ABSTRACT

This report fully explains the needs of ramps for handicaps who want to
move to the other side of stairs, in our project we convert the stairs into a
ramp by placing our project on the already fixed stairs, our product will
be portable and can be adjusted according to the fixed stair height and
after placing our project on stairs the product can be used as both ramp
and stair by activating simple mechanism. The mechanism we used in our
prototype was also explained in this report very clearly and the forecasting
plan for the model creation using the medals were also explained. Our
prototype we present here was made on wood and it is just an idea of how
we are going to do the model and the product can be used in various field
including in house. The main objective of our project is to help handicaps
and patients to move by themselves freely without any help.
 1.INTRODUCTION

The stairs and ramps are provided side by side in some streets and also in
hospitals for the convenient for handicaps people and the stairs can be
used by other people. But the problem is stairs and ramps are provided on
some streets, not many streets have both stairs and ramp, these leads to
difficult for handicaps to move by themselves and in hospitals too stairs
and ramps are provided side by side and these leads to additional cost for
constructing ramps along stairs. So if we use our product we can able to
place the product on stairs in streets and can be converted to ramp any
time you want and there are many uses for our product and it can be used
in many places where stairs plays role.

Stairs must satisfy strict building codes meant to ensure safety and
climbing comfort. We're so used to uniform, professionally built
staircases that the slightest discrepancy between steps creates a tripping
hazard. Tall steps make climbing hard. Shallow steps are uncomfortable
and dangerous. Since there's so little room for error, building stairs
requires careful layout and some potentially tricky calculations.

The ramp configuration and the materials you use will impact how you
build the ramp. Talk to your local municipality to determine if a building
permit, inspections and any other relevant information are needed to build
a safe wheelchair ramp. The steps outlined below will guide you through
the general process for building a wooden ramp for a private home. This
information is of a general nature and shouldn't be assumed to be accurate
for your specific project needs. Contact an architect or licensed
contractor prior to starting this.

The ramp and stairs are totally different and the inclination and other
factors were also not same for ramp and stairs and also the problem in
converting the ramp into stairs and vice versa is because of this
misconception of stairs and ramps different parameters.

The other factors to consider while designing the model was the
inclination should be less for ramps in order for handicaps to move freely
and in stair mode the inclination should be little more high than ramp and
there are various design consideration that need to done for better portable
product.
 2.LITERATURE SURVEY

Architecture of ramp design for older people has to be in the ratio 1:12 minimum
and the ratio can be up to 1:20 and beyond that level the older or physically
disabled persons cannot able to apply force or their strength cannot be suitable for
stairs higher then maximum ratio. Various survey has been conducted by people on
people who use ramp for their transportation purpose and different ratio were
tested lie 1:20, 1:15, 1:16 and majority of older peoples or physically disabled
people were comfortable with 1:20 ratio and up to 80% of older people are
comfortable with 1:20 ratio and there are some most common ratio was also tested
like 1:12 ratio and this ratio cannot be used in the place of stairs which has higher
inclination. For 1:8 ratio can allow a steep of 7.6 cm maximum rise and for other
ratio like 1:10, 1:12, 1:15, 1:20 the maximum rise was 15.25 cm, 9 cm,12 cm
respectively. Survey has been conducted whether the ramp and stairs can be used
in both ways and whether the product will be profitable and the demand for the
product has also been checked and the result were positive.
 3.OBJECTIVE

1. The main objective of our project is to create a portable product that

helps the physically disabled persons or older people to move freely
where they want and also it can be used in hospitals in the place of
stairs and ramps into on portable our product and it reduce the cost
of constructing both ramp and stair side by side and one important
factor is it is portable.
2. The another objective is to provide portable product that can be
attached on any fixed stairs and can be used as both stairs and ramp
and also the ramp has to fit the design needs.
 4.STAIRS AND RAMPS

4.1.STAIRS

There are three main components in a typical staircase: stringers, treads

and risers. Stringers, typically cut from 2 x 12s, are the sloped boards that
support the other components and carry the weight of people walking on
the stairs. They're typically spaced 16 in. on center. When determining the
staircase width, remember that wider is better. "Wide staircases are more
comfortable and safer to walk on," says remodeling contractor Paul
Mantoni, of Exteriors Plus in Terryville, Conn. "I seldom build one less
than 4 ft. wide, and prefer them a bit wider."

