Staphylococcus haimaphagein Control Plan

Overview of control methods

Vaccine for Host

A vaccine has successfully been created to protect humans against this particular virus.
The vaccine has been tested and proven to be effective and safe for prevention of becoming
infected with Muscle Fever. A team of clinical associates will be available to distribute the
vaccine properly. This control method will break the disease cycle link between pathogen and
host(susceptibility) by providing host immunity to the pathogen. The use of a vaccine may also
help prevent the issue of antibiotic resistance by limiting the use of antibiotics to combat the
disease (EMA, 2005).

Materials and Methods

1. Vaccine
2. Informational Pamphlets
First, the team will provide the population in the affected area with knowledge of the
disease and associated symptoms. They will then discuss how it is spread and transmitted
through the disease cycle. The team will then inform the community about prevention methods
and distribute pamphlets about the vaccine and why it must be used to successfully combat the
disease. Patients are recommended to spread the word about the new vaccine to others in the
community and educate others why it is necessary to prevent future outbreaks. It is imperative to
educate the public about the safety of the vaccine by offering scientific evidence of its
effectiveness from the CDC. Because of the widespread distribution of Aedes Vexans in North
America, the possibility of contracting the disease spans across the region, so the vaccine will be
offered nationwide for the whole population of the United States. By vaccinating most of the
population, a phenomenon known as herd immunity will help protect the few susceptible
individuals in the community (Fine, 1993). In order to vaccinate the population, clinics should
have the vaccine readily available and urge patients to get vaccinated by educating them of the
possible consequences of the disease.

BTI

To further decrease the population of Aedes Vexans mosquitoes, we will spray a larval
insecticide called Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis(BTI) in order to further decrease
vector population by targeting the larvae. To apply the larvicide, vehicles will be
equipped with a high-pressure pump, a spray nozzle, tank with the larvices, and a switch
to allow the driver to operate the equipment and apply the larvicide simultaneously from
inside the vehicle. Roadside ditches, residential neighborhoods, retention ponds, and
other similar bodies of water can be treated through this method. In areas that have been
surveyed and are known to have a high population of Aedes Vexans, tenants will be
notified in advance of the spraying campaign. The public education process will also
include information on the side effects of BTI and times of spraying used to reduce the
populations of the adult and larval Aedes Vexans. BTI is a naturally occurring soil
bacterium registered for control of mosquito larvae and has been used for many years in
agriculture and forestry environments with no reported problems(Ritchie, 2010).
Mosquito larvae will consume the BTI product, which contains a dormant form of
bacterium along with a toxin. This toxin enters the gut of the mosquito by binding to
receptor cells, which are only present in insects and not mammals. There have been no
adverse effects associated with BTI shown to appear in the human population or in
aquatic animals, and the bacterium will only be applied to larval aquatic habitats where
Aedes vexans breed in order to minimize the contamination of drinking water so that the
amount present does not exceed the recommended safe amount.

Vaccine for White-Tailed Rabbit

Breaking the link between reservoir and vector will help to reduce disease transmission. By
introducing an approved tested vaccine to the white tailed rabbit, they will no longer be able to
carry the pathogen and reduce transmission to the vector. This may be accomplished by the oral
bait method. Feeders will be set out in the habitat of the rabbits and capsules with the vaccine
will be set out along with fruit, buds, flowers, grass seeds, sedge fruits. The rabbit feeding
stations will be put out at night in accordance with the nocturnal feeding habits of rabbits, and
will be evaluated during the daylight hours. The vaccine is designed to produce protection with a
single dose, since uptake by the target animals is likely to be unpredictable (Sharma, 2012).
Evaluation of the efficacy of the vaccine will be examined by trapping rabbits and testing for
certain antibodies.

Insect Growth Regulator

To further control the larvae of Aedes vexans, we are using the Insect Growth Regulator (IGR),
Altosid. This chemical interferes with insect growth and development. It can prevent normal
molting, egg-laying, egg-hatching, and development from the immature phase to the adult phase
(Paul, 2006). This prevents the insects from reproducing, thus further breaking the vector-host
link in the transmission cycle. The chemical, Methoprene which is found in Altosid has a low
mammalian toxicity, can be employed in a wide range of areas especially in those where Aedes
Vexans population is the highest in proximity to humans. Similar to BTI, it will be sprayed as an
aerosol and a vehicle will drive in areas of high incidence of disease appearance and release the
chemical.
Pyrethrins

To reduce the number of adult Aedes vexans mosquitoes, Pyrethrins may be employed to break
the link between vector and host. Pyrethrins are natural pesticides that are extracted from
chrysanthemum flowers. They are found in over 2,000 registered pesticide products and have
been used as a model for other types of pesticides as well (NPIC, 2014). Upon ingestion, they
begin to excite an insects nervous system, causing widespread paralysis throughout the body and
ultimately death. They are an appealing option to use for the extermination of Aedes vexans, as
they are naturally occurring, readily available to use, and effective in causing a swift death,
preventing further spreading of muscle fever. The EPA has classified pyrethrins as non-
carcinogenic and safe to work with (NPIC, 2014). As they are relatively non-toxic to humans,
usage of pyrethrins in homes and other residential facilities is possible as well. However, skin
contact with pyrethrins may be irritating, so it is best to handle them with caution and avoid
intentional contact in areas where they have been spread.

