to some extent, is made easier by the Men and women with vast knowledge and very special status he occupies. The tremendous capacity, having independent power that he holder by the very special thinking are labeled as leaders. These status he occupies. The power that he leaders from the backbone of a nation. holders gives the authority to lead, if he They have adorned and glorified the realizes his responsibility to lead a right. history and are always needed in large numbers. Some of these leaders may have Thus interest in leadership has been a inborn leadership capacities, but many of phenomenon of long historical concern. them are made leaders, either thought The problem of leadership has become training, education, and experiences one of crucial importance in the modern provided to them in their professional era of rapid social change. Until 1930 it with their own efforts. was not considered as an important and distinctive area of study. It is only after The development and progress of an 1930 that many western scholars have organization depends to a great extent on taken up the task of leadership behavior its executive head. In order to be of and its various components as a part of maximum usefulness to the organization. intensive research. He must be a leader. He may be selected by a group of the representative of a Prior to 1945, the majority of researches group, as in a democracy or in a republic. were psychological studies of leadership. Such a leader has always to be watchful They were marked by a search for a type and tactful, if he has to retain his status. International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-3(1), March, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.075; Email: drtvramana@yahoo.co.in
of leadership that would distinguish such is critically related to the art of
between leaders and non-leaders. influencing human behavior. In order to understand the nature if leadership in its After the First World War, the concept of entirety, it is essential to study and leadership has received further understand its components and the exploration and enrichment from process of its functioning. With this end psychology which is nothing but the in view, the following brief reviews of logical development of the philosophical some of the approaches have been foundations. It puts emphasis on the undertaken by the investigator here. pattern of personal characteristics of leader with reference to the characteristics, activities and the goals of Miles and porter (1966) have given the followed. Leadership is perceived in different models of leadership behavior. terms of the interaction of variables There are three model based on which are continuously changing. leadership and followership relationships. Stodgily, therefore concluded saying, A They are given as under person does not become a leader by virtue of some combination of traits, but the pattern of the personal This is nothing but close supervision and characteristics of the leader must bear tight control over subordinates. some relationship to the characteristics Subordinates are deprived of activities, and goals of the followers. participating in decision-making Thus, leadership must be perceived flux procedures and they are simply to obey and change the masters. 1) Viscidity- the feeling of togetherness. 2) Homogeneity- the similarity o group This is better style as it allows some members to each other. limited participation of the lower staff in 3) Flexibility- the degree to which the the decision-making procedures and thus group adheres to fixed modes of paves the way for the democratization behavior. slowly and slowly. 4) Permeability- the degree to which the group maintains an exclusive This is fully democratic in nature; as membership. such it is based on the principle of self- 5) Polarization- the degree to which the direction and self-control. Moreover, high group goals are clear and definite. degree of subordinate- participation is involved in administrative procedures. This is the best style of leadership, but it The success of a leader in getting the should not lapse into the laissez-faire work done through others depends to a style of leadership. great extend on his knowledge of the Head Masters, concepts and techniques of human relations and his ability to apply From the above exposition of leadership knowledge in proper perspective and style, it appears that a school Head spirit. The knowledge of leadership as Master may have to choose the International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-3(1), March, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.075; Email: drtvramana@yahoo.co.in
participation style of leadership behavior. The principal is formally charged with
A purely task-oriented style or a purely responsibility for the organizations relationship-oriented style may not accomplishment. He himself functions as contribute to the effectiveness of a school a problem-solver and the decision-maker administrators leadership style. as well as a group leader. The best leadership style, type or model The task of decision-making controls the depends upon the situation. In some entire activities of an organization. It has instances the authoritarian upon to take decisions regarding its goals, leadership is important, in other, the policies and objective. It has to decide democratic style is appropriate. The what programs should be undertaken. It approach used will be determined by has to fix certain procedures and to forces within the individual leader, his decide how the chalked out programs can subordinates and the specific situation. be implemented. In fact, central function of an organizations is decision-making The individual leader needs to analyze which determines in activities. administrative situation and to identity which style of leadership is appropriate. The acts of decision-making revolve He seeks to create situations where the around the three basic responsible and growth and development of individual influencing factors via, the personality is enhanced. environment, individuals and groups. If there are heterogeneity, ambiguity, Satisfaction of organizational factorability and vagueness involved in expectations and satisfaction of personnel the environment, decisions can be taken needs are not antithetical. Leadership wrongly by the leader. Some decisions style can contribute significantly to the may urge the members of an achievement of both the objectives. organizations to maintain or server their Summarizing the work of several connection with the organization, may research bowers and seashore show that affect its formal or informal structure the effectiveness of a permissive, and even change its goals and objectives. participatory and democratic style of a Now challenges are often helpful in leader behavior is conditioned by the taking fresh decisions, resulting in degree to which a leader can exert setting up new institutions rather them influence upward in the organization. continuing the status 940. The democratic style of a leadership seems to build expectations among subordinates regarding appropriate To decide means to say-yes or no-to the rewards for their commitment and proposal. It is a process of selection of an involvement in organizational affairs. act necessary for materializing the target. Thus, it must be coupled with influence. Decision-making is to out short, out off, Of course, if participatory managerial to come to a conclusion. The Dictionary styles are utilized at all levels, in their meaning is the act of determining in organization, the problem is likely to ones mind upon an opinion or a course of arise. action. Thus decision making means the selection based on some criteria of one behavioral alternative from two or more possible alternatives. So decisions are International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-3(1), March, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.075; Email: drtvramana@yahoo.co.in
