data Sheet - Pressuremeter Equipment
1B.VI Positioning Equipment and Positioning Check Drilling
1B.VII Cone Calibration Data Drilling
1C.I Bulk and Dry Density, Moisture and Saturation Moisture Contents
1C.II Particle Size Distribution
1C.III Liquid and Plastic Limits (Atterberg Limits) and Particle Density
1C.IV Maximum and Minimum Dry Density of Granular Soils
1C.V Degree of Roundness of Sand
1C.VI Thermal Conductivity
1C.VII Carbonate, Chloride and Sulphate Content, and LOI (Loss On Ignition)
1C.VIII Onedimensional Consolidation Properties of Soil
1C.IX Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test (UU)
1C.X Consolidated Anisotropically Undrained Triaxial Compression Test (CAU)
1C.XI Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compressioin Test (CID)
1C.XII Unconfined Compression Test
1C.XIII Direct Simple Shear Test (DSSst)
1C.XIV CAU Triaxial Test Cyclic (CAUcy)
1C.XV C14 Dating Result
1.2 Project
The overall objective of the present preliminary geotechnical investigation of the Kriegers
Flak area is to collect geological and geotechnical information for a later evaluation of the
foundation and installation conditions for the Offshore Wind Farm.
The Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm is planned as a 600 MW offshore wind farm.
Kriegers Flak is a shallow area of approximately 150 km2 in the Southern Baltic Sea 15
km east of the Danish coast. Kriegers Flak is cut by the exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
offshore borders of Sweden, Denmark and Germany with the Danish section being the
largest part. A sub-area in the middle of the Kriegers Flak area is reserved for sand ab-
straction and is excluded from the investigation.
The OWF pre-investigation area encompasses the Danish part of the Kriegers Flak bank.
Water depths across the Kriegers Flak pre-investigation area vary approximately be-
tween 15 m to 30 m.
The approximately location of Kriegers Flak Offshore Wind Farm is shown in Figure 1.1.
Details of the investigated locations are included in Enclosures 1A.01 and 1A.02.
The CPT campaign was carried out with GEOs in-house 20 t seabed rig GEOscope. A
total of 67 deep push seabed CPTs were performed at 42 locations within the Kriegers
Flak OWF site. The total number of CPTs exceeds the number of locations due to perfor-
mance of re-runs. The penetration of the seabed CPTs reached between 0.6 and 26.7 m
below seabed with an average penetration of 13.7 m.
The geotechnical borehole campaign was carried out from the Jack-Up Sound Prospector
using GEOs land based drilling rig and DTH-CPT equipment. A total of 17 geotechnical
boreholes were performed at 17 locations within the Kriegers Flak OWF site. 6 of the
boreholes were drilled to the target depth 70 m below seabed and 11 of the boreholes
were drilled to the target depth 50 m below seabed.
2 FIELD WORK
The Geotechnical Operation was performed in two groups of operations:
Seabed CPT Performed with the 20 t seabed rig GEOscope from the vessel Blue Alfa
Drilling Performed from the Jack-Up Sound Prospector assisted by the tug Sound
Provider
The vertical reference (z) is relative to DVR90 m converted using the geoid model
DKGEOID02.
All CPT and borehole data is registered with reference to the level of the seabed. To
avoid any inconsistency between various measurements of the seabed level, it was de-
cided to reference all depths relative to the seabed levels provided by the Client, /2/,
based on bathymetric data from the geophysical survey 2012.
Seabed level measurements were performed both during the CPT and the borehole cam-
paign. A comparison of the bathymetric levels with the measured levels is presented in
Enclosure 1H.01.
A total of 67 deep push seabed CPTs were performed at 42 locations. The total number
of CPTs exceeds the number of locations due to performance of additional tests (re-
runs). At locations, where the CPT penetration was considered insufficient by the Client,
a re-run was performed. In general a re-run was performed if the first CPT at a location
did not reach 8 m below seabed.