4.1.1. RISE AND RUN

The first step in building stairs for a deck is finding the total rise or
overall vertical height the stairs have to cover. Lay a straight board on
top of the deck, extend it from the edge, then measure down to the
landing location. Let's say the total rise is 57 in. The next job is to find
the rise of each step. Divide 57 by 7 in. (the typical rise per step) to get
8.14. Round down to get the steps: eight. To then determine the actual
rise, divide the 57 in. by the eight steps to get 7 1/8 in. per step.
4.2.RAMPS

The angle of the ramp surfaces and the length or run of the ramp is a
critical project consideration. The ramp slope will impact the layout
requirements, the expense involved and the ramp's ultimate usefulness.
Slope is the angle relationship of vertical height (rise) to the horizontal
length or projection (run). It's usually expressed as a ratio of these two
measurements, with the rise figure frequently set at a unit of one. For
example, a slope of 1:12 means that as each dimensional unit (usually
inches) of height changes, the other side projects (or runs out in length)
12 units (inches).
Although other slope ratios may be used for constructing your ramp, the
(American with Disabilities Act) ADA-recommended and the most
commonly used slope is 1:12. This means that if your porch height is 24
inches off the ground, you'll need a 24-foot ramp to safely accommodate
wheelchair access. If you plan on deviating from this standard, you
should check your local building codes to be certain you're in
compliance.

The maximum rise for any given ramp segment should not exceed 30
inches. After rising 30 inches in elevation, a flat rest platform should be
provided before the ramp continues. A flat landing must be at the top
and bottom of all ramps, and landings should always be at least as wide
as the ramp itself and a minimum of 60 inches in length. Ramps that are
used for direction changes should be a minimum of 60 inches by 60
inches.

The minimum, inside clear width of the opening between the opposing
handrails must be at least 36 inches to accommodate a wheelchair. This
means the ramp must be built at least 42-inches wide to allow for the 1
-inch spacing between the handrail and any surface and the actual 1 -
inch handrail.
 5.METHODOLOGY
5.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The stairs and ramps are built side by side for providing path to people
and physically disabled people respectively and for providing separate
path is not possible in every street corners or on every stairs and also cost
for constructing separate path was also increased.

Next problem was creating link on our portable product to convert stairs
into ramp and also every fixed stairs in use cannot be removed for this
project.

Another problem was stair inclined height was too much compared to
ramp inclined height.

Next rise and run length is more than the hypotenuse, so if we convert the
rise and run of stair into ramp, length will be increased and it should not
so its a problem.

In order to create portable product many linkages has to be provided and

each has to work on what they are given.

5.2. DESIGN CONSIDERATION

The above mentioned problems has to be solved by designing the linkages

as efficient as possible, the problems can be solved by providing
adjustable inclined height of stairs and ramps and the problem of
removing the fixed stairs cannot be solved by adjusting inclined height.

The one problems of providing less inclined for ramp from high inclined
stairs to make comfortable movement for handicaps can be solved by
creating prototype and make alteration to it.

5.3. MATERIAL SELECTION

Aluminum
A good material for any kind of ramp. Aluminum is strong and
lightweight. It requires virtually no maintenance. It is great for permanent
or semi-permanent installations as it can be easily disassembled, moved
and reinstalled in a new location. Aluminum ramps also require no
building permit, since they are not permanently attached to the building.
Aluminum ramps require a special non-slip walking surface especially in
wet or snowy climates. Aluminum ramps can be easily adjusted if the
ground underneath heaves or settles.

Wood
Wood ramps, when properly built, have the potential to be visually
pleasing, in that they can be made to match the architecture of the building
they are attached to. Wood ramps have many drawbacks. They require
constant maintenance to prevent rotting, warping and hand rail splinters.
They can be very slippery when wet, so they need to have a non-slip
surface added and maintained. Wood ramps require a building permit and
must be built from scratch (as opposed to aluminum ramps which have
pre-built modular components). Wood ramps can not be removed and
reassembled at a new location. Wood ramps are difficult to adjust in the
event of the ground under the supports settling or heaving.

Steel
Steel ramps are generally less expensive than aluminum, and can have
higher weight capacity than wood or aluminum. Steel ramps are very
heavy. They also can rust if not properly rust-proofed and maintained.

