Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
VERIFICATION
by
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Karlskrona, Sweden
2012
3
4
NOTATION
Capacitance
Inside diameter of the shield
Outside diameter of the enter conductor
Relative dielectric constant
Free space dielectric constant
Dielectric constant of the insulator
Inductance
Relative permeability
Permeability of free space
Magnetic permeability of the insulator
Resistance
Length of the conductor
Cross-section area of the conductor
Electrical resistivity of the material
Conductance
Voltage
Current
Wavenumber
Angular frequency
Function represents a wave traveling from left to right
Function represents a wave traveling from right to left
Characteristic impedance
Position in transmission line
Time
Propagation speed
Velocity factor
The speed of light
State vector
Output vector
Input vector
State matrix
Input matrix
Output matrix
Feedthrough matrix,
The differential equation of
Reflection coefficient
Electric field strength of the reflected wave
Electric field strength of the incident wave
Impedance toward the load
Magnitude of reflection coefficient
Transmitted power
Reflected power
5
The time signal enters cable
The time signal exits cable
Propagation time
Voltage of incident wave
Voltage of reflected wave
Signal attenuation constant
Phase constant
Propagation constant
Wavelength
ABBREVIATION
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
AC Alternating current
KCL Kirchhoffs current law
KVL Kirchhoffs voltage law
VSWR Voltage stand wave ratio
RL Return loss
RF Radio frequency
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... 3
NOTATION ..................................................................................................................................... 5
ABBREVIATION............................................................................................................................ 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ 7
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 9
2 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 13
2.1 Cable Background ............................................................................................................. 13
2.2 Technique Background...................................................................................................... 14
3 THEORIES ................................................................................................................................. 19
3.1 Transmission Line Theory................................................................................................. 19
3.1.1 The structure of cable..................................................................................................... 19
3.1.2 Fundamental electrical parameters ............................................................................... 20
3.1.3 Telegraphers equation ................................................................................................... 21
3.1.4 Characteristic impedance .............................................................................................. 24
3.1.5 Wave propagation........................................................................................................... 26
3.1.6 Attenuation in transmission line ..................................................................................... 27
3.2 Methods Used to Solve Circuits ........................................................................................ 30
3.2.1 Kirchhoffs circuit laws .................................................................................................. 30
3.2.2 State space form ............................................................................................................. 30
3.3 Reflection Theory.............................................................................................................. 28
4 MODELING METHODS.......................................................................................................... 33
4.1 Simple Circuit Solution ..................................................................................................... 33
4.1.1 Lossless transmission line terminated in open-circuit ................................................... 34
4.1.2 Lossless transmission line terminated in short-circuit ................................................... 36
4.1.3 Lossless transmission line terminated in matched load ................................................. 38
4.1.4 Lossy transmission line .................................................................................................. 40
4.1.5 Two different lossless cables connected ......................................................................... 41
4.2 MATLAB Modeling and Simulat1ion............................................................................... 45
4.3 MODELICA Modeling and Simulation ............................................................................ 47
5 VERIFICATION AND ANALYSIS .......................................................................................... 53
5.1 Lossless Coaxial Cable ..................................................................................................... 53
5.1.1 Propagation Time ........................................................................................................... 53
5.1.2 Reflection Coefficient and Analysis................................................................................ 58
5.2 Lossy Coaxial Cable ......................................................................................................... 65
5.2.1 Propagation constant ..................................................................................................... 65
5.2.2 Lossy coaxial cable verification for 2 conditions........................................................... 67
5.2.3 Analysis for lossy cable in other conditions ................................................................... 71
6 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................... 73
REFERENCE ................................................................................................................................ 75
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................... 77
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1 INTRODUCTION
How does signal propagates through a transmission line? Can we know it before
doing the measurements? The answer is yes, and in this report, you could get the
answer.
Transmission line is widely used to transport signals and electric power so that the
research on it is important, since it could help people to understand thoroughly
characteristics of transmission lines and how they behave in the data and energy
delivery. According to this, we can make the response measures in order to improve
the transmission efficiency, which plays a significant role in modern technological
and sustainable world.
Our thesis is developed based on the coaxial cable project of course Modeling and
Verification, which is an experiment performed on an electrical cable to reveal how
an electromagnetic wave travels in an electrical conductor. And in that project, we just
need to use MATLAB to model one of several conditions.
When we reviewed that course, we are interested in accomplishing all tasks of the
cable connection situations in that project to see what will happen as the result.
Additionally, as some neoteric modeling software come out such as MODELICA and
Scilab, all of which are developing very quickly, we also desire to try one by
ourselves which is totally new for us.
Therefore, in this paper, we introduced the modeling language MODELICA, which
can simulate the electrical circuits in a more convenient way. We built different
models and analyzed the results from OpenModelica, comparing them with the results
given by MATLAB.
9
Figure 1.2, The open windows of MATLAB(2009a) and OpenModelica
10
Chapter 2
Background
Transmission
Line
Chapter 3 Circuit
Theories Calculation
Reflection
Matlab
Chapter 3
Simple
Modeling
Circuit
Methods
Modelica
Chapter 5
Lossless Lossy
Verification
Cable Cable
Analysis
Chapter 6
Conclusion
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2 BACKGROUND
The RG series was originally used to describe the types of coax cables for military use,
and the specification took the form RG plus two numbers. The RG designation stands
for Radio Guide, the U designation stands for Universal. The current military standard
13
is MIL-SPEC MIL-C-17.MIL-C-17 numbers. However, the RG-series designations
were so common for generations that they are still used. [1]
In this paper we emphasis on modeling coaxial cable RG-58 and RG-59.