The penetration of the seabed CPTs varied between 0.6 and 26.7 m below seabed with
an average penetration of 13.7 m.
All test locations are shown on the general location map, Enclosure 1A.01 and the de-
tailed location plan, Enclosure 1A.02.
The results from the CPT campaign are presented in detail in section 4.1.
The vessel Blue Alfa has an overall length of 65.6 m and maximum draft of 6.0 m. It is
equipped with in total 6620 kW engine and two thrusters on 600 hp.
The vessel is depicted on Figure 2.1 and further data can be found in Appendix 1A.I.
A general description and technical specifications for the GEOscope set-up are presented
in Appendix 1A.II and the setup is depicted on Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2 GEOscope installed over the moon pool on Blue Alfa
The basic CPT thrust system is a hydraulic dual clamp system, applying continuous pene-
tration and full control of the total thrust applied to the CPT rods. The cone penetration
velocity was 20 mm/sec. The test data (qc, fs and u) and tool inclination were recorded
approximately every second.
The tests were generally terminated in accordance with one of the following criteria:
System checks:
Each cone was checked and approved to be fully functional in the field prior to
deployment using a special field-press system, which checks the output signals from the
cone tip, sleeve stress and pore pressure. The pore pressure filter stones were all
saturated in glycerine or water prior to deployment.
The offset of each cone sensor was eliminated (zeroed) after the rig had settled on the
seabed just before commencement of the test, at which time the cone tip was positioned
at the reference level (0.72 m above seabed). To check the full functionality of the cone
after the test the zero values were recorded again and compared with the initial ones. A
list of these values and deviations are found in Enclosure 1B.06.
For each target location the actual position was recorded when the vessel was in position
and the CPT equipment (GEOscope) was landed on the seafloor and just before the work
was commenced. Navipac, the utilised positioning software, collected positioning data for
approximately 1 min and calculated the average position. This position was recorded and
reported in the Final Positioning Report.
The seabed level at the CPT locations were determined prior to each CPT test based on
the data from bathymetric survey. The monitoring of the data observed during the CPT
investigation included:
The bathymetric levels and the measured levels are presented in Enclosure 1H.01.
In some tests, where a stop criterion was reached close to seabed, the test was
continued by a stop and go if a low risk for cone damage was estimated by the
operator. In this case (stop and go) the cone is withdrawn approx. 0.5 m before
the penetration was continued. Generally, this procedure enabled further pene-
tration depth with small extra time consumption
In some of the tests, the pore pressure measurements do not correspond to the
hydrostatic pressure just after the test (see Enclosure 1B.06). This may have
At position KF-CPT001, KF-CPT003 and KF-CPT025 the CPT rods broke during
testing. Rods and cones were abandoned in the ground at these positions. Rods
were also dropped at the seabed at KF-CPT001.
Due to a human error during positioning the test at KF-CPT001 was performed
approximately 15 m away from the originally intended position. The test position
was later accepted by the offshore Clients Representative.
The boreholes were carried out as a combination of rotary-, percussion- and core drilling.
The boreholes have been performed as combined boreholes including both sampling and
DTH-CPTs. Sampling and DTH-CPT testing were performed in 1.5 m intervals.
All samples from the boreholes have been logged and photographed offshore. Classifica-
tion-, chemical-, strength- and deformation tests have been executed on selected sam-
ples. Testing has been performed either offshore or onshore depending on test type.
Details of the laboratory work can be found in Section 3.
All borehole (BH) locations are shown on the general location map, Enclosure 1A.01 and
on the detailed location plan, Enclosure 1A.02.
Sound Prospector, was built in 2007, has a deck area of 20 x 30 m and is equipped with
50 m legs. The Sound Prospector was for the present job equipped with circular spud-
cans with a diameter of 3 m. The Jack-Up is depicted on Figure 2.3.
Technical specifications for Sound Prospector and Sound Provider are given in Appendix
1B.I.