5.4. PROTOTYPING

Tools used

o Hammer
o Chisel
o Nails
o Bond
o Hacksaw blade
 FIGURES: 1.1

Materials used

o Wood Reapers (10 pieces).

o Wood cardboard of 180*60 size
o Wood board of 200*100 size

Base

The project arrangement is in L shape to provide support to the link.

Links are used to convert stairs into ramp. Base has horizontal and
vertical arrangement. Vertical arrangement is used to support two links
with the help of two support. Horizontal arrangement is also support the
two link with of help of stopper.
Links

Links consists of several parts that holds the run of stairs and the ramp
was also supported by the link. The link was provided with three
supports that can be adjustable by the adjuster which was connected by
the linkage provided. And also another three adjustable support for the
run was also provided by attaching to the link, the same support was also
provided on each link. Each link length was approximately around
110cm and each support length for run is of around 6.4cm and the three
support was provided according to the support needs of run of stairs. The
link was supported by a base support.

FIGURES: 1.2
Run

While designing width of run of stairs we came to know that higher

width has to be provided in order for smooth movement over stairs and
also in ramps and in order to have strong foundation greater width has to
be provided. The run was connected to the links and with the help of
links the run can be moved upwards or downwards in order for the
conversion of stairs into ramp.

Adjuster

The adjuster was provided as a guide for the links and it was connected
to movable support of links and same type of connections were made on
the other side of the link support.

Working principle

After creating three runs, two links with support for runs and base for
supporting the links and since the three parts are portable the connection
were made and after connection the ramp and stair conversion can be
achieved by adjusting the links.

The stair is the normal position and by adjusting the adjusting on

moving the adjuster upwards by a handled connected to it and in order to
again convert that to ramp, it also can be achieved by moving the link
downloads.
5.5. Design

The stairs and ramps are built side by side for providing path to people
and physically disabled people respectively and for providing separate
path is not possible in every street corners or on every stairs and also cost
for constructing separate path was also increased. Next rise and run length
is more than the hypotenuse, so if we convert the rise and run of stair into
ramp, length will be increased and it should not so its a problem. In order
to create portable product many linkages has to be provided and each has
to work on what they are given.

The above mentioned problems has to be solved by designing the linkages

as efficient as possible, the problems can be solved by providing
adjustable inclined height of stairs and ramps and the problem of
removing the fixed stairs cannot be solved by adjusting inclined height.

The one problems of providing less inclined for ramp from high inclined
stairs to make comfortable movement for handicaps can be solved by
creating prototype and make alteration to it.

Another factors that need to be considered was load that was applied on
ramp and on stairs and material used.

5.6. Analysis and results

After design process, the analysis of that design has to be done by

applying various loads and maximum loads has to be found out and based
on the load applied results are plot out and better results can be used in
model creation process.

5.7. Model

The same mechanism applied to the prototype was applied on model but
material used here was metal has to ta ken into account.
6.1 PROTOTYPING AS STAIRS

6.2 PROTOTYPING AS RAMP

 7. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
7.1. Advantages

Dual purpose
Used for lifting vehicles.
Materials used change easily based on load acting on stairs.
Smooth movement can be achieved using provided link, due to
smooth link movement conversion done quickly and effectively.

7.2. Disadvantages

Next problem was creating link on our portable product to convert

stairs into ramp and also every fixed stairs in use cannot be removed
for this project.
Another problem was stair inclined height was too much compared
to ramp inclined height.
Next rise and run length is more than the hypotenuse, so if we
convert the rise and run of stair into ramp, length will be increased
and it should not so its a problem.
In order to create portable product many linkages has to be provided
and each has to work on what they are given.
7.3. Applications

In hospital we can use this type of dual use ramp to transport patient
inside hospital premises and staircase can be used by employers.
Handicaps who use wheelchairs can use our product.
In our house too we can use this type of ramp for driving our
automobile into our house.

8. CONCLUSION
Create a portable product that helps the physically disabled persons
or older people to move freely where they want and also it can be
used in hospitals in the place of stairs and ramps into on portable our
product and it reduce the cost of constructing both ramp and stair
side by side and one important factor is it is portable.
Provide portable product that can be attached on any fixed stairs and
can be used as both stairs and ramp and also the ramp has to fit the
design needs.