made in problematic situation. It is a opposition. The maximum achievement
relative and subjective term. accurse, if there is agreement in different types of organization. Group decisions should be fair to all the In running an organization, an members of the group. Group decisions administrator has to do many things. It are a means of getting together different becomes necessary for him at times to attitudes. Group decisions means taking make a decisions and at following into confidence each and every member suggestion for Barnard is very helpful; by telling that what he or she thinks will The fine arts of executing decisions be done to solve a problem. Group consists in not deciding equations that decisions means solving problems co- are not pertinent, in not deciding operatively. It is a joint endeavor. prematurely, in not making decisions that cannot be made effective, and in not Group decision is not giving each making decisions which others should individual what he or she wants. We are make. (C.J. Barnard (1938) The sacrificing our self for the Bigger self, our functions of the Executive. Op.cit. p.194) small interests into the larger interests of the whole institution. It is not Thus the executive should not make manipulating group problems. It is not decisions where he feels that someone selling the ideas of the supervisor. It is else should make it. Under the not autocratic decisions. Decisions are circumstances, he should let it go another made by keeping in mind general norms or make no decisions at all. of behavior of the society or institution. Individual has to take his decisions by his own as there is none to guide him. This sometimes leads to dictatorial type of Monarchy, autocracy and democracy etc. leadership. Once a decision is made, an Set different guidelines for the decision- individual has to convey and making. Head should be alert and should communication his decisions to all why see the symptoms of the problems among and what circumstances have forced him the colleagues, staff, students, etc. He to take such a decision. He has to provide should have a foresight. He should keep some kind of flexibility to the group in his ears and eyes open and mouth shut carrying out decisions and has to initially. He should contemplate without ascertain from the group that the group any bias, subjectivity, disturbance, has understanding the need of that calmly, before he makes any decisions. particular decision. Group is then His decisions should be supported by the requested to cooperate in its execution. reasoning, not by emotions. He should set priorities for decisions once the problem is contemplated. Then Groups have a great role in decision- arrange the decisions according to the making, and they might take the shape of need and situation. He should be ready a formal or informal organization. The with the back-up decisions to support and approval or disapproval of decisions made execute the main decisions. He should becomes effective, if all the informal never make haste in making decisions, he organization within it uphold its views. should exercise reasonable maturity. Its position is weakened, if there is International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-3(1), March, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.075; Email: drtvramana@yahoo.co.in
Several hunches coming out from this
will help to formulate the hypothesis for further studies in this area. The investigation is restricted to the study of leadership behavior, administrators behavior and his values. The purpose of the present work is as It is limited to the secondary high schools under. of Telangana state. 1) To study the relation, the mean level The results are also limited to the tools of the leaders on the following such as leadership behavior descriptive variables: LB, AB, and values. questionnaire, administrator behavior descriptive scale, value scale etc; used in 2) To study and prepare the profiles of the present work. effective leaders as well as the least effective leaders. 3) To study styles and patterns of 1) The study is limited to the socio- leadership behavior in- cultural and behavioral interactions of the school principals and the a) Communication-function teachers in the formal school context. b) Conflict-relation function It does not deal with the financial or techno-economic factors that are c) Decision-making function. equally important in school 4) To conduct an in-depth study of the administrations. characteristics of effective leadership 2) The Head Masters personality and their school. characteristics are also excluded the 5) To identify the leadership behavior purview of the present study. patterns of Head Master of sampled schools. The study seeks to answer the question 6) To offer suggestions for the as to what is the profile of an effective improvement of the ineffective leader and what is the profile of an leaders this will help in emerging ineffective leader. generalizations. An attempt is made in the study to conduct an in-depth study of the The sample will consist of (60) Head principals showing high score on Masters from (60) school and about (300) leadership behavior description teachers from various schools of questionnaire and showing low scores on Telangans state on the basis of the theory LBDQ. It was intended to find out of selective sampling. through in-depth study as to what affect the leader to be a successful leader. In- Why selective sampling because- depth study included semi structured 1) Rules in Telangana state school are interviews schedule. The investigator the same (viz: Administrative conducted two interviews of the criteria, selection of staff, service principals and teachers. conditions, pay, and examinations). International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-3(1), March, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.075; Email: drtvramana@yahoo.co.in
2) Management of schools is of three Later on subsequent interviews and case
types: Government school, ZP studies are held of those Head Masters schools, private school, aided schools who were proved to be of HH and IL and Missionary schools. patterns in order to acquire more detailed information about them.