The technical specification for the Nordmeyer DSB 1/5 drilling rig is presented in the
datasheet included as Appendix 1B.III.
In the topmost formations below seabed, drilling was performed as cased rotary drilling
or percussion drilling. For both drilling methods 8 casings were used.
Appendix 1B.II and 1B.III provides the technical specifications of GEOs drill spread mo-
bilised on Sound Prospector.
Subject to the nature of the geology, core drilling was commenced at different depths.
The core drilling was performed using the Geobor-S triple tube core system. Com-
mencement of the core drilling was agreed between the Clients Representative and the
GEO Site Manager.
The applied drilling methods for the individual sections of the boreholes are marked on
the borehole logs, Enclosure 1E.01.
2.3.4.4 Cores
All cores have been collected in the PVC liners, which forms part of the Geobor-S core
drilling system with OD = 146 mm and ID = 102 mm. The core runs length ranged be-
tween 0.5 m and 1.5 m depending on the geological conditions.
The tests were generally terminated in accordance with one of the following criteria:
System checks:
Each cone was checked and approved to be fully functional in the field prior to
deployment using a special field-press system, which checks the output signals from the
cone tip, sleeve stress and pore pressure. The pore pressure filter stones were all
saturated in glycerine or water prior to deployment.
Prior to commencement of any DTH-CPT testing, offsets of each cone sensor was elimi-
nated (zeroed) after the tool had been placed at the bottom of the borehole, at the test
start level. To check the full functionality of the cone upon testing, the zero values were
recorded again at the same level after completed test and compared with the initial ones.
The equipment used was a TEXAM pressuremeter which is further described in Enclosure
1B.V.
During positioning of Sound Prospector a navigation display showing the target BH loca-
tion (waypoint) and the actual position of Sound Prospector and Sound Provider was pro-
vided to the captain/officer to enable him to navigate the Jack-Up to the selected loca-
tion.
For each target location the actual position of the moon pool ( borehole location) and of
each leg) were recorded (in x,y,z) when the Jack-Up was in position. The final position
was logged after the preloading procedure and before the work was commenced. Navi-
pac, the utilised positioning software collected positioning data for approximately 1 min
and calculated the average position for the moon pool and each leg. Additionally the
penetration of each leg was calculated. The positions and leg penetrations were recorded
and documented on the Final Positioning Report. The positions reported for the investi-
gated BH locations are based on the Final Positioning Reports.
A summary of leg positions and penetration depths/levels for each borehole position is
presented in Enclosure 1H.02.
The position check prior to the geotechnical borehole campaign was performed at the
first borehole location by the external company Nellemann Survey A/S. Documentation
of the positioning check is given in Appendix 1B.VI.
Measurement, by the use of a plumb, the distance from deck to seabed level. The
measurement was performed inside the drill casing when drill casing was installed
at seabed
Determining the deck elevation by the primary positioning system RTK
Calculating the seabed levels based on the above two measurements
The bathymetric levels and the measured levels are presented in Enclosure 1H.01.
3 LABORATORY WORK
Subsampling for onshore testing was performed offshore. Onshore testing has been per-
formed at the onshore laboratories:
Based on the sample material retrieved from the borehole the geologist suggested a la-
boratory program for offshore and onshore testing. The final program was approved by
the Client.
Extruding Shelby tubes and splitting PVC liners (hammer and core samples)
Core logging, geological description by a geologist of all samples
Photography of all shelby tubes, core samples and hammer samples,
Pocket penetrometer on appropriate cohesive soil samples
Shelby tubes Preservation of the extruded sample is done in polythene film, al-
uminium foil, wax and cardboard tubes, alternatively in a plastic bag
Core samples Preservation of sub-samples is done in polythene film, aluminium
foil, wax and cardboard tubes.
Bulk samples Each sample and subsample is stored in a plastic bag, which
again is stored in a heavy duty plastic bag for each borehole.
