Introduction

Data logging is the process where the computer is used to collect data through
sensors, data analyzed and saved so the results of the collection and analysis become
the output. Data loggers are used in a variety of applications such as environmental
monitoring, structural health monitoring and machine condition monitoring. The
common measurements are temperature, strain, voltage, current, pressure, force and
acceleration. Data logger or also known as data recorder is an electronic device that
records data over time or in relation to location either with instrument or sensor. Data
logger is small, battery powered, portable and equipped with a microprocessor,
internal memory for data storage and sensors.

Titration is a technique for the known concentration solution used to determine the
concentration of an unknown solution. The titrant which is the known solution is
added from the buret to a known quantity of analyte which is the unknown solution
until the reaction is complete. When an acid base reaction is used, the process is called
acid base titration. By knowing the volume of the titrant added, the concentration of
the unknown solution can be obtained. The indicator will gives signal the end of the
reaction, the endpoint.
Component Of Data Logging

Sensor

Data that is to be recorded by a data logging system is gathered using sensors. A

sensor is a device which measures a physical quantity such as the temperature and
then sends a voltage to the computer representing the quantity. Sensors can be either
analogue or digital :

Digital : Sensors are either on or off. For example a switch of pressure pad.
Analogue : Sensors can measure a range of values. The size of the voltage the
sensor produces is determined by the size of the quantity that the sensor has
measured.

There are lots of different sensors available. Many data logging systems will use lots
of sensors at the same time. If you need to use analogue sensors then as well as
choosing the type of sensor(s) you want to use you must also make sure the sensor(s)
take measurements over ranges that are suitable for the system you are creating. For
example you may want to use a temperature sensor and have to make a choice
between sensor A that measures temperature in the range -10C to 40C and sensor B
that measures temperature in the range 0C to 120C. Sensor A would be best for
measuring the temperature at which water melts and sensor B would be best for
measuring the temperature at which water boils

Interface

The sensors that are used in a data logging system are not plugged directly into the
computer. This is because some of the sensors produce analogue voltages which can
not be processed by the computer. These voltages need to be changed into digital
signals (0s and 1s) before the computer can process them. The computer could be
damaged if the voltages that the sensors sent to it became too large.
An interface is put between the sensors and the computer. You can typically connect
up to eight sensors to an interface made for a home computer. The interface converts
the voltages that the sensors produce into digital signals that the computer can process
and protects the computer from dangerous voltages.

The conversion is carried out by a special device inside the interface which is known
as an analogue-to-digital convertor or ADC.

Software

Most data logging software will perform two main functions :

Recording data as it is collected.

Displaying and analyzing data as it is collected and after it has been collected.

Recording data because the data logging system has a limited amount of RAM it can
only store a limited number of readings from the sensors. When you design a system
you will need to decide over how long the measurements will take place (the Period
of Logging). Monitoring the pollution levels in a river you will probably want to take
just a few readings every day over a long period such as a month but monitoring the
temperature of ice as it melts you will probably want to take readings every 30
seconds over 10 minutes.

The more frequently you take readings (or the more readings you take), the more
computer RAM will be required to store them so it is important not to take readings
too often.

-Displaying and Analysing Data

The software will be able to display the data that has been recorded on the monitor or
on a printer in a number of different formats such as :

1. Graphs
2. Tables
Materials :

1. Erlenmeyer flask or Beaker

2. Excess amount of standard solution (titration)
3. A precisely measured amount of analyte : this will be used to make the
solution of unknown concentration.
4. Indicator
5. Calibrated Burette
6. Burette Stand

Procedure

Part 1 : Determination of unknown HCl concentration (standardization of HCl).

Part 2: Determination of the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution.

Part 3: Determination of the content of sodium bicarbonate

Part 4: Determination of acetic acid content in vinegar.

Part 5 : Comparison between the titration of acetic acid and HCl with NaOH.

SET UP OF THE EXPERIMENT

Engagement
Acid is the substance that produces hydrogen ions and dissolved in water. Acid has a
sour taste and can conduct electricity. It is corrosive and the pH level is lower than
7.0. Next, when dissolved in water, acid will change the blue litmus paper to red
litmus paper. Acid will reacts with bases to neutralize their properties and reacts with
active metals to liberate hydrogen. Examples that have pH scale of acidic are lemon,
vinegar, tomato and banana.

Base is the substance that has a bitter taste and can conduct electricity. Base can
change the red litmus paper to blue litmus paper. It has slippery feeling and has to
react with acid to neutralize their properties. The pH level for bases are greater than
7.0 and it produces hydroxide ions in water. Examples of bases are soap, baking soda
and ammonia.