For the collection of data for the study,
the following tools were adopted, and It is planned to subject the data to the translated by the investigator. following procedure of analysis and interpretation. Following treatment will 1) The Leadership Behavior Description be made to the data. Questionnaire (LBDQ) by helping and winner. 1) Means if investigation structure and consideration dimension and the 2) The Administration Behavior standard deviations will be found out Description scale; (ABDS) Ohio state and the correlations will be studied. leader studies. On that basis the four leadership 3) Self-Rating scale. behavior patterns will be calculated. These patterns will be HH, LL,HL 4) Decision-making Questionnaire. and LH 5) Conflict resulution Questionnaire. 2) Profiles of leaders will be prepared on 6) Communication Questionnaire leadership variable. 7) Personal data-sheet for Teachers. 3) Profiles on values will be made. T- test will be applied and r-value will be 8) Personal data-sheet for Head found out. Masters. 4) Profiles of leaders of HH and LL patterns will be made on their The main instrument for the collection of functions such as decision-making data and getting information for the behavior conflict resolution between investigation were questionnaire and communication between. A t-test discussed above and the interviews. The will be applied to these data. investigator administered these tools 5) Personal data of Head Masters will be personally so as to get reliable data from arranged tabulated according to the (school Head Master and Teachers) in variable as age, sex, experience, time, to clear their difficulties if at all qualifications etc. With a view to they have any to get their personal show the selective-sampling and support in sincere efforts to supply the right representations of the society at required information and order to large. establish report between the investigator and the response. In case of outsiders, letters are posted to It is borne in mind that although them in advance. This pre intimation is situational and temporal elements will given to them in order to create readiness have implementation for the type and in them. style of effective leadership, there are International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-3(1), March, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.075; Email: drtvramana@yahoo.co.in
some constant factors in effective way to help a teacher. He possesses
leadership which is the central geal of the flexibility to be genuine in this investigation. The challenge to very showing control or compassion in school administration is to provide for satisfying the social needs of educational experience through teachers. He is all of a piece and administrator which takes account of therefore, can function well on either both-task and human dimensions of the direction. He does not do all the organization. works himself because he has the ability to let appropriate leadership This study reflects upon some common acts emerge from the group teachers. characteristics of behavior that seem to He is having a full-fledged control be common for all successful Head over the school situations. Masters. 6) Effective Head Master possesses (a) 1) Then successful Head Master is the ability to delegate, (b) capable strong leaders. They are imbued with assistance and assistants, (c)faith in a vision, are committed to a mission the competence of others and and they to want to forge ahead by (d)concentration upon priority goals. securing achievements for themselves He used to devote his time at top and for others. They are highly priority areas which he used to ambitions and achievement recognize or reorder as per the oriented. Effective Head Master institutions needs. require to have a certain degree of clairvoyance and forecasting ability. 7) An effective Head Master helps his They must sense the situation before new teacher adjust to the school and hand. to the requirements of his classes, while the ineffective head adopts the 2) On the practical level they seem to casual sink or swim attitude possess the ability to lead the staff in towards the new comer in the school. planning, implementation and evaluating processes, help them in the improvement in the schools Abbott, M.O and Lovell, J.T.; change curricular, co-curricular and perspective Educational Administration, extracurricular activities. Auburn, Auburn University, Albama, 3) They maintain an attitude towards 1965 . their staff and pupils. They are able Abbott, M.G. Values and values to meet people frequently try to get perceptions of school Superintendents, at their problems quickly and try to Administrators Handbook, 1960, 9(4), 1- render solutions effectively. 4. 4) It has also been found that the values Abraham, C.A., Value Oriented that the Head M aster possesses, Education, New Frontiers in Education, make positive. Vol. IX No.4, Oct-Dec. 1979. 5) Effective leader is always a highly Adaire John : Training for Leadership, flexible person. Depending upon the London, Macdonald, 1968. situation, he can either criticize the actions of teachers or go out of his International Journal of Academic Research ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.3, Issue-3(1), March, 2016 Impact Factor: 3.075; Email: drtvramana@yahoo.co.in
Adelman, Edward Alfred, An analysis of
Head Master Leadership Styles as perceived by Elementary and Secondary Head Master and Teachers, Vol. 42, No.2. Allport,G.W., Vernon, P.E. and Lindzy, G.Bosten: Houghton Niflin co., 1951 ed. Anderson, L.W. : Van Dylee, L.A. : School Administration, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1963.