The remaining part of core samples, not selected as laboratory test specimens, was care-
fully sealed and stored in GEOs standard core storage rack. In the rack, the cores have
been packed into their PVC liners and plastic and stored in layflat to prevent moisture
loss or damage during subsequent transportation. In the sections where sub-samples
have been collected, rigid core spacers (foam pieces) is inserted representing the lengths
of the missing core sections. The parts of the disturbed samples, not selected for testing,
will also be stored in the rack system.
Stored samples and sub-samples and their handling are protected from shock, frost and
excessive heat.
Two types of consolidation tests have been performed. The first test was performed to
determine the pre-consolidation pressure, and is referred to as IL 1. The second test
included loops of loading, unloading and loading. Three loading loops were originally
planned, but not performed due to the limited difference in stress between the in-situ
stress and preconsolidation stress. These tests are referred to as IL 2. On five selected
tests the creep was continued beyond end of primary consolidation (typically 24 hours)
for determination of the coefficient of secondary compression. These tests are indicated
with a LongT in Table 3.2.
Where possible, the consolidation pressure for the CAU, CID and DSSst tests have been
determined from the IL 1 test. If results were not available, the in-situ stress estimated
from the depth were used as consolidation pressure.
The relative density used for the CID tests on sand were estimated from the CPT tests
The CAU cyclic tests have been preconsolidated to a stress level similar to the static
tests. Testing comprised up to 1500 cycles at 0.1 Hz. The detailed testing procedure is
described in the Deltares procedure 300-W-T1-FB-03 included in Appendix 1D.III.
Legend and definitions for the borehole logs are presented in Enclosure 1C.01.
Colour photos have been taken of all shelby tubes, cores and hammer samples, The pho-
tos include the sample identification, a scale in centimetre, depth below seabed and a
scale colour card. The colour photos are also forwarded in digital format.
A selection of typical samples for the Kriegers Flak site including geological descriptions
are listed in Enclosure 1G.01.
An overview of the geological conditions at the Kriegers Flak site is described further in
Section 5.
4 FACTUAL RESULTS
4.1 CPT Results
The seabed CPTs are presented on a CPT profile for each test. All tests are presented
with the standard depth scale of 1 cm = 0.5 m. The plots show the measured values qc,
fs, u and Rf for each seabed CPT test, and are included in Enclosures 1D.01.
For 5 of the locations the DTH-CPT closest to the top of the borehole is overlapped by the
seabed CPT. These single DTH-CPTs are presented on a CPT profile for each test location
in Enclosure 1D.03.
Summaries of the seabed CPTs and the DTH CPTs including the final penetration depths,
coordinates, water depths and stop reasons for each CPT test can be found in Enclosure
1B.01 and Enclosure 1B.02, respectively.
Legend and definitions for the profiles are presented in Enclosure 1C.01.
The results for each borehole are presented on a Borehole log for. The individual logs can
be found in Enclosures 1E.01.
A summary of the performed tests, general soil characteristics and derived pressure-
meter results (Pressuremeter Modulus and Limit Pressure) are given in Enclosure 1B.04.
The test itself is presented in Enclosure 1F.01.
The upper part of each log in Enclosure 1F.01 shows the pressuremeter curve with indi-
cation of the single reading. The curve has been both pressure and volume corrected
according to normal practice (the procedure is described in ASTM D4719-07). It should
be mentioned that the pressure is shown as Corrected Pressure applied to the probe. The
outer water pressure has thus not been subtracted. The pressure from the water column
in the casing can be calculated by the water level in the casing and the probe level
The pressuremeter modulus (EP) is calculated from the straight line medium section of
the pressuremeter curve. However, for some of the tests this section of the curve has
only partly been measured as mentioned in section 4.3.2. The slope of the curve has
been evaluated based on the most suitable measured section and the pressuremeter
modulus calculated and shown in the enclosure.