Neutral is between acid and base that has pH value 7.0. When the substances are
mixed with water, the water can be either acidic or basic. It does not change the
colour of litmus paper. Neutral is safe to ingest and leave on skin. The concentrations
of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in neutral are equal. Examples of neutrals are
distilled water, salt, lotion and eye drops.

Enhancement
What does pH do for me? pH is stands for potential hydrogen that the measurement
given to determine the acidity and alkalinity of the body. The pH range goes from 1
until 14 which is 1 is highly acidic and 14 is highly alkaline. The neutral pH is 7.0.

The pH in our body is the most important that affecting our health status and body
function. Many diseases have this basic element in common, out of range pH levels.
pH also influences every activity that in our body including metabolism, pain and
diseases. All biological and electrical reactions is under pH control. For example, the
more acidic the blood, the quicker our body wants to get rid of the acidity. If a
persons pH out of range the cells can be poisoned by their own toxins and die.

The certain digestive enzyme in our body that break down food are dependent on a
specific pH range to function most optimally. The pH of our stomach and intestines
determine the rate and quality of digestion and absorption of nutrients. A person may
be eating healthy but the healthy foods are digested in the wrong stomach pH level
may not yield the benefits of the healthy food. Many things influences over our pH
such as foods we eat, the quality of our sleep, the ways we handle our stress, exercise
and the amount of water we drink daily. Our bodies will become dangerous if there is
over acidity. Controlling pH are not the only factors but by correcting pH balance
wills allows our body to open up the pathways to heal.

There are many ways to test our body pH levels to determine our health status. We
can test through the blood, urine and saliva. A person only needs a strip of pH litmus
paper and a pH chart.

Empower Acid-Base Titration

The objectives of this experiment are manifold :

To construct acid-base titration curves in a very similar way to that offers by

automatic titrations.

To learn some of the principles associated with acid-base titration curves by using
DrDAQ as an educational tool.

To use the generated titration curves to determine the concentration of some

analytes in common samples such as acetic acid in vinegar, and sodium
bicarbonate in baking powder

Result
The figure show strong acid with
strong base

Strong Acid with a Strong Base

This type of titration results in the

formation of a "neutral" salt. Since
the products of the titration will not
effects the pH, the pH at the
equivalence point will be 7. The
profile of the titration curve is very
steep and nearly vertical at the equivalence point, so an indicator which changes
colour anywhere from a pH of 5-9 will provide accurate results.

Advantages

New innovative experiments and dangerous experiments become possible.

More accurate result as there is no possibility of human error.
Easier to understand scientific experimentation and scientific concept and
better graphing.

Disadvantages

If the data logging equipment breaks down, some data could be lost and not
recorded.
Equipments needed in data logging are very expensive even if it is just for a
small task.
Caused loss of conventional methods of data collection and reduced the
practice of graphing skills.

How titration apply to the environment

1. In biodiesel

Waste vegetable oil (WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed. A
portion of WVO titrated with a base to determine acidity, so the rest of the batch may
be properly neutralized. It will remove fatty acids from the WVO that would normally
react to make soap instead of biodiesel.

2. Vitamin c

Know as ascorbic acid, vitamin c is a powerful reducing agent. Its concentration can
easily be identified when titrated with the blue dye
Dichlorophenolindophenol(DCPIP) which turns colorless when reduced by the
vitamin.

3. Ester value

A calculated index. Ester value = Saponification Acid value.

4. Benedict s reagent

Excess glucose in urine may indicate diabetes in the patient. Benedict s method is the
conventional method to quatify glucose in urine using prepared reagent. In titration,
glucose reduces cupric ions to cuprous ion which react with potassium thiocynate to
produce a white precipitate, indicating the end point.

5. Saponification value

The mass in milligrams of KOH required to saponify carboxylic acid in one gram of
sample. Saponification is used to determine average chain length of fatty acids in fat.
These titrations are achieved at high temperatures.
Question

1. Explain the difference between an endpoint and equivalence point in a titration?

The equivalence point are the point when the reactants are done reacting. The
equivalence point is the ideal point for the completion of titration. At the equivalence
point the correct amount of standard solution must be added to fully react with the
unknown concentration. While the end point are it indicates once the equivalence
point has been reached. It is indicated by some form of indicator which varies
depending on what type of titration being done. For example, if a colour indicator is
used, the solution will change colour when the titration is at its end point.

2. Is the equivalence point and end point are necessarily equal?

They are not equal. It is because an endpoint is indicated by some form of indicator at
the end of a titration. An equivalence point is when the moles of a standard solution
(titrant) equal the moles of a solution of unknown concentration (analyte).

Reference

http://www.touchofhealthcare.com/articles/all_about_ph.htm

http://www.thomastallis.greenwich.sch.uk/gcse/gcseict3/online/artdlco.htm

https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-
textbook/aqueous-reactions-4/acid-base-reactions-47/acid-base-titrations-243-1823/