ASSIGNMENT

Subject Code
Subject Name
Programme/C
ourse
B.Tech/CSE
Department
Faculty

Name of the
Sachin Mahabaleshwar Hegde
Student
Reg. No 16ETCS002105
Semester/Year 1st Sem/2016
Subject Leader/s

M. S. Ramaiah University
Declaration Sheet of Applied
Student Name SciencesHegde
Sachin Mahabaleshwar
Reg. University
No 16ETCS002105
House, Gnanagangothri Campus, New BEL Road,
Programme/Co Semester/Y
B.Tech/CSE 1st Sem/2016
urse ear

1
Subject Code
Subject Title
Subject Date to
Subject Leader

Declaration

The assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own

investigations and that I have conformed to the guidelines against
plagiarism as laid out in the Student Handbook. All sections of the
text and results, which have been obtained from other sources, are
fully referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism
constitute a breach of University regulations and will be dealt with
accordingly.

Signature of the Dat

Student e
Submission date
stamp
(by Examination &
Assessment Section)
Signature of the Subject Leader Signature of the Reviewer and date
and date

<Subject Title> 2
 Contents
____________________________________________________________________________

Declaration Sheet.................................................................................................. ii
Contents................................................................................................................. iii
List of Tables.......................................................................................................... v
List of Figures....................................................................................................... vi
List of Symbols.................................................................................................... vii
Question No. 1....................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Overview:........................................................................................................ 8

1.2 Solution to the question:................................................................................. 8

1.3 Discussions /Suggestions/Views/Recommendations........................................8

1.4 Conclusions..................................................................................................... 8

Question No. 2....................................................................................................... 9

2.1 Overview:........................................................................................................ 9

2.2 Solution to the question:................................................................................. 9

2.3 Discussions /Suggestions/Views/Recommendations........................................9

2.4 Conclusions..................................................................................................... 9

Question No. 3..................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Overview:...................................................................................................... 10

3.2 Solution to the question:............................................................................... 10

3.3 Discussions /Suggestions/Views/Recommendations......................................10

3.4 Conclusions................................................................................................... 10

Question No. 4..................................................................................................... 11

4.1 Overview:...................................................................................................... 11

4.2 Solution to the question:............................................................................... 11

4.3 Discussions /Suggestions/Views/Recommendations......................................11

4.4 Conclusions................................................................................................... 11

Question No. 5..................................................................................................... 12

5.1 Overview:...................................................................................................... 12

5.2 Solution to the question:............................................................................... 12

5.3 Discussions /Suggestions/Views/Recommendations......................................12

5.4 Conclusions................................................................................................... 12

<Subject Title> 3
 List of Tables
____________________________________________________________________________

Table Title of the table Pg.N

No. o.
Table 1.1 Title of the table 12
Table 1.2 Title of the table 14
Table 2.1 Title of the table 18

< The table numbers have to be based on the chapter number>

<Subject Title> 4
 List of Figures
____________________________________________________________________________

Figure Title of the figure Pg.N

No. o.
Figure 1.1 Title of the figure 13
Figure 1.2 Title of the figure 15
Figure 2.1 Title of the figure 19

< The Figure numbers have to be based on the chapter number>

<Subject Title> 5
 List of Symbols
____________________________________________________________________________

Symbol Description Units

A Current Amp
g Acceleration due to gravity - 9.81 m/s2
V Voltage Volts
w Width mm

< Arrange in alphabetical order>

<Subject Title> 6
 Question No. 1

Solution to Question No. 1:

1.1 Overview:
Overview to the question (students are expected to give a brief introduction to the
context on which the question is set, applications, limitations, new developments
happening and students own views on the question and the paragraph should not
exceed 200 words and references should be cited and it should be authored by the
students means to say students should not be borrowing sentences as they are from
any referred literature)

1.2 Solution to the question:

Students are expected to provide the solution to the question considering the points
mentioned in the marking scheme of the assignment question

1.3 Discussions /Suggestions/Views/Recommendations

Students are expected to discuss the solutions obtained in section 1.2 and present
their views/suggestions/recommendations (not to exceed 150 words)
1.4 Conclusions
Students are expected to draw conclusions based on the discussions and suggestions
(not to exceed 100 words)
 Question No. 2

Solution to Question No. 2:

2.1 Overview:
One of the most common and irritating problems that one faces is getting
caught in traffic jams. I am considering the national Capital of our country, Delhi as
Example. The daily commuting on the roads of Delhi is becoming longer and more
grueling day by day, depicting the failure of public transportation infrastructure to
keep pace with the growing developing activities in the Capital. Sad, but true, one of
the fastest growing and developed cities of the world, Delhi, is also renowned for all
the wrong reasons. According to a report made by IBMs global Commuter Pain study
in 2013, New Delhi is among the top 10 cities in the world having the worst traffic
jams. Really, the worsening traffic congestion on Delhi roads presents a depressing
profile of the Capital city.