The limit pressure has been determined according to the definition as the pressure corre-
sponding to an expansion as twice the volume of the probe (cross section area multiplied
with the length). As the tests cannot be made to this expansion (as the probe may burst)
the pressuremeter curve is extrapolated and the pressure corresponding to this volume
determined and shown in the enclosures. The extrapolation has been made by the as-
sumption that a straight line is obtained for the last section of the pressuremeter curve
in a pressure versus the reciprocal volume plot. This procedure is usually used and indi-
cated in ASTM D4719-07.
Pres_BH002-4, Pres_BH016-1:
The recovery of the sample tube was less than the required length for the test
cavity. In agreement with the Clients representative onboard, the test was at-
tempted with the probe pushed down as far as possible. Both tests are affected in
the last part of the curve, used for the limit pressure. This behaviour is believed
to originate from a soil failure developing in the top of the test cavity, at pres-
sures exceeding the pseudo elastic area.
On a number of the test sheets a soil description is included. This description is the la-
boratory technicians visual description, therefore, not always in line with the final geo-
logical description included on the borehole logs.
The results of the moisture content determinations are included in Appendix 1C.I.
The detailed results from tests are presented on the Particle Size Distribution Curves
enclosed as Appendix 1C.II.
Prior to the roundness determination a sieve analysis was performed in order to deter-
mine the grading (number of subsamples) to be included in the roundness determina-
tion.
The test has been performed in accordance with GEOs procedure for Angularity Test
included in Appendix 1D.II
The results including both type 1 and type 2 tests and time curves for 5 samples (de-
tailed described in section 3.3.3) are presented in Appendix 1C.VIII. The calculated pre-
consolidation pressure and oedometer modulus are included in the Summary - Laborato-
ry Tests, Enclosure 1B.05.
The preconsolidation pressure has been calculated using the Casagrande method de-
scribed in CEN ISO/TS 17892-5.
The undrained shear strength from the CAU-tests is calculated as the deviator stress
divided by 2. The results are included in the Summary Laboratory Test Results, Enclo-
sure 1B.05.
The friction angle from the CID-tests is calculated as the secant angle for each test. The
results are included in the Summary Laboratory Test Results, Enclosure 1B.05.
With the above mentioned limitations for the limestone samples, the performed UCS
tests are most likely not fully representative for limestone deposits since testing were
only possible to carry out on the more homogeneous parts of the limestone.
Effort has been made to ensure that geological descriptions are in agreement with re-
sults of classification tests, following the guidelines of the standards. All classification
testing were carried out after the geological description, and descriptions of samples
selected for classification testing were then compared with test results and adjusted, if
necessary. Depending on a geological evaluation, descriptions of samples close to the
sample tested have been adjusted also in some cases.
The advanced tests (CAU, CID, DSSst and CAUcy) have been initiated before results of
the classification tests and consolidation (Oe-IL) tests were available. The test specifica-
tions for the mentioned advanced tests have therefore been based on GEOs general
knowledge in respect of the formation to be tested.
5 SOIL CONDITIONS
The Danish part of the Kriegers Flak bank is composed of a rather complex sequence of
glacial deposits, including Interstadial deposits (i.e. sediments from a short, warmer pe-
riod within a glacial period), as well as Lateglacial and Postglacial deposits, all of which
overly the Cretaceous Limestone. Enclosure 1A.03 presents the soil types along two lon-
gitudinal sections through the area. Photos of selected soil types and details are shown
on Enclosure 1G.01.
The top unit mainly consists of non-graded sand deposited during the Postglacial. In the
central part of the area it occurs in thicknesses less than 1 m, while in the outermost
boreholes and in borehole KF-BH007 the thickness is between 1.3 m and 4.5 m.
In borehole KF-BH011 and KF-BH016 there have been observed clays which are rich in
silt and fine sand laminae or streaks. These laminated clays have been deposited on top
of more silty Lateglacial meltwater deposits and clay tills and are interpreted as varve
deposits in the Baltic Ice Lake.