RG-58 is a coaxial cable that is used for wiring purpose. The insulation surrounding
the RG-58 cable carries a low impedance of around 50 or 52 ohms. It generally serves
for generating signal connections that are of low power. The RG-58 cable is most
often used for the Thin Ethernet when the maximum length required is about 185
meters. The RG-58 cable frequency acts as a generic carrier of power signals. These
signals are generated in physical laboratories. The RG-58 cable is specially designed
to work with most two-way radio systems. This communication system is different
from the usual broad cast receiver since the latter can receive data from one end only.
In case of the two-way radio system, it can be generated by the RG-58 cable, where
content travels in both directions. The radio can receive and transmit data at the same
time. The RG-58 can also be used for higher frequencies. The range, however,
remains fairly moderate. The Ethernet wiring for which the RG-58 cable is used is
sometimes termed cheapernet, since it draws low-power signal connections. [3]
The RG-59 cable is a type of coaxial cable that is used to generate low power video
connections. The RG-59 cable conducts video and radio frequency at an impedance of
around 75 ohms. The RG-59 cable is used for generating short-distance
communication. The cable can be applied in baseband video frequencies, which are
measured from the lowest count of zero and continue to the highest signal frequency.
Baseband refers to a collection of signals and frequencies varying over a wide range.
The RG-59 cable cannot be used over long distance due to its high-frequency power
losses. The RG-59 cables are comparatively less expensive than other cables. One of
the greatest uses of the RG-59 cable is synchronization between two digital audio
devices. The coaxial cable coordinates between the digital signals that are responsible
for producing sound. The digital audio devices are used for storage, conversion, and
transmission of the auto signals. The RG-59 cable maintains a unique coordination
between these devices. The RG-59 cable undergoes a small amount of signal
reduction, which is owing to the shielding on the cable. The low cost of the RG-59
coaxial cable has made it easily accessible and usable. [4]
MODELICA
Object-Oriented modeling is a fast-growing area of modeling and simulation that
provides a structured, computer-supported way of doing mathematical and
equation-based modeling. MODELICA is today the most promising modeling and
simulation language in that it effectively unifies and generalized previous
object-oriented modeling languages and provides a sound basis for the basic concepts.
[7]
15
The MODELICA design effort was initiated in September 1996 by Hilding Elmqvist.
The goal was to develop an object-oriented language for modeling of technical
systems in order to reuse and exchange dynamic system models in a standardized
format. [8]
The four most important features of MODELICA are: [9]
MODELICA is based on equation instead of assignment statements. This permits a
causal modeling that gives better reuse of classes since equations do not specify a
certain data flow direction. Thus a MODELICA class can adapt to more than one
data flow context.
MODELICA has multi-domain modeling capability, meaning that model
components corresponding to physical objects from several different domains
such as electrical, mechanical, thermodynamic, hydraulic, biological and control
applications can be described and connected.
MODELICA is an object-oriented language with a general class concept that
unifies classes, genericsknown as templates in C++, and subtyping into a single
language construct. This facilitates reuse of components and evolution of models.
MODELICA has a strong software component model, with constructs for creating
and connecting components. Thus the language is ideally suited as an architectural
description language for complex physical systems and to some extent for
software systems.
OpenModelica
The OpenModelica environment is an open-source environment for modeling,
simulation, and development of MODELICA applications. The current version of the
OpenModelica environment allows most of expression, algorithm and function parts
of MODELICA to be executed interactively, as well as equation models and
MODELICA functions to be compiled into efficient C code. The generated C code is
combined with a library of utility functions, a run-time library, and a numerical DAE
solver. An external function library interfacing a LAPACK subset and other basic
algorithms is under development. [10]
The OpenModelica environment has several goals: [10]
Providing an efficient interactive computational environment for the MODELICA
language.
Development of a complete reference implementation of MODELICA in an
extended version of MODELICA itself.
Providing an environment for teaching modeling and simulation.
Language design to improve abstract properties such as expressiveness,
orthogonality, declarativity, reuse, configurability, architectural properties, etc.
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Improved implementation techniques, e.g. to enhance the performance of
compiled MODELICA code by generating code for parallel hardware.
Improved debugging support for equation based languages such as MODELICA,
to make them even easier to use.
Easy-to-use specialized high-level user interfaces for certain application domains.
Visualization and animation techniques for interpretation and presentation of
results.
Application usage and model library development by researches in various
application areas.
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3 THEORIES
Coaxial cables are the interconnections that transmit pulses from one end to another,
protecting the information in the signal. A cable can be treated as a transmission line if
the length is greater than 1/10 of the wave length.
Coaxial cable has a core wire, surrounded by an insulation jacket which is a PVC
material. Normally the shield is kept at ground potential. Then it is surrounded by a
copper mesh which is often constituted by braided wires. The inner dielectric
separates the core and the shielding apart. The central wire carries the RF signal and
the outer shield is considered to prevent the RF signal from radiating to the
atmosphere and to keep outside signals from interfering with the signal carried by the
core. The electrical signal always travels along the outer layer of the central conductor,
and as a result, the larger the central conductor, the better signal will flow. Coaxial
cable is a good choice for carrying weak signals that cannot tolerate interference from
the environment or for higher electrical signals that must not be allowed to radiate or
couple into adjacent structures or circuits. [12]
19
Table 3.1, Physical parameters for typical cables
Dielectric
Cable Type Core (mm) Shield (mm) Jacker(mm)
(mm)
20
Where: is the length of the conductor (meters)
is the cross-section area of the conductor (square meters)
is the electrical resistivity of the material (ohm-meters)
Shunt conductance G per unit length, in siemens per meter. The shunt conductance
happens due to the dielectric loss of the insulator used. An insulating material with
good dielectric properties will have a low shunt conductance.
