CRR/ SLR/ Repo rate Explained in a cogent way by Santa & Banta

Answer:

Santa: I have heard recently that Mr. Rajan has reduced Repo Rate by 50 basis points and
everyone is saying that this is good for the market. Loan EMI may also come down. What is this
rate cut means actually? I want to understand this.

Banta: To understand this you first need to know, how does a bank function.

Santa: Why?

Banta: Because all these are inter-related. Tell me what does a bank do?

Santa: Bank takes money from depositors and gives loan to earn interest. That way they keep
everyone happy and make a profit also.

Banta: Correct, but there are more to it. Let me explain this in a very simplistic way. Bank needs
money. Bank can get money from depositors like you and me and also from RBI. But bank also
needs to pay certain interest to us and also to RBI.

Santa: Ok.

Banta: Let us try to understand first what happens when we deposit, say, Rs. 100 with a bank.

Santa: I know that. Bank gives that Rs. 100 to someone who needs a loan.

Banta: No, it is not that simple. Remember, though bank can earn interest by giving away loans,
but it is also very risky. There are many cases of loan defaults. This way banks can put all our
money into high risk areas. It has to be protected.

Santa: How?

Banta: Ok, RBI has made it mandatory that upon receiving, say, Rs. 100 banks first have to
deposit Rs. 4 with RBI. RBI keeps this Rs. 4 in its current a/c and hence banks do not receive
any interest on this money. This is known as Cash Reserve Ratio or CRR, which is currently at
4%.

Santa: Hmmm, then?

Banta: RBI has also made it mandatory that upon receiving, say, Rs. 100 banks need to
compulsorily buy central and state govt. securities of Rs. 21.50. Of course banks will earn some
interest income here. This is known as Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), which is currently at
21.50%.
Santa: Ok, so you mean to say that upon receiving Rs. 100, banks can spend only Rs. 74.50 at
its own will.

Banta: Correct. 100 (4 + 21.50) = 100 25.50 = 74.50

Santa: But you were saying that banks can also borrow from RBI. What interest banks pay to
RBI?

Banta: Before 30th September, banks were paying 8.25% interest to RBI when it borrows
money from RBI. Now this rate has been reduced by 50 basis points. So banks now need to pay
interest to RBI, if it borrows from RBI, at the rate of 7.75%. This is known as Repo Rate.

Santa: Can fixed deposit rate be affected by reduction of Repo Rate?

Banta: Of course. If banks get money from RBI @7.75%, why will banks pay higher interest to
you and me? One year FD rate is already revised by many banks and it is equal to or very close
to 7.255%.

Santa: But as now banks are getting money at a cheaper rate, then they should reduce the loan
interest rate i.e. passing on the benefits it receives.

Banta: Correct. They should. And on that hope market is cheering. If companies get loan at a
cheaper rate, they will likely to expand their businesses. That will create more jobs, more
income and boost the economy.

Santa: How is inflation linked to this?

Banta: See, when loan becomes cheaper, people tends to borrow more. That means people will
have more money to spend. This will increase the demand for goods, and if supply does not
increase to match this demand, then prices will increase.

Santa: So there is a chance, that inflation may rise also?

Banta: Well, yes. But inflation depends on many other factors as well, like production (industrial
and agricultural), manufacturing, export import, foreign currency movement etc. So inflation
may increase or may not.

Santa: One last question. Like we deposit our money with banks, can banks also deposit their
money with someone?

Banta: Yes, they can deposit with RBI and earn interest too. This interest is typically 1% less
than the repo rate. This rate is known as Reverse Repo Rate.
Santa: Great! So now I understand CRR, SLR, Repo Rate, Reverse Repo Rate and their impact
on deposit rate, loan interest rate and on inflation. Thanks.

Banta: Welcome