Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Application guidelines
for station protection
Technical Information
Publ. SESWG/A 2310E
Edition 2, 1995-10
Figure 1
Introduction
When lightning surges enter a station, reflections occur and With the present improved knowledge of lightning as well as
oscillations are set up due to the capacitance of the station the existence of efficient computer programs, however, it is
apparatus and inductance of busbars and connection leads. now possible to give much more accurate guidance for
For steep incoming surges, the difference in voltage shape protection against lightning.
and amplitude at different locations in the station will be The aim of this paper is to give such guidance in a simple and
significant as illustrated in Figure 1. practical way concerning the three main topics in station
As a station should be designed for a low probability of failure, protection; namely
it is only steep incoming surges which are of interest. Thus the Protection of open air substations
protection of a substation against lightning surges is not only a Protection of GIS
question of which arrester to choose. It is even more important Protection of open line breakers
to determine the number and location of arresters needed in However, the final choice must always be left to the system
order to obtain an adequate protection. engineer, who has to take into account additional parameters
For a full treatment of the problem many parameters must be such as the importance of the station and the cost of a failure
considered concerning probability distribution of lightning compared with the cost of improved protection, and who must
currents, station layout, power frequency voltage, grounding, decide upon an acceptable level of risk.
shield wires, protection levels and connection leads of surge All the diagrams presented are based on "common choice"
arrester, insulation levels etc. arresters for a specific system voltage level.
In view of the complexity of the problem, practical engineering The "common choice" arresters as well as details of arrester
has long been based mainly on rules of thumb, or on simplified characteristics are found in the primary reference document
formulas, which often disregard many of the important para- "Selection guide for ABB HV Surge arresters" (Ref. [8]) and in
meters. the corresponding surge arrester catalogues.
ABB Switchgear
Protection of open air substations
Protective distances
When there are connection leads to the surge arrester and/or To provide a more accurate guidance, some general curves
a distance between arrester and the equipment to be have been established regarding protective distances for
protected, then the protected object will be subjected to a ABB surge arresters as shown in Figures 2 to 9.
higher overvoltage than could be estimated from the surge The curves are based on a great number of computer
arrester characteristics only. calculations which take into account what is missing in the
The traditionally used formula to estimate this separation simplified formula. Four voltage levels, 145 to 420 kV, are
effect: specifically treated. For any other voltages between 120 and
420 kV not directly found in Figures 2 to 9, the figure which
U = Ua + (2 x S x L) / v where best agrees with the actual system voltage can be used with
good accuracy.
As the protective distance, among other parameters, is also
Ua = arrester residual voltage
a function of the capacitance of the protected object, the
S = steepness of incoming surge
curves are presented in form of shaded areas covering a
L = distance between arrester and protected object variation in capacitance from 0 to 4 nF. The exact value of
(sometimes including connection leads) the capacitance is often not known in which case the worst
v = velocity of incoming surge case must be assumed. 0 to 4 nF will be sufficient to cover
U = voltage at protected object most transformers and also the case with an open bus end.
has three main weaknesses: In each case the overvoltage amplitude (at a particular
Any capacitance of the protected object is disregarded distance from the arrester) is given in relation to the residual
The effect of the instantaneous value of the power voltage at 10 kA (8/20 s) as per the catalogue values.
frequency voltage is not considered.
The true voltage-current characteristics of the arrester
including frequency dependence are not used.
Thus, if the margin between the arrester protective level and
LIWL of protected object is not large, the use of the simplified Note! The shaded areas are presented to give an idea of the
formula is not recommended. variation as function of capacitance. The true curves for certain
capacitances may cross each other why it can not be assumed that
the lower part and top part correspond to 0 and 4 nF respectively.
Steepness of incoming surge 1200 kV/s Steepness of incoming surge 2000 kV/s Steepness of incoming surge 1200 kV/s
Volt. in p.u. of residual voltage at 10 kA Volt. in p.u. of residual voltage at 10 kA Volt. in p.u. of residual voltage at 10 kA
Dist. in m from arrester connection point Dist. in m from arrester connection point
Dist. in m from arrester connection point Dist. in m from arrester connection point
2
Figure 8. 420 kV system Figure 9. 420 kV system Figure 10. Effect of line entrance arrester
(362 kV system)
Example
System voltage 245 kV, incoming surge 1200 kV/s,
"common choice" arrester EXLIM P192-AH245 having a
rated voltage of 192 kV and residual voltage at 10 kA
(8/20 s) of 442 kV.
The insulation level of the transformer has been specified as
1050 kV. Dividing 1050 with 442, gives 2,38 in p.u. of
arrester 10 kA residual voltage and, applying Figure 4,
indicates that the arrester can be installed up to 57 m from
the transformer. This assumes that up to 1050 kV is
accepted at the transformer i.e. no extra margin is allowed.
The final choice of protective distance thus depends also
upon the design safety margin.