Implementation of control methods

The virus is pretty well distributed across the U.S. so the vaccine will be implemented in
major cities all across the United States. Especially in Florida, Texas, Georgia, and South
Carolina as those seem to have many new cases of the virus. The most optimal start to help
prevent this virus from spreading would be to give babies this vaccine as they are given all of
their other routine shots when they are born. As stated in the disease control section, this vaccine
has been through extensive clinical trials and was only implemented after given FDA approval.
This process took a few years, it was no quick solution, time was taken to ensure the safeness of
this vaccine to the public. This information will be made aware to the public, and briefings with
the press, along with written articles in the paper will be given to help ensure the public that they
have nothing to fear or worry about with this vaccine. This vaccine is essential to stopping a
deadly pandemic from occurring, it is nothing like the flu virus, this knowledge will be explained
thoroughly so that the public will understand the severity of this situation. This vaccine will be
given as an annual precaution, such as the flu shot, and has been proven to be just as effective
and safe as the flu shot. There will always be a group of people that are against any and all
vaccines, and there is nothing that we can do about that. As long as we are able to convince the
majority of the population that this vaccine is safe and is greatly needed to stop a potential
pandemic, we will have been successful in implementation of this vaccine.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterial larvicide found in soils, they produce toxins from
their spores. These toxins specifically target fungus gnat, blackfly, and mosquito larvae. BTI had
been approved by the EPA, and causes no health risks to humans. This control method has
already been used across the United States, and has been approved to be used in form of an aerial
spray. BTI has already been proven to be effective in controlling the population of mosquito
larvae (Kroeger, 1995). Aedes vexans is a very common pest mosquito found all over the United
States, and likes to live around urban areas for good blood meals. Since this method is already
used in the United States, aerial spraying will be made a routine procedure to distribute this
bacterial larvicide during the hours of the night to major urban and cosmopolitan areas in the
U.S. This method will be used quite a bit during the spring through summer months, as that is the
peak time that Aedes vexans eggs begin hatching. An insect growth regulator (IGR) known as
Altosid will also be implemented to help control the population of this vector. Altosid is given to
cattle in their feed, it goes through their system and into the manure, where eggs of Aedes vexans
could be found. This IGR breaks the life cycle of this mosquito by preventing the pupae from
developing into adult mosquitoes.

Expected outcomes
Aedes vexans can and will never fully be controlled; they breed multiple times a year,
their eggs overwinter, adults travel long distances and are one of the main mosquito-pest breeds
in North America that cause disease. Therefore, the main form of control of these mosquitoes can
come in the form of education; education of the public on how to handle these pests and the
diseases they breed. The other forms of control our team seeks to pursue includes insect growth
regulators, insecticides, and annual vaccines for the public. All of these are effective control
methods, but due to the the skepticism and stigmatization of local and national news stations, the
public is apprehensive in some form to each of these methods. The public has been misinformed
about these methods creating this apprehension. For example, the public has a false perception
that vaccines causing extreme side effects like autism, seizures, and SIDS. Another example of a
common misconception includes the idea that all forms of insect growth regulators being
dangerous to human and animal health. While some may be, the IGR called Altosid, we plan to
use is the least toxic toward exposed mammalian creatures, making it fairly environmentally
friendly. The last public misconception includes the false idea that all insecticides are toxic to the
environment and humans. Our team plans to use BTI as a widespread insecticide and this
insecticide has not been proven to cause any environmental issues or health problems for
humans. Therefore, our teams biggest issue will be educating the public and breaking the false
allegations each of these control methods obtains. By educating the public we will be able to
raise annual proactive vaccine rates to protect individuals in communities exposed to Aedes
vexans. If mosquito levels rise at increased rates then our team plans on utilizing widespread
sprayings of BTI and IGRs to decrease the mosquito population. As stated at the beginning, there
will be relapses since there is no way Aedes vexans can fully be eradicated, but each of these
methods will help control the spread of disease and make people aware of potential dangers these
pests can cause.
 References

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