Assume the current density is totally uniform in the conductor, the conductance G can
be computed as: [14]
(3.1)
Further that current can escape from the wire to ground through the capacitance .
Because the charge of capacitor is , the amount of the current escapes
from the capacitor is . We have the charge in current is:
(3.2)
Both side of equation (3.1) and (3.2) are divided by , get the difference equation:
21
(3.3)
(3.4)
From and
(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.7)
(3.8)
(3.9)
(3.10)
So, the telegraphs equations for the lossless transmission line are:
(3.11)
(3.12)
The components for the model of a lossy transmission line are the series
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inductance , shunt capacitance , series resistance , and shunt
conductance . For a homogeneous transmission line, those parameters are
distributed evenly along the length of the line.
The change in voltage between the ends of the piece of wire is:
(3.13)
(3.14)
Both side of equation (3.13) and (3.14) are divided by , get the difference equation:
(3.15)
(3.16)
(3.17)
(3.18)
Putting ,
to equation (3.17)
(3.19)
(3.20)
(3.21)
(3.22)
(3.23)
Putting
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to equation (3.23)
(3.24)
(3.25)
(3.26)
So, the telegraphs equations for the lossless transmission line are:
(3.27)
(3.28)
There are two solutions for the traveling wave: one forward and one reverse. The
solution for the wave equation can be written as: [15]
[15]
(3.30)
To calculate the characteristic impedance for lossy transmission line, we replace each
time derivative by a factor for lossy telegraphs equation (3.27) and express them
in frequency domain, the equations become:
(3.32)
(3.33)
Where , and
Mathematically, we can solve the equations for a lossy transmission line in exact the
same way as we did for lossless line. The characteristic impedance for lossy
transmission line is:
Matched load
A line terminated in a purely resistive load equal to the characteristic impedance is
said to be matched. In a matched transmission line, all the power is transmitted over a
transmission line. It minimizes signal distortion in transmission lines, prevents wave
from reflections and pulse. [12]
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3.1.5 Wave propagation
Propagation speed for lossless transmission line can be derived by lossless telegraphs
equation .
We have mentioned the solution for the wave equation can be written as:
(3.34)
(3.35)
(3.36)
The propagation speed for lossy cable can be calculated with the similar solution
which used to solve the characteristic impedance for lossy cable by replacing
and :
Velocity of propagation
The velocity factor is the speed at which RF signal travels through a material
compared to the speed the same signal travels through a vacuum. The higher the
velocity factor, the lower the loss through a coaxial cable. Velocity factor is a
parameter that characterizes the speed at which an electrical signal passes through a
medium. It varies from 0 to 1. The velocity of light is the speed limit for electrical
signals and is never reached in coaxial cable, the range of velocity factor is from 66
percent to 86 percent for typical flexible coaxial cable. The type of dielectric material,
determines the dielectric constant, which is the primary determinant of the velocity of
the cable. [16]
26
Where: is the velocity factor
Dielectric materials
Dielectric material is the material between the center and outer conductors. There is a
variety of materials that can be successfully used as dielectrics in coax cables. Each
has its own dielectric constant, and as a result, coax cables that use different dielectric
materials will exhibit different velocity factors.
Table 3.2, Dielectric constants and velocity factors of some common dielectric materials used in
coax cables
DIELECTRIC VELOCITY
MATERIAL
CONSTANT FACTOR
Dielectric loss
Dielectric loss is due to the electric absorbing energy as it is polarized in each
direction. It occurs when the conductance is non-zero. Dielectrics have losses increase
when increasing the voltage on the conductors. Dielectric losses also increase with the
frequency since the shunt conductance increase approximately linearly with frequency.
[18]
Radiation loss
Radiation loss occurs in two wire lines since the fields from one line do not completed
cancel out those from the other line. If the conductors form a tight electromagnetic
system with the outer conductor have a thickness greater than 5 times the skin depth
then radiation is negligible. If outer conductor is a loose braid, it will result in
radiation. Special types of coax with multiple braids, or a solid outer conductor have
no measureable radiation losses. [18]
Reflection Coefficient
Reflection coefficient describes the ratio of reflected wave to incident wave at point
of reflection, where circuit parameter has sudden change. This value varies from -1
(for short load) to +1 (for open load), and becomes 0 for matched impedance load.
The reflection coefficient is defined as:
[20]
Where: is the electric field strength of the reflected wave
is the electric field strength of the incident wave
The reflection coefficient may also be established using circuit quantities:
28
Figure 3.4, Simple circuit configuration showing measurement location of reflection coefficient
Return Loss
Return loss is the reflection of signal power resulting from the inserting of a device in
a transmission line or optical fiber. Return loss is a convenient way to characterize the
input and output of signal sources. Return loss is a measure of how well devices or
lines are matched. A large positive return loss indicates the reflected power is small
relative to the incident power, which indicates good impedance match from source to
load. This loss value become 0 for 100% reflection and become infinite for ideal
connection.
Where n is the total number of branches with currents flowing towards or away from
the node
Normally, current is signed positive when its direction towards the node.
Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL)
KVL: The directed sum of the electrical potential differences around any closed loop
is zero, in other words, the algebraic sum of the products of the resistances of the
conductors and the currents in them in a closed loop is equal to the total emf available
in that loop. [23]
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32
4 MODELING METHODS
In the results, electric charge oscillates back and forth just like the position of a mass
on a spring oscillates, in other words, damped harmonic oscillation, the amplitude
vibrates at its eigenfrequency.