3
Protection of GIS stations
With the growing proliferation of high-voltage gas-insulated In practical applications, as a first approximation, the appro-
substations (GIS) in modern power systems, it has become priate choice of incoming surge steepness may be assessed
increasingly important that high reliability of such GIS from the flow diagram of Figure 11. This figure attemps to
installations also be ensured through suitable surge arrester take account of those factors which have the most influence
positioning and correct insulation co-ordination. in evaluation of the statistical risk of failure of a GIS
In practice, the lightning overvoltage mechanism is complex installation against incoming lightning surges; namely
and involves consideration of a number of statistical aspects system voltage level (i.e. line LIWL).
including variations in lightning parameters, strike location regional incidence of lightning; here expressed in annual
and overvoltage mechanism (e.g. backflash and/or shielding ground flash density Ng, where Ng may be approximated
penetration). from
This topic has been actively studied within CIGRE during Ng = 0.04 x Td1.25
recent years (Ref. [1-3]), and it is found that practical
application situations can often be usefully analysed using Ng = flashes per sq. km and year,
simplified approaches. In the main, these involve Td = annual number of thunderstorm days.
determination of a "reference" incoming overvoltage (i.e. the
impinging surge), having an amplitude typically in the range average transmission tower footing resistance, especially
1.0 - 1.6 times the incoming line LIWL; with the parameters along the last few km of line into the GIS station.
of this surge (steepness and peak value) being set principally degree of exposure of individual towers close to the
by the lightning performance of the incoming line itself (i.e. station, and the quality of the transmission line shielding
by the risk of lightning strike, line insulation level and design (e.g. as per Ref. [4]).
shielding, quality of earthing etc). the extent to which the GIS may be operated in critical
As an approximate guide, Figures 12-19 present the results configurations, such as "open-breaker", or the degree of
of computer analysis of the protective distances associated available redundancy (multiple busbar/breaker schemes),
with sample GIS and ZnO surge arrester configurations for and/or the extent to which system operations may tolerate
two alternative combinations of incoming surge amplitude a GIS fault.
and steepness (either 1200 kV/s or 2000 kV/s). The Estimation of protective distances from Figures 12 to 19
arresters are assumed to be positioned outside the GIS. based on steepnesses chosen via Figure 11 can be a
useful guide to first analysis of simple surge arrester/GIS
installations.
Figure 12. 145 kV system Figure 13. 145 kV system Figure 14. 245 kV system
Figure 15. 245 kV system Figure 16. 362 kV system Figure 17. 362 kV system
4
Figure 19. 420 kV system
5
Protection of open breaker
6
Simplified procedure for optimised surge arrester positioning
7
Concluding remarks
A ZnO surge arrester, compared with other station equip- ness of additional arresters at breakers, line-entrance and
ment, such as breakers and transformers, is a relatively low within GIS have been pointed out as simple solutions when a
cost item; typical cost for the arresters in a common station single arrester protection seems insufficient.
would be less than five percent of the total cost. In even more complex situations, however, or where more
It is usually acceptable therefore to base the selection of extreme parameters are involved (e.g. in relation to Figure
protection levels, number and positioning of the arresters on 11) or in especially important installations, money can
general curves as long as the assumptions behind the certainly be saved through an optimal arrangement of
curves and guidelines are generally conservative, i.e. give arresters. For such cases it is recommended that a detailed
results on the safe side. computer analysis rather be carried out for the specific
This paper sets out to provide basic information which can station/transmission line configuration, based on the relevant
be directly used in the majority of cases. Simple radial parameters of the real situation. ABB is readily able to carry
configurations of the stations have been assumed, which in out such studies, using optimised computer programs and
general give higher overvoltages at the protected equipment taking full account of the modern analytical procedures being
than more complex stations with additional lines and busbars developed within organisations such as CIGRE and IEEE.
even if the opposite may be true in rare cases. The effective-
References
[1] Hileman A.R. and Weck K-H, "Practical methods for GIS [5] Alvinsson R, Eriksson R, Hellman P- and Pettersson K,
insulation co-ordination" "A systematic approach to lightning insulation
CIGRE 33.83(SC)IWD, Colloquium, Edinburgh, 1983. coordination for GIS with ZnO arresters"
CIGRE Paper No. 33-04, Paris, August/September 1984.
[2] Weck K-H, "Principles and procedures of insulation co-
ordination" [6] "Protection open circuit-breakers against lightning"
Proc. IEE, Vol. 134, Pt. C, No. 2, March 1987. BBC Brown Boveri Review No. 9, 1969 pp 424-433.
[3] Eriksson A.J. and Weck K-H, "Simplified procedures for [7] Andersson R.B. & Eriksson A.J. "A summary of lightning
determining representative substation impinging parameters for engineering applications"
lightning overvoltages" CIGRE Paper No. 33-06, Paris, August/September 1980.
CIGRE Paper No. 33-16, Paris, August/September, 1988
[8] Selection Guide for ABB HV Surge Arresters,
[4] IEEE WG on Lightning Performance of Transmission Publication SESWG/A-2300E, 1990.
Lines, "A simplified method for estimating lightning
performance of transmission lines"
IEEE trans, PAS-104, April 1985.
1000
Vsters 1995-10
SESWG/A-2310E Printed in Sweden Production: ReklamCenter AB (5497)
ABB Switchgear AB
Surge Arrester Division
Dept. SESWG/AF
S-771 80 LUDVIKA, Sweden
Tel. +46 240 820 00
Telefax +46 240 179 83
Telex 74507 abblu s