PC :- Google images

Some of the major Reasons of traffic congestion in Delhi :-

Increase in the growth of the population in Delhi, which includes the growing
number of workforce, is another important cause.
There has been inadequate public transport system in Delhi. In spite of metro
and bus services, the transport system is not being able to keep pace with the
growing population, as a result of which, more and more people use their
private vehicles, leading to increased congestion on the roads.
At the intersections, the cycle time ranges from 120 to 180 seconds, which
leads to long queues, especially in the peak hours.
 Substantial increase in the number of vehicles on Delhi roads in recent years.
In fact, studies have shown more than a lakh vehicles are plying almost every
day on most of the important corridors in Delhi.
The road length in Delhi has increased at the rate of 4.53% per year, which, of
course, is not in pace with the growing population. It is reported that the road
density in Delhi is around 155 km per 100,000 population and about 80 vehicles
per km.
Another major cause is that Delhi roads are characterised by mixed traffic,
which include, personal vehicles, buses, trucks, three-wheelers, two-wheelers,
including animal-driven carts and pedestrians. This creates problems for traffic
management and leads to delays in movement of the traffic.

2.2 Solution to the question:

Positive and negative impacts of vehicular traffic on human beings :-
Negative Impacts of Traffic Jam :-
One of the Common and Known impact is, traffic jam is resulting into
unnecessary delays and reduction in speed.
It has resulted into high rate of road traffic fatalities, making travelling and
driving very unsafe in Delhi.
Traffic jam or congestion has also led to an increase in the number of accidents
on the roads. In fact, According to survey, Delhi has the highest accident rate in
India and third-highest in the world.
Here, the irony is that everyone is in a hurry but nobody reaches on time.
Traffic rules, red lights, lane driving are not followed which are both the causes
and effects of traffic congestion in Delhi.
Traffic jam resulted into a non-productive activity for most people as when
people get stuck in traffic jams, they reach their workplace late or reach back
home late.
Inability to forecast travel time accurately.
Fuel wastage.
Increasing air and noise pollution.
Wear and tear on vehicles.
Increased road rage.
Blocked traffic also interferes with the passage of emergency vehicles

2.3 Discussions /Suggestions/Views/Recommendations

Environmental issues due to vehicular traffic growth :-
The issue of transportation and the environment is paradoxical in nature since
transportation conveys substantial socioeconomic benefits, but at the same time
transportation is impacting environmental systems. From one side, transportation
activities support increasing mobility demands for passengers and freight, while on
the other, transport activities are associated with growing levels of environmental
externalities. The growth of personal and freight mobility in recent decades have
expanded the role of transportation as a source of emission of pollutants and their
multiple impacts on the environment.
The immediate consequence of transport activities on the environment where
the cause and effect relationship is generally clear and well understood. For instance,
noise and carbon monoxide emissions are known to have direct harmful effects. The
secondary (or tertiary) effects of transport activities on environmental systems. They
are often of higher consequence than direct impacts, but the involved relationships
are often misunderstood and more difficult to establish. For instance, particulates are
mostly the outcome of incomplete combustion in an internal combustion engine are
indirectly linked with respiratory and cardiovascular problems since they contribute
among other factors to such conditions. And Climate change, with a complex causes
and consequences, is the cumulative impact of several natural and anthropogenic
factors, in which transportation plays a role. 15% of global CO 2 emissions are
attributed to the transport sector.

2.4 Conclusions
Possible ways to maintain a balance between vehicular traffic and
environment :-
Some immediate steps that need to be taken by the Government to allow
traffic to move somewhat safely in Delhi and also in other cities are as follow.
Designing a well-maintained and well-developed public transport system.
Designing separate roads or lanes to control speeds and vehicles of
different sizes, weights and velocities.
Promoting traffic safety and traffic rules through education, advertising
and strict enforcement.
Improvements in vehicle design.
Ensuring safety and convenience to commuters of public transport and
pedestrians.
Introduction of cost-effective, environment-friendly and efficient new
modes of public transport for congested lanes, streets and feeder system
for major public transport.
Strict enforcement of travel demand management and policies to be
adopted to reduce the use of private vehicles.
Last but not the least, encouraging peoples to walk and bicycling for a
small distances.
 Construction of new roads, foot bridges, flyovers and widening of existing
road network
Ring Road bypass and elevated corridors in some areas of Delhi and
other cities have been provided with signal-free flow of traffic.
So, if we apply these plans in Big and crowded cities like Delhi, we can
maintain a balance between vehicular traffic and environment. Other than this,
If we are Aware to Use Bicycle rather than using pollutant vehicles,
Automatically, Environment become Clean.