33
Figure 4.2, Damped harmonic oscillation
The value of eigenfrequency will be influenced by the number of sections, the greater
the number of sections, the greater the eigenfrequency will be. So we prefer to use a
large set of sequences to achieve more precise results when making the models in
MATLAB and OpenModelica.
34
First, we applied Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) to three nodes to get equations which
are related to current. And assume the direction current flow toward the node is
positive. KCL says that the net current outflow vanishes at any vertex of the graph.
The current of capacitor is equal to .
At node : (4.1)
At node : (4.2)
At node : (4.3)
Then we applied Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) to three loops to get equations
related to voltage. The voltage of capacitor is equal to .
In loop I: (4.4)
(4.7)
(4.8)
(4.9)
(4.10)
(4.11)
(4.12)
35
The results matrices A, B, C, D are:
From the above matrixes, it can be concluded that nth elements has:
A= B=
C= D=0
36
In this circuit, the current flow out will not pass , it will directly enter the short
line. This circuit can be transforms to the following equivalent circuit.
At node : (4.13)
At node : (4.14)
In loop I: (4.15)
Rearrange equations (4.13), (4.14), (4.15), (4.16), (4.17) to put the derivative of the
state variables , on the left side. ,
(4.18)
(4.19)
(4.20)
(4.21)
(4.22)
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From the above matrixes, it can be concluded that nth elements has:
A= B=
C= D=0
At node : (4.23)
At node : (4.24)
At node : (4.25)
In loop I: (4.26)
38
In loop II: (4.27)
(4.30)
(4.31)
(4.32)
(4.33)
(4.34)
The results matrices A, B, C, D are:
From the above matrixes, it can be concluded that nth elements has:
A= B=
C= D=0
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4.1.4 Lossy transmission line
The total current at node is equal to the sum of current at node , and the
direction of current are opposite:
(4.35)
The same situation for node and
(4.36)
At node : (4.37)
In loop I: (4.38)
Rearrange equations (4.35), (4.36), (4.37), (4.38), (4.39), (4.40) to put the derivative
of the state variables , on the left side. , ,
,
(4.41)
(4.42)
(4.43)
(4.44)
40
(4.45)
(4.46)
From the above matrixes, it can be concluded that nth elements has:
A= B=
C= D=0
There are six sections in this circuit, the form three sections have the same elements
41
and they are different with the last three sections. Suppose ,
, , . The state variables are ,
, , .
At node : (4.47)
At node : (4.48)
At node : (4.49)
At node : (4.50)
At node : (4.51)
At node : (4.52)
In loop I: (4.53)
In loop V: (4.57)
(4.60)
(4.61)
(4.62)
(4.63)
(4.64)
(4.65)
(4.66)
42
(4.67)
(4.68)
(4.69)
(4.70)
We can also write as state space representation:
43
When the output voltage is the voltage of the last capacitor of the first cable:
When the output voltage is the voltage of the last capacitor of the last cable:
From the above matrixes, it can be concluded that nth elements has:
A= B=
44
D=0
Simulink
Simulink is an environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for
dynamic and embedded systems. The system may be both linear and nonlinear; they
can also be continuous or discrete. It provides an interactive graphical environment
and a customizable set of block libraries that let you design, simulate, implement, and
test a variety of time-varying systems, including communications, controls, signal
processing, video processing, and image processing. [24]
In this paper, we used Simulink which is offered as a toolbox in the MATLAB to
simulate different type of cables. And we modeled these transmission lines with the
state space parameters which we have calculated.
45
Figure 4.10, Parameters for step voltage
In this model, we assumed the input voltage as step-voltage and its final value is 1 .
It connected with two state-space blocks which transfer the original signal to input
signal and output signal with different value of C. Since C is decided according to
which output voltage we choose. The Clock block outputs the current simulation time
at each simulation step. It displays and provides the simulation time. Normally, the
time period we use is between 0 and 2 10-6s.
Then we combined this model with the MATLAB codes. We defined the
representation of matrixes A, B, C, D and set stop time to make the specified Simulink
model to be executed. Last, we plotted the figure with the signals transmitted with
time in voltage amplitude.
For lossless cable RG58, the capacitance equals to 101 10-12 F/m and the inductance
equals to 252 10-10 H/m. And for lossless cable RG59, capacitance is 67 10-12 F/m
and inductance is 376 10-9 H/m.
For lossy cable in different conditions, values we set the same capacitance and
inductance as cable RG58. In Heaviside condition, the value of resistance and
conductance are 0.2 and respectively. In low loss condition, resistance and
inductance are equal to 252 10-6 and 101 10-8 S. Furthermore, we run all the
models with the number of sections 200.
OPENMODELICA
OpenModelica is an open-source MODELICA-based modeling and simulation
environment intended for industrial and academic usage. The goal of the
OpenModelica project is to create a complete MODELICA modeling, compilation
and simulation environment based on free software distributed in binary and source
code form. [26]
In OpenModelica, there exist many electrical components. We can connect them and
form the circuit.
47
As can be seen from Figure 4.13, the lossy transmission line Oline consists of series
of resistances, inductances, conductance and capacitances. To get a symmetric line
model, there are resistors and inductors in both beginning and end positions. Since
the inside components of Oline are terminated with an inductance, we need to connect
a capacitance to node p2 when connecting circuit for Lossless cable. So we can treat it
as a cable by setting some parameters to it.