The transition from meltwater deposits to freshwater deposits in the Baltic Ice Lake is
most evident in KF-BH-016.
In borehole KF-BH009 and KF-BH012 the Lower Till is resting on top of 3 to 4 m medium
plasticity meltwater clay, probably deposited during the melting of an earlier glacial ad-
vance. Except for borehole KF-BH008, KF-BH012 and KF-BH015 the Lower Till is covered
by varying thicknesses of medium to high plasticity clay or poorly graded sand. The clay
often contains varve-like, thin silt and sand laminae, pointing to a meltwater or glaciola-
custrine origin.
The Upper Till is very similar to the Lower Till. The boundary between the upper and
Lower Till has introductory been assessed based on water contents and/or strengths
measured by the pocket penetrometer; see borehole KF-BH001, KF-BH004, KF-BH005,
KF-BH006, KF-BH007, KF-BH008, KF-BH009, KF-BH010, KF-BH011, KF-BH013, KF-
BH015, KF-BH016 and KF-BH017. The water contents of the Upper Till are in most of the
mentioned boreholes higher than the water contents of the Lower Till. An inverse pattern
has been registered in the strengths measured by the pocket penetrometer, indicating
lowest strengths in the Upper Till. In Enclosure 1A.03 a rough indication of the boundary
between the Upper Till and Lower Till has been made. In most of the area this unit has
been intersected by several meltwater layers or lenses with thicknesses between 0.1 m
and 15.1 m.
In borehole KF-BH004 a 0.5 m layer of organic clay with shell fragments have been ob-
served with top at level -33.8 m. In borehole KF-BH014 a thin peat layer has been ob-
served at level -34.7 m. C14 dating of the organic clay was carried out at the Radiocar-
bon Dating Laboratory at Aarhus University, Department of Physics and Astronomi. The
result is shown in Table 5.2. The detailed results are presented in Appendix 1C.XV.
This age lie within the Sandnes Interstadial, 42-32 thousand years before present
(Larsen (2006), p. 293).
All boreholes in the area have penetrated this often silty or medium plastic clay till that
locally shows inclined limestone layers and smears; see borehole KF-BH005, KF-BH008
and KF-BH014. In most of the boreholes the pocket penetrometer indicates high or max-
imum values of undrained shear strengths. In all boreholes except for borehole KF-
BH009 and KF-BH012 the Lower Till is resting directly on top of the limestone. In bore-
hole KF-BH009 and KF-BH012 the Lower Till is resting on top of a meltwater clay, proba-
bly deposited during the melting of an earlier glacial advance.
5.2.7 Limestone
Prequaternary rock composed of muddy, white limestone with many dark grey/black flint
nodules and thin layers. Locally the upper part shows evidence of glacial deformation.
In the entire area the Prequaternary rock is made of Maastrictian Limestone deposited
during the Late Cretaceous period. This deposit occurs very widespread in NW-Europe, in
the Kriegers Flak area it appears mainly as a muddy, white limestone with many dark
grey/black flint nodules and thin layers. The upper part of the limestone is locally show-
ing evidence of glacial deformation. This unit has been found in the bottom of all bore-
holes, except for KF-BH006.
The Quaternary series overlying the Maastrichtian Limestone was formed during at least
two glacial advances that probably all took place during the Weichselian glaciation. De-
posits from the advances equivalent to the Lower and Upper Tills are locally separated by
organic layers dated to Sandnes Interstadial. Thus, the Lower Till advance was probably
one of the two Mid Weichselian advances Ristinge or Klintholm. The Upper Till was possi-
bly formed by either the Mid Danish, East Jylland or Blthav advance, cf. Houmark-
Nielsen (1999, 2007) /4/ and /5/ and Larsen (2006) /6/.