Fig. 2.1 A Perfect Traffic System

PC:- Google Image.

Question No. 3

Solution to Question No. 3:

3.1 Overview:
A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in
which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. This heat is used to generate steam which
drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
 Today, the world produces as much electricity from nuclear energy as it
did from all sources combined in the early years of nuclear power.
But, While Producing it Nuclear wastes are produced. Nuclear waste is waste that
contains radioactive material. Nuclear waste is usually a by-product of nuclear power
generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as
research and medicine.

Fig. 3.2 Nuclear Waste PC:- Google Images

Types of wastes generated from nuclear power plants :-
Exempt waste & very low level waste
Exempt waste and very low level waste (VLLW) contains radioactive
materials at a level which is not considered harmful to people or the
surrounding environment. It consists mainly of demolished material (such as
concrete, plaster, bricks, metal, valves, piping etc) produced during
rehabilitation or dismantling operations on nuclear industrial sites.
Low-level waste
Low-level waste (LLW) is generated from hospitals and industry, as well
as the nuclear fuel cycle. It comprises paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters etc,
which contain small amounts of mostly short-lived radioactivity.
Intermediate-level waste
 Intermediate-level waste (ILW) contains higher amounts of radioactivity
and some requires shielding. It typically comprises resins, chemical sludges and
metal fuel cladding, as well as contaminated materials from reactor
decommissioning.
High-level waste
High-level waste (HLW) arises from the 'burning' of uranium fuel in a
nuclear reactor. HLW contains the fission products and transuranic elements
generated in the reactor core. It is highly radioactive and hot due to decay heat.
The high-level waste produced by nuclear reactors is the longest lasting contamination risk of a
nuclear power plant.

Impact of nuclear waste on the environment :-

Nuclear waste affects the environment primarily because it's extremely difficult
to dispose of properly. If it isn't disposed of properly, it can cause extensive
groundwater and soil contamination. The elements that make up nuclear waste
often have long half-lives, which means that it may take millions or billions of years
before the waste is safe for humans to be around.
All of the options for handling nuclear waste have potentially large
environmental and health impacts. Waste disposal sites have the potential to
contaminate the environment for hundreds of thousands of years. If the
radionuclide dispersion barriers fail; transports of high-level waste or plutonium are
at risk from accidents or deliberate attacks and reprocessing facilities have large
routine emissions of radioactive substances. The main issue with nuclear waste is
that it's difficult to properly store. As of 2014, there's no proper way to dispose of
the waste, so any nuclear waste must be managed until it decays completely.
Initial storage of nuclear waste during the Cold War wasn't properly done, so areas
surrounding nuclear storage facilities have been found to suffer extensive
environmental damage. Low-level nuclear waste comes from hospitals, laboratories
and industries and is typically not dangerous, although it must be handled more
carefully than ordinary garbage. It's normally buried in shallow landfill sites and
may be compacted or incinerated. Intermediate-level nuclear waste may require
unique shielding and is normally comprised of resins, chemical sludges or reactor
components. Depending on the longevity of the intermediate-level waste, it may
be buried or disposed of deep underground. High-level waste may refer to nuclear
fuel or the waste created from processing it. High-level waste is sealed inside
stainless steel canisters and disposed of underground.
3.2 Solution to the question:
Present disposal methods :-
When it comes to properly disposing nuclear waste, from low-level to high level, there
are certain standard types of making sure it is handled and irradiated properly.
Incineration: Burning radioactive waste is largely done through commercially-
operated incinerators developed for this purpose, although certain large
companies have the means to do this on their own. Incineration is common with
low-level waste, as this material usually consists of clothing or other common
items that have simply been contaminated.
Storage: Over time, the radioactivity of nuclear material does decay, so storing
this material until it is no longer radioactive is another way to deal with proper
nuclear waste disposal. This process, called radioactive decay, depends on the
amount of materials and the radioactivity level. Therefore, storage is typically
only done with radioactive waste that has a shorter half-life, or the amount of
time it takes for the materials radioactivity to be reduced by half. There are
commercial storage facilities for this waste, while some approved companies
have their own means of storage.
Deep Burial: While shallow burials can be done with low-level waste, the most
common way of disposing of high-level waste is in deep burial pits. Many
countries with natural resources follow this procedure of geological disposal,
which consists of burying the material deep within the earth. Oftentimes,
underground laboratories are built to monitor usage and storage of the
materials. However, as of now, there is no government that has a facility for this
type of disposal, although one is being created in Finland.
In water: At nuclear sites, a common way of storing material is in water. Nearly
all of these sites have a special pond or have a special pool constructed, which
is a place that they can store fuel that has already been used for the process of
generating power.
Recycling: For some radioactive material, such as previously used fuel, certain
radioactive elements can be processed or extracted for reuse. Uranium and
plutonium elements have long lives, so they can be separated and recycled.