Following are the circuits we connected for different cables in OpenModelica.
48
Figure 4.16, Circuit model for matched-load
Figure 4.18, Properties of the Olines in Model of MODELICA for Lossless Transmission Line
49
As an additional capacitor, which is also regarded as an element, is terminated at the
end, we should use 199 elements in Oline to make the sections the same as MATLAB.
For Lossy Transmission Line, as to make it the same as the circuit model we used in
MATLAB, we should add a capacitor and conductor parallel across the Oline and
ground like the graph below.
The following two tables describe the properties of the components we used in two
conditions. The left one is for Heaviside condition and the right is the one in Low loss
condition, both of which we will explain in details in the Analysis part later.
50
Because we think the figures got from this default method is good enough.
In order to get model more smooth curve instead of zigzag ones, we changed the
value of Tolarance to 0.000001, which can be seen in Figure 4.21. Besides, from the
previous modeling, we know that time period 2 10-6s is sufficient and on the other
hand it also should be same as that of MATLAB simulation.
51
52
5 VERIFICATION AND ANALYSIS
In this part, the verification and analysis on results from MATLAB and MODELICA
will be discussed in terms of Lossless Coaxial Cable and Lossy Coaxial Cable
separately via different perspectives.
The propagation time, in other words, the difference between and is:
53
c is the speed of light (meters/second)
v is the phase velocity (meters/second), which we have mentioned in
previous part.
These two tables below show the parameters and calculated velocities of RG58 and
RG59, in whose light, the theoretical values of propagation time can be calculated
with the formula given above.
Table 5.1, Parameters for lossless cable RG58
100 m 252 10-9 H/m 101 10-12 F/m 50 1.98216 108 m/s
Time delay for this type of cable (RG58) can be regarded approximately as
504.5 ns
According to the data in Table 5.2, we can get the propagation time of RG59 is
125.48 ns
54
Figure 5.2, Simulation result of the input signal (x:Voltage, y:Time)
The red line represents the signal passing the very first capacitor in RG58 cable,
considered to be the input signal. And the green curve describes the voltage crossing
55
the terminator end of RG58, which is come out from the connection node between
RG58 and RG59, while the blue wave shows signal in the last capacitor of RG59
cable, known as the signal output at the end.
In the model, when two coaxial cables connect together, the incident wave (red line)
will occur two times reflection, the green line reflects once, and the amplitude and
time interval for reflection is similar to the second reflection of the red one. The red,
green and blue lines will finally concentrate to 1V which is the value of source
voltage.
Figure 5.5, Result for the voltage of capacitors in different positions (x:Voltage, y:Time)
We marked the first impulse points of these three curves to see the time (x-axis) when
the signal arrives at them the first time.
56
Figure 5.6, Modeling result from MODELICA (x:Voltage, y:Time)
Time
Delay
RG58 504.5ns 511.203ns 511.41ns
In line with Table 5.3, we can see it is very clear that the values of time delay, given
by Theoretical Calculations via cables parameters, simulation in MATLAB and
modeling in MODELICA, are very close. Although there are some slight differences,
generally they are so small that the errors can be neglected. Thus, validated, the
results are proved to be correct.
57
5.1.2 Reflection Coefficient and Analysis
We use RG58 as an example; consider that a RG58 cable is terminated in some typical
conditions. With the aid of MATLAB and MODELICA, we can just plot the incident
waves to verify their reflection coefficients and discuss the wave propagations. It is
possible to find the amplitude of initial signal and voltage after reflection from the
following figures.
Figure 5.7, Input signal in open-circuit condition simulated by MATLAB (x:Voltage, y:Time)
Figure 5.8, Input signal in open-circuit condition simulated by MODEILCA (x:Voltage, y:Time)
rad/s
rad/s
In MATLAB and MODELICA, the incident waves float near 0.5V, and then they
jump and fluctuate near 1V, which is caused by the reflection from end point. The
reflection coefficient is:
Where represents the voltage of incident wave and is the voltage of reflected
wave.
In this condition, reflection coefficient equals to 1, VSWR is 0 and return loss is 0,
which means all the energy is be reflected and it causes maximum losses.
Then we took the time periods before the waves begin to reflect back towards in light
of the figures above:
Table 5.4, Propagation time it takes before the wave reflected back
Reflection Starting
MATLAB MODELICA
Time
t 1016.954 ns 1019.935 ns
The time it takes before the reflection starting is equal to that for signal to travel round
the cable, which is double of delay time. And in RG58, time delay is 504.5 ns, so as a
result, the theoretical result is about 1009 ns, which is very close to both the results
from MATLAB and MODELICA.
59
Figure 5.9, Input signal in short-circuit condition simulated by MATLAB (x:Voltage, y:Time)
Figure 5.10, Input signal in short-circuit condition simulated by MODELICA (x:Voltage, y:Time)
According to the graphics, incident wave floats near 0.5V, and then it diminishes to
zero.
The reflection coefficient is:
In this condition, reflection coefficient equals to -1, VSWR equals to 0 and return loss
is 0. It is similar to the open-circuit condition, all the power is reflected and it has
maximum losses.
When the transmission line is terminated in open circuit or with a short end, the power
reaching the end of the line is reflected back toward the source. In both of these two
conditions, the reflected voltage amplitudes are equal to 0.5 V. And in open circuit,
the reflected voltage wave is in phase with the incident voltage wave at the plane of
the load.