Borehole data indicate a SW-NE downward inclination of the limestone surface in the
order of 12 m. Local depressions have been observed in the limestone surface in the
order of more than 10 m; see borehole KF-BH003, KF-BH006, KF-BH009 and KF-BH012.
In the central part of the area, in boreholes KF-BH004, KF-BH005 and KF-BH007, the till
sequence shows a conspicuous rise in water content between level -26.0 m and -33.5 m,
which might indicate that the Upper Till is, at least in some places, composed of two dif-
ferent tills probably formed during two different glacial advances.
As temperatures rose and ice melting increased, the rising Baltic Ice Lake flooded the
area, and glaciolacustrine clay with silt and sand varves was deposited. Today this clay is
found in depressions, and in the periphery of the elevated Kriegers Flak area, as up to
3.2 m thick deposits; see borehole KF-BH011 and KF-BH016. Originally the clay must
have covered most of the area, with the same approximate thickness, but later erosion
has removed most of it again. This could have happened during Preboreal time, at the
beginning of Postglacial time. Then the Baltic Ice Lake withdrew from the Kriegers Flak
area, enabling waves on the lake shores to rework the lake deposits bringing the clay
in suspension and removing it from the silt and sand, which was left behind. Or a similar
reworking could have happened during the Flandrian transgression later in Postglacial
time.
Encl. 1A.03 presents the geological model along two longitudinal sections, a northern
and southern. As may be seen, the top limestone boundary slopes gently to the NE,
while top Lower Till is almost horizontal.
Unit
Holocene Marine 1 (HM1)
Holocene Marine 2 (HM2)
Holocene Marine 3 (HM3)
Flow Till (FT)
Upper Till (UT)
Kriegers Flak Clay (KFC)
Lower Till (LT)
Cretaceous (C)
Table 6.1. Geological Units identified by Ramboll DK
The combined depth to base of these Post- and Lateglacial units are in general less than
4 meters in the investigation area and in general the interpreted depths to base of the
units in the geophysical investigation match the thicknesses of the deposits observed in
the boreholes within 1 m. Exceptions are borehole KF-BH001 and KF-BH011 with respec-
tively approx. 3 m and 4 m difference between the geophysical interpretation and the
geotechnical logging.
The boundary between the UT, KFC and LT units are too uncertain in the geophysical
interpretations and a comparison is therefore not performed.
The values are presented in Table 7.1 and Table 7.2. The two tables are as such identi-
cal just divided to cover all encountered soil units. Table 7.1 includes the post- and late
Glacial units and Table 7.2 presents the Glacial and Cretaceous units.
The ranges in the tables include minimum 5 single data point if less data are available
the number of available tests results are indicated together with the values.
It shall be noted that the boundary between the upper and Lower Till is not clear defined
in all boreholes. The boundary in each borehole has been established based on geological
description, index tests and CPT results. Due to the above uncertainty in the boundary
the geotechnical classification of these two formations are therefore subject to uncer-
tainties.
The form of presentation is not a statistical work up of all data for the individual parame-
ters leading to determination of characteristic design values for each soil type. The
presentation of data in Table 7.1 and Table 7.2 is prepared as guide to get a quick over-
view of the geotechnical parameter variation for each geological soil type to be used only
for initial engineering purposes.
Notes:
Value shown in brackets () indicates the number of available test results
The strength parameters cu and are based on the triaxial tests
The Solifluction sand (SS Lg) is not included (no test results)
Notes:
Value shown in brackets () indicates the number of available test results
The strength parameters cu and are based on the triaxial tests
/2/ Level of seabed provided in email from Client. Email dated 2013-06-27.
/3/ Lunne, T., Robertson, P.K. & Powell, J.J.M. (1997). Cone penetration test-
ing in geotechnical practice. Blackie Academic & Professional, London.
/5/ Houmark-Nielsen, M. (2007): Extent and age of Middle and Late Pleisto-
cene glaciations and periglacial episodes in southern Jylland, Denmark,
Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark, vol. 55, pp. 9-35.