3.3 Discussions /Suggestions/Views/Recommendations

3.4 Conclusions
According to me, The Best Disposal Way for Nuclear Waste is Either By Using
Water or Recycling. Because, If we are using the water, it is economically good and
cheaper. And Wastes also disposes.
If we are recycling the Nuclear waste, we can reuse it. As I mentioned earlier, The
Fuels used in nuclear power plants are having Longer Lives. So, We can Recycles it and
Make it more usefull.
 Question No. 4

Solution to Question No. 4:

4.1 Overview:
Overview to the question (students are expected to give a brief introduction on the
context on which the question is set, applications, limitations, new developments
happening and students own views on the question and the paragraph should not
exceed more than 200 words and references should be cited and it should be authored
by the students means to say students should not be borrowing sentences as they are
from any referred literature)

4.2 Solution to the question:

Students are expected to provide the solution to the question considering the points
mentioned in the marking scheme of the assignment question

4.3 Discussions /Suggestions/Views/Recommendations

Students are expected to discuss the solutions obtained in section 1.2 and present
their views/suggestions/recommendations (not to exceed 150 words)

4.4 Conclusions
Students are expected to draw conclusions based on the discussions and suggestions
(not to exceed 100 words)
 Question No. 5

Solution to Question No. 5:

5.1 Overview:
Overview to the question (students are expected to give a brief introduction on the
context on which the question is set, applications, limitations, new developments
happening and students own views on the question and the paragraph should not
exceed more than 200 words and references should be cited and it should be authored
by the students means to say students should not be borrowing sentences as they are
from any referred literature)

5.2 Solution to the question:

Students are expected to provide the solution to the question considering the points
mentioned in the marking scheme of the assignment question

5.3 Discussions /Suggestions/Views/Recommendations

Students are expected to discuss the solutions obtained in section 1.2 and present
their views/suggestions/recommendations (not to exceed 150 words)

5.4 Conclusions
Students are expected to draw conclusions based on the discussions and suggestions
(not to exceed 100 words)
 Bibliography
________________________________________________________________________________

1. Kinicki and Williams Irwin. (2008) Management, McGraw Hill.

2. Decenzo David and Robbin Stephen A. (1996) Personnel and Human Reasons
Management, Prentice Hall of India.
3. J.A.F. Stoner, Freeman R. E and Daniel R Gilbert. (2004) Management, 6th Edition,
Pearson Education.
4. Fraidoon Mazda. (2000) Engineering Management, Addison Wesley.

All referencing, bibliography needs to be done as described in the following article:

http://www.msruas.ac.in/pdf_files/VCBlogs/Academic%20Good%20Practices.pdf
 Guidelines for writing the report

Font and Font size of the text: Calibri, 11

Line Spacing: 1.5, Justified

All mathematical equations be edited using Microsoft Equation Editor

All figures, tables, equations taken from reference material be cited

1. Inserting a table
Title of the table should be at the top of the table and be left justified
with ref to table
Table 1.1 Properties of Air at Low Pressure [Ref.]

T (K) h (J/kg) p (atm) u (J/kg) (J/kg

K)

[Note: the table should be centered w.r.t the page width. Use suitable SI units]

Referring to a table in the text:

The data is tabulated as shown in Table 1.1.

[Note: Please do not write as As shown below or As shown above]

2. Inserting a figure, a photo or screen shot

The figure should be sufficiently

large and legible. It should be
centered w.r.t the page width.

Figure

Figure 2.1 Machining Process [Ref.]

Title of the Figure should be at the
bottom of the figure and be left
justified. The reference must be
quoted.
 Referring to a figure in the text:

The machine is shown in Figure 7.1

[Note: Please do not write as As shown below or As shown above]

Figure 7.1 The Wonder Machine [2]

[5].. reference
number; this should
be quoted in the
3. Quoting the references in the text References.

According to Kestin[5], the science of thermodynamics is a branch of

physics. It describes natural processes in which changes in temperature
play an important part. Such as the ..

4. The Appendix if any should be the last section in the report.