Besides, in short-circuit condition, voltage at the end of the line goes to zero, and the
incident voltage disappears at the short. The reflected voltage wave is equal in
60
magnitude to the incident voltage wave and be 180 degrees out of phase with it at the
plane of the load.
Figure 5.11, Input signal in matched load condition simulated by MATLAB (x:Voltage, y:Time)
Figure 5.12, Input signal in matched load condition in MODELICA (x:Voltage, y:Time)
In above figures, curves always float near 0.5V. It is very clear that the reflection
coefficient is 0 and VSWR is 1, while return loss will be infinite. It indicates there is
no reflection in matched load. All the power is transmitted.
When the transmission line is linked to its characteristic impedance, no reflected
signal occurs, as what we can see from the figure above, and the power is transferred
outward from the source until it reaches the load at the end, where it is completely
absorbed. As a result, although there is some impulse and noise, no standing waves
will be developed along the line. The voltage through the line remains a constant, half
of the source.
61
RG58 cable connected by RG59
The figures of this situation have already been showed in previous part 5.1.1. Now we
just separate the input signal lines from both MATLAB and MODELICA.
As can be seen from the figures, in this case, the incident wave jumps twice. And the
same as what we found before, the periods it takes before the reflections begin are
double of these two cables delay time.
In the course Modeling and Verification, we did the measurement on the
two-cable-connected condition in laboratory. By using CSV format files to save the
data from oscilloscope, we plot the result of input signal in the system in MATLAB as
following. When we focus on the reflections, they increase smoothly instead of
jumping immediately. So we mark the time points when they start to rise. The first
point represents the step impulse time.
62
Figure 5.15, Input signal result from the experiment (x:Voltage, y:Time)
In the measurement result above, the curve is almost smooth any time even if it has
some noises while there are severe vibrations at every impulse in the previous two
graphs from MATLAB and OpenModelica simulations. The reason is that we separate
the circuit into many sections of inductor and capacitor which may lead to eigen
frequency, which we have already explained in chapter 4.1 and chapter 5.2.1.
When calculating the first reflection coefficient, we can regard the characteristic
impedance of the second cable which is 75 as a load. Then the reflection coefficient
will be:
Since the last cable is terminated in open-condition, the second reflection coefficient
equals to 1.
Then we can process the data values and calculate time periods before the first
reflections and second reflections, as well as the first and second reflection
coefficients in Theoretical way, MATLAB and MODELICA.
Table 5.5, data calculated by different methods
Sencond
First reflection Second reflection First reflection
Method reflection
interval interval coefficient
coefficient
Figure 5.16, Input signal when RG58 cable terminated with 20 ohm resistor (x:Voltage, y:Time)
Figure 5.17, Input signal when RG58 cable terminated with 70 ohm resistor (x:Voltage, y:Time)
64
From these two curves, we can easily find that, when the terminating resistance is not
equal to its characteristic impedance which is 50 Ohm here, the termination absorbs
only part of the power reaching it. And the remainder goes back along the line toward
the source. By comparing Figure 5.16 and Figure 5.17, we found the amplitude
decreased more in Figure 5.16 than it jumped in Figure 5.17. It indicates that the more
the terminating resistance differs from characteristic impedance, the larger the
percentage of the incident power that is reflected. When the terminating resistance is
less than the characteristic impedance, the reflected wave is 180 degrees out of phase
with the incident wave at the plane of the load, and it is in phase with the incident
voltage wave at the plane of the load in opposite way.
Where describes the signal attenuation, and describes the wave propagation
along the line.
From the definition of wavenumber [29]:
Where is wavelength
Then the wave phase velocity can also be expressed as:
The propagation constant will have the following solutions when the values of
resistance and conductance are under these two conditions.
65
(5.1)
(5.2)
(5.3)
(5.4)
(5.5)
(5.6)
(5.8)
(5.9)
(5.10)
(5.11)
(5.12)
(5.13)
66
signal dispersion. In an opposite way, if the phase velocity is independent of
frequency, then no dispersion will occur.
Heaviside found that a transmission line would be distortionless if the line parameters
exhibited the following ratio [30]:
(5.14)
(5.15)
(5.16)
Thus real and imaginary parts are:
(5.17)
(5.18)
Typically , and to make a line meet the Heaviside condition the four primary
constants need to be adjusted. G could be increased, but this is highly undesirable
since G will have significant influence in the loss. Decreasing R is sending the loss in
right direction, but this is still not a satisfactory solution since it makes the cable much
more bulky and cost much. Decreasing C also makes the cable more bulky but is not
so costly as increasing the copper content. This leaves increasing L which is the usual
solution adopted. It is achieved by adding series inductors periodically along the
transmission line. [30]
Heaviside condition
Consider a cable has the following parameters.
67
Table 5.6, Parameters for a lossy cable which fulfill Heaviside condition
Figure 5.18, Simulation result from MATLAB in Heaviside condition (x:Voltage, y:Time)
Figure 5.19, Modeling result from MODELICA in Heaviside condition (x:Voltage, y:Time)
The upper figures indicate there is no dispersion occurs when C, L, G, R has this
relation:
68
Unfortunately, this ideal property lossy cable does not exist since the R, L, G and C
are sufficiently frequency dependent.
The figures show that the speed of propagation is the same for all angular frequency.
Time delay for this condition is equal to lossless condition which is 504.5ns.
From the figure, we can see that the output signal arrive about 0.7V in the end and the
final amplitude of the input signal is little higher than the output signal. There are
some losses in this kind of cable. The shape of the signal with respect to position
remains constant although it gradually gets smaller with the attenuation. And we can
calculate attenuation through attenuation coefficient :
Further, we can calculate the value of gain and the number of dB loss of that cable
over a length l00m:
In the line with Table 5.7, the numbers in each rows are close to each other which can
be considered as they are mostly correct.
