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Application Layer

Domain Name System


Remote Logging, Electronic
Mail, and File Transfer
WWW and HTTP
Network Management SNMP
Multimedia

Group Members
Muhammad Faizan (7836)
Muhammad uzair Masood(7793)
Hassan bin Raees(-----)

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Contents
1. Introduction
.. 03
2. Domain name system (DNS)
.. 04
3. Remote
logging..
....05
4. Electronic mail (E-MAIL)
...... 06
5. File
transfer
. 07
6. World wide web (WWW)
.. 08
7. Simple network management protocol
(SNMP) 09
8. Multimedia
..........
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What is Application
Layer
o The application layer is a layer in the
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
seven-layer model and in the TCP/IP
protocol suite. It consists of protocols
that focus on process-to-process
communication across an IP network
and provides a firm communication
interface and end-user services.
o The application layer is the seventh
layer of the OSI model and the only
one that directly interacts with the end
user.

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Domain Name System
Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the industry-standard suite of protocols
that comprise TCP/IP. Microsoft Windows Server 2003. DNS is implemented using two
software components: the DNS server and the DNS client (or resolver). Both
components are run as background service applications
Domain name system used to identify an entity, TCP/IP
protocol uses the IP address which uniquely identifies the
connection of a host to the Internet.
DNS is a hierarchical system, based on a distributed
database, that uses a hierarchy of Name Servers to resolve
Internet host names into the corresponding IP addresses
required for packet routing by issuing a DNS query to a name
server.
However, people refer to use names instead of
address. Therefore, we need a system that can map a name
to an address and conversely an address to name.
In TCP/IP, this is done by the domain name system.
DNS in the Internet: DNS is protocol that can be used in
different platforms.

Domain name space is divided into three categories.

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Generic Domain: The generic domain defines registered
hosts according, to their generic behavior. Each node in the
tree defines a domain which is an index to the domain name
space database.
Country Domain: The country domain section follows the
same format as the generic domain but uses 2 characters
country abbreviations (e.g., US for United States) in place of
3 characters.
Inverse Domain: The inverse domain is used to map an
address to a name

Remote logging
In the Internet, users may want to run application
programs at a remote site and create results that can
be transferred to their local site. For example,
students may want to connect to their university
computer lab from their home to access application
programs for doing homework assignments or
projects. One way to satisfy that demand and others
is to create a client/server application program for
each desired service.
Programs such as File transfer programs (FTPs), e-
mail (SMTP), and so on are currently available.
However, it would be impossible to write a specific
client/server program for each demand.
The better solution is a general-purpose client/server
program that lets a user access any application
program on a remote computer in other words allow
the user to log on to a remote computer. After
logging on, a user can use the services available on

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the remote computer and transfer the results back to

the local computer .

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Electronic Mail
One of the most popular network service is electronic mail
(e-mail).
The TCP/IP protocol that supports electronic mail on the
Internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
SMTP transfers messages from senders' mail servers to the
recipients' mail servers using TCP connections.
Users based on e-mail addresses.
SMTP provides services for mail exchange between users on
the same or different computers.
Following the client/server model:
SMTP has two sides: a client side which executes on a
sender's mail server, and server side which executes on
recipient's mail server.
Both the client and server sides of SMTP run on every
mail server.
When a mail server sends mail (to other mail servers),
it acts as an SMTP client.
When a mail server receives mail (from other mail
servers) it acts as an SMTP server.
Port Address 25.
POP (Post Office Protocol):
POP is also called as POP3 protocol.
This is a protocol used by a mail server in conjunction with
SMTP to receive and holds mail for hosts.
POP3 mail server receives e-mails and filters them into the
appropriate user folders. When a user connects to the mail
server to retrieve his mail, the messages are downloaded
from mail server to the user's hard disk.
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Port Address 110.

File Transfer
FTP is the standard mechanism provided by
TCP/IP for copying a file from one host to
another.
FTP differs from other client-server applications
because it establishes 2 connections between
hosts.
FTP is built on a client-server architecture and
uses separate control and data connections
between the client and the server.
One connection is used for data transfer, the
other for control information (commands and
responses).
It transfers data reliably and efficiently.

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WWW (World Wide Web)
This is a protocol used mainly to access data
on the World Wide Web (www).
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) the
Web's main application-layer protocol although
current browsers can access other types of
servers
A repository of information spread all over the
world and linked together.
The HTIP protocol transfer data in the form of
plain text, hyper text, audio, video and so on.
HTTP utilizes TCP connections to send client
requests and server replies.
Port Address is 80.

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Network Management: SNMP
(Simple Network Management
Protocol)
A large part of being a system administrator is
collecting accurate information about your servers
and infrastructure. There are a number of tools and
options for gathering and processing this type of
information. Many of them are built upon a
technology called SNMP.
SNMP stands for simple network management
protocol. It is a way that servers can share
information about their current state, and also a
channel through which an administer can modify pre-
defined values. While the protocol itself is very
simple, the structure of programs that implement
SNMP can be very complex.
SNMP is a protocol that is implemented on the
application layer of the networking. The protocol was
created as a way of gathering information from very
different systems in a consistent manner. Although it
can be used in connection to a diverse array of
systems, the method of querying information and the
paths to the relevant information are standardized.
In general, a network being profiled by SNMP will
mainly consist of devices containing SNMP agents.
An agent is a program that can gather information
about a piece of hardware, organize it into
predefined entries, and respond to queries using the
SNMP protocol.
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The component of this model that queries agents for
information is called an SNMP manager. These
machines generally have data about all of the SNMP-
enabled devices in their network and can issue
requests to gather information and set certain
properties.

Multimedia
People want to use the Internet not only for text and image
communications, but also for audio and video services. In
this chapter, we concentrate on applications that use the
Internet for audio and video services. We can divide audio
and video services into three broad categories:
1. streaming stored audio/video,
2. streaming live audio/video
3. interactive audio/video.
Streaming means a user can listen to (or watch) the file after
the downloading has started.
In the first category, streaming stored audio/video, the files
are compressed and stored on a server. A client downloads
the files through the Internet. This is sometimes referred to
as on-demand audio/video. Examples of stored audio files
are songs, symphonies, books on tape, and famous lectures.
Examples of stored video files are movies, TV shows, and
music video clips.
Streaming stored audio/video refers to on-demand requests
for compressed audio/video files.
In the second category, streaming live audio/video, a user
listens to broadcast audio and video through the Internet. A
good example of this type of application is the Internet radio.
Some radio stations broadcast their programs only on the
Internet; many broadcast them both on the Internet and on

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the air. Internet TV is not popular yet, but many people
believe that TV stations will broadcast their programs on the
Internet in the future.
Streaming live audio/video refers to the broadcasting of
radio and TV programs through the Internet.
In the third category, interactive audio/video, people use the
Internet to interactively communicate with one another. A
good example of this application is Internet telephony and
Internet teleconferencing.
Interactive audio/video refers to the use of the Internet for
interactive audio/video applications.

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