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978-0-7695-3114-4/08
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2008
2008
IEEEIEEE 708
DOI 10.1109/UKSIM.2008.134
EDSA Harmonic Analysis
Reactive Power Flow: As Power factor is increased from 150.0
0.78 to 0.95, reactive power flow through the upstream
Transformer network reduces from 2.4 MVAR to 1.39 100.0
Magnitude %
voltage drop as well.
0.0
Magnitude %
found to be 26.5%. The 11th harmonic was nearly 5 0 .0
Diagram 1: Voltage waveform on Bus-480 V-B without Diagram 3: Impedance response with PFC during
PFC Parallel Resonance:
709
EDSA Harmonic Analysis E DS A Harm onic Analysis
0.4937 150.0
Impedance Response (Ohms)
0.4114 100.0
50.0
Magnitude %
0.3291
0.2468 0.0
0.1646 -50.0
-100.0
0.0823
-150.0
0.0000
0 80 1 60 2 40 320 400 480 560 640 720
0.0 2.2 4.4 6.7 8.9 11.1 13.3 15.6 17.8 20.0
A ngle in Degrees
Frequency (pu)
50.0
It was noted that THD on the Bus# 480 V- B had risen to
33.3
5.83% indicating the addition of capacitor indeed was
16.7 causing distortion in the voltage wave.
0.0
To investigate further, impedance diagram was
0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 analyzed, it was noted that addition of PFC of 789 KVAR
Harmonic was also causing resonance condition but it was near to
8th harmonic since there was no source of 8th harmonic in
the system. The problem did not get compounded but still
Waveform at Bus # 6.9 KV- B (upstream bus):Refer
the THD was increased, which was because of presence of
diagram 6, which indicated that waveform was distorted
7th harmonic in the network. The impedance network
due to propagated harmonics from downstream bus.
indicated that harmonics between 6.5 and 9.5 would get
amplified.
Diagram 6: Voltage waveform on Bus 6.9 KV-B during
Diagram 5: Impedance wavefrom with PFC of 789
Parallel resonance.
KVAR
710
Tuned/Detuned Filters: A series reactor was introduced
E D S A H arm on ic Analysis with PF Capacitor, which was tuned to 11th harmonic.
1 6 2 .2
Following Formulae have been used to arrive at the
Impedance Response (pu)
1 3 5 .2
correct value of Inductor
n2 = XC / XL
1 0 8 .2
8 1 .1
5 4 .1 XC = V * V / Q
2 7 .0
0 .0
The calculated values of I11 , XC , XL are as follows:
0 .0 1 .6 3 .1 4 .7 6.2 7 .8
F requenc y (pu)
9 .3 1 0 .9 1 2.4 1 4 .0
I11 = 105 Amp , XC = 0.485 Ohm , XL = 0.004 ohm
711
EDSA Harmonic Analysis Diagram 10 : Harmonic Spectrum with introduction of
59.5 2 Separate filter
Impedance Response (pu)
49.6 0
39.6 8
29.7 6
19.8 4
9.9 2
0.0 0
0.0 4.2 8.4 12 .7 16 .9 21 .1 25 .3 2 9.6 33.8 38.0
Frequency (pu)
1 0 0 .0
The introduction of separate filter caused suppression of
5 0 .0
the 11th harmonic but it also causes resonance for other
Magnitude %
238.3
, if Power factor is added to a bus where Harmonic source
190.6
is presnt in the electrical network.
143.0
There are solutions for resonance condition like
95.3
separate filters and Tuned/Detuned filters (reactors in
47.7
series with PF capacitors). There is no universal solution.
0.0
0.0 4.2 8.4 12.7 16.9 21.1 25.3 29.6 33.8 38.0
These should be applied on case basis depending upon
Frequency (pu) suitability and merits.
Diagram 9 : Waveform at Bus # 480-B:
ED S A H armo n ic An alysis REFERENCES
1 5 0 .0
IEEE-519 Std -1992: Recommended practices
1 0 0 .0
and requirements for Harmonic control in
5 0 .0
Electrical power system.
Magnitude %
0 .0
-5 0 .0
IEEE -399 -1997:IEEE recommended practices
-1 0 0 .0
for Industrial Power System analysis
-1 5 0 .0
Power system analysis by J.C. Das
0 80 160 2 40 32 0 400
A ngle in Deg rees
480 560 640 720
Understanding power quality problems by H.J.
Bolen
712
Annexure 1 : Model of Electrical Distribution of a typical Petrochemical plant/refinery
0011
Vs: 34.5 kV
34.5 kV
PF: 81.43 %
GRID
Ql : 1.07 kVar
Pl: 1.45 kW
11.25 MVar
15.79 MW
19.38 MVA
324.39 A
Bus 34.5 kV
Vs: 34.5 kV
34.5 kV
PF: 81.44 %
83.06 A
247.54 A
4.96 MVA 14.79 MVA
4.77 MW 11.01 MW
1.37 MVar 9.87 MVar
Pl: 6.53 kW
Ql : 98.3 kVar Pl: 70.02 kW
Ql : 1309.89 kVar
Bus 13.8 kV - B
Vs: 13.8 kV
12.96 kV
PF: 78.74 %
Ql : 0.13 kVar
Pl: 0.18 kW
0.94 MVar
2.38 MW
2.56 MVA
114.03 A
Bus 13.8 kV - A
95.59 A
Vs: 13.8 kV
Ql: 0.06 kVar
Pl: 0.14 kW
0.63 MVar
1.59 MW
1.71 MVA
71.9 A
1.17 MW
0.59 MVar 334.42 A
Pl: 3.25 kW 3.44 MVA
Ql : 32.78 kVar 2.75 MW
2.06 MVar
I I 0162
Pl: 29.21 kW
0121 0172 Ql: 2 94.82 kVar
Vs: 6.9 kV Bus 480 V - B
Vs: 6.9 kV Vs: 6.9 kV
Bus 480 V - A 5.93 kV Vs: 0.48 kV
6.79 kV 5.93 kV PF: 73 %
PF: 100 % Vs: 0.48 kV PF: 73 % 0.39 kV
0.47 kV PF: 84.05 %
PF: 90.11 %
463.76 A
755.09 A 0.31 MVA
226.67 A 0.51 MVA -0 MW
138.49 A 1239 .13 A
0.18 MVA 0.41 MW 0.31 MVar
0.11 MVA 1 MVA 0.3 MVar
0.17 MW 0.1 MW Pl: 0.0 5 kW
0.08 MVar 0.9 MW Pl: 0.12 kW 414.41 A Ql: 0 kVar
I 0141 AC
Vs: 0.48 kV 0171
DC 0151 Vs: 0.48 kV
0.47 kV
PF: 91 % Vs: 0.48 kV
1010 67 AC I MCC MC C
0.39 kV
Vs: 0.4 8 kV
0.47 kV 0.47 kV DC
PF: 89 .44 % PF: 90 %
0153
0201 0181 0152
Vs: 0.48 kV
Vs: 0.48 kV Vs: 0.48 kV 0.37 kV Vs: 0.48 kV
0.39 kV 0.39 kV PF: 84.49 % 0.37 kV
PF: 80 % PF: 91 % PF: 73.02 %
713