69
Table 5.8, Parameters for a lossy cable which fulfill Low loss approximation
Figure 5.20, Simulation result from MATLAB in low loss condition (x:Voltage, y:Time)
Figure 5.21, Modeling result from MODELICA in low loss condition (x:Voltage, y:Time)
In upper two figures, the amplitude of the output signal almost arrives about 1V. The
losses are so slight that we cannot find from the figures. Since the value of resistance
and conductance are very small, the effect of these two components is very slight on
the wave propagation and signal attenuation.
70
Under and condition, the attenuation coefficient:
.
The same as what we did before, we made a table to integrate the data.
Table 5.9, Results concluded for low loss condition
0.024 dB 0 dB 0 dB
It is clear that every row has three similar values. Therefore, we can obtain the
conclusion that according to verification, the results are almost correct.
Figure 5.22, Result from MODELICA when R=0.5 and G is negligible (x:Voltage, y:Time)
When R is not very small and neglects the value of G, this kind of loss is result from
the skin effect. This causes sharp edged pulses to become rounded and distorted. We
71
can find that the attenuation is very slight in this condition since the output signal
finally arrive 1V in the end.
Figure 5.23, Simulation result from MODELICA when R=0.5 and G=0.00005 (x:Voltage, y:Time)
When conductance is added, the line has significant losses even the value of G is very
small since it has both skin-effect losses and dielectric losses. The contribution of
addition conductance to the losses is very obvious. The output signal does not overlap
the input signal at the end. And it also has the dispersion phenomenon.
Figure 5.24, Simulation result from MODELICA when R=0.05 and G=0.0002 (x:Voltage, y:Time)
In this case, the cable has both resistor and conductor components, and the value of
conductor is a little bigger than the former conditions, but the waves have a huge
difference with the former conditions. The former condition waves increase gradually,
then stop at some point and propagate smoothly. In this condition, the waves decrease
gradually, then stop at some point and propagate smoothly. Even the value of
resistance is less than the former conditions, it has more losses. It reveals that the
dielectric losses influence the attenuation more easily.
72
6 CONCLUSION
At first, comparing the results from modeling simulation between MATLAB and
OpenModelica we have shown in previous parts, they are very closed to each other
separately. And we achieve our goals and requirements on studying on the
propagation time of the voltage waves, the signal amplitudes and reflections in the
coaxial cables. Thus, we can say the project has been finished properly as the
behaviors shown by the modeling from two types of software and theoretical answers
are essentially the same.
Secondly, about convenience and time used. The way that MATLAB and Simulink
model the cable is more complicated when compared with MODELICA.
In MATLAB and Simulink, we need to first solve the transmission line circuit and
find the matrix of ABC-model. But in MODELICA, we can connect the components
to form the circuit and plot the figure which describe the performance of wave in
different components, which is a more simple and convenient than MATLAB. Though
the results MODELICA achieved is not exactly the same as the results from
MATLAB, the difference between them is very tiny and normally we can neglect it.
So the precision of MODELICA is reliable.
For the time the software took to run the simulation, e.g. when we modeled the
lossless cable terminated in open-circuit. MATLAB took 13.948832 seconds to run
the program, while OpenModelica took 5 minutes and 34.7 seconds to process the
model. It is very obvious that OpenModelica spent much more time on running the
program than MATLAB. Even though, as what we discussed before, it also took much
time for us on calculating the ABC matrices, making simulink and typing the code to
build models when we applied MATLAB. So we can regard the time MATLAB and
OPENMODELICA spend are similar.
Since a cable consists of a high number of lumped elements, we need to set the
number of element in these two kinds of software. We can set the number up to 1000
for MATLAB, while it will be hard for computer to run the program when the number
is set beyond 250 for MODELICA. MODELICA is a very new modeling language
and it is just developed recently, who still has a great room to improve.
For the version OpenModelica-1.8.0, it can only run 12 elements as maximum,
whereas for the latest version which was issued 6 months later, it can run up to 250
elements. We think the developers will make it more and more in the future.
Price is also very important for users. For the official price of MATLAB & Simulink
Student Version is 89 USD while OpenModelica is totally free and all things that we
mentioned before, OpenModelica is a software that worthy looking forward to.
In our thesis project, we only study on a special transmission line: coaxial cable with
short length. But when the lines have long distance especially the bus structure and a
higher frequency signal line with large intensity, crosstalk may occur. In addition,
73
since there are various kinds of transmission line as what we have mentioned in
Background part, all of which have distinct features to separate with each other, as
well as some other common one which are also proverbially applied such as 3 -phase
transmission lines.
74
REFERENCE
75
[22] VSWR, Reflection coefficient, Return loss, s11/s22, Signal Processing
Group Inc., Technical memorandumRF-0909
[23] Wikipedia, Kirchhoffs laws
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff's_circuit_laws
[24] Wikipedia, State space (controls)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_space_(controls)
[25] Matlab, Mathworks
http://www.mathworks.se/products/matlab/
[26] Simulink, Mathworks
http://www.mathworks.se/products/simulink/
[27] Wikipedia, Modelica
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelica
[28] OpenModelica
http://www.openmodelica.org/
[29] Wikipedia, Propagation constant
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation_constant
[30] Wikipedia, Heaviside condition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaviside_condition
[31] Murray Thompson, Transmission Lines, Physics 623, Sept. 1,1999.
[32] H. Riege, HIGH-FREQUENCY AND PULSE RESPONSE OF COAXIAL
TRANSMISSION CABLES WITH CONDUCTOR, DIELECTRIC AND
SEMICONDUCTOR LOSSES, European organization for nuclear research,
Proton Synchrotron Department, 4 Feb, 1970
[33] P. Fonseca, A.C.F. Santos and E.C. Montenegro, A very simple way to
measure coaxial cable impedance, Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do
Rio de Janeiro
[34] Transmission lines, University of Liverpool, PHYS370- Advanced
Electromagnetism
[35] Mohazzab JAVED, Hussain AFTAB, Muhammad QASIM, Mohsin SATTAR,
RLC Circuit Response and Analysis (Using State Space Method), IJCSNS
International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.8 NO.4,
April 2008
[36] Eric Bogatin, Mike Resso, Steve Corey, Practical Characterization and
Analysis of Lossy Transmission Lines, DesignCon 2001, 2002 Agilent
Technologies, Inc.
[37] Richard Fitzpatrick, Oscillations and Waves, Professor of Physics, The
Univeristy of Texas at Austin
[38] MATLAB Reference Guide, COPYRIGHT 1984-93 by The MathWorks,
October 1992
76
APPENDICES
n=200;
CC=(101e-12)*100/n;
L=(252e-9)*100/n;
R=50;
A=zeros((2*n),(2*n));
B=zeros((2*n),1);
C=zeros(1,(2*n));
B((n+1),1)=1/L;
C(1,n)=1;
D=0;
for i=1:n;
A(i,(i+n))=1/CC;
A((i+n),i)=-1/L;
end;
for i=1:(n-1);
A(i,(i+n+1))=-1/CC;
A((i+n+1),i)=1/L;
end;
A((n+1),(n+1))=-R/L;
C0=zeros(1,2*n);
C0(1,1)=1;
sim('short',0.000002);
figure(1)
plot(time,u0,'r');
hold on
plot(time,u1,'g');
grid on,title('open circuit');
xlabel('time(s)');
ylabel('voltage(V)');
legend('input signal','output signal');
77
close all
n=200;
CC=(101e-12)*100/n;
L=(252e-9)*100/n;
R=50;
A=zeros((2*n),(2*n));
B=zeros((2*n),1);
C=zeros(1,(2*n));
B((n+1),1)=1/L;
C(1,n)=1;
D=0;
for i=1:n;
A(i,(i+n))=1/CC;
A((i+n),i)=-1/L;
end;
for i=1:(n-1);
A(i,(i+n+1))=-1/CC;
A((i+n+1),i)=1/L;
end;
A(n,n)=-1/(R*CC);
A((n+1),(n+1))=-R/L;
C0=zeros(1,2*n);
C0(1,1)=1;
sim('short',0.000002);
figure(1)
plot(time,u0,'r');
hold on
plot(time,u1,'g');
grid on,title('matched circuit');
xlabel('time(s)');
ylabel('voltage(V)');
legend('input signal','output signal');
n=200;
78
CC=(101e-12)*100/n;
L=(252e-9)*100/n;
R=50;
A=zeros((2*n+1),(2*n+1));
B=zeros((2*n+1),1);
C=zeros(1,(2*n+1));
B((n+1),1)=1/L;
C(1,n)=1;
D=0;
for i=1:n;
A(i,i+n)=1/CC;
A(i,i+n+1)=-1/CC;
A(i+n,i)=-1/L;
A(i+n+1,i)=1/L;
end;
A((n+1),(n+1))=-R/L;
C0=zeros(1,2*n+1);
C0(1,1)=1;
sim('short',2e-6);
figure(1)
plot(time,u0,'r');
hold on
plot(time,u1,'g');
grid on,title('short circuit');
xlabel('time(s)');
ylabel('voltage(V)');
legend('input signal','output signal');
n=200;
CC=(101e-12)*100/n;
L=(252e-9)*100/n;
R=50;
A=zeros((2*n),(2*n));
B=zeros((2*n),1);
C=zeros(1,(2*n));
79
B((n+1),1)=1/L;
C(1,n)=1;
D=0;
for i=1:n;
A(i,(i+n))=1/CC;
A((i+n),i)=-1/L;
end;
for i=1:(n-1);
A(i,(i+n+1))=-1/CC;
A((i+n+1),i)=1/L;
end;
A(n,n)=-1/(R*CC);
A((n+1),(n+1))=-R/L;
C0=zeros(1,2*n);
C0(1,1)=1;
sim('short',0.000002);
figure(1)
plot(time,u0,'r');
hold on
plot(time,u1,'g');
grid on,title('matched circuit');
xlabel('time(s)');
ylabel('voltage(V)');
legend('input signal','output signal');
Matlab file to model a circuit which RG58 cable connected with RG59 cable:
clc
clear all
close all
n=400;
A=zeros(2*n,2*n);
CC1=(101e-12)*100/n*2;
L1=(252e-9)*100/n*2;
CC2=(67e-12)*25/n*2;
L2=(376e-9)*25/n*2;
R=50;
for i=1:1:(n/2-1);
80
A(i,i+n/2+1)=-1/CC1;
end;
for i=1:1:n/2;
A(i,i+n/2)=1/CC1;
end;
for i=(n/2+1):1:n;
A(i,i-n/2)=-1/L1;
end;
for i=(n/2+2):1:n;
A(i,i-n/2-1)=1/L1;
end;
for i=(n+1):1:(3*n/2-1);
A(i,i+n/2+1)=-1/CC2;
end;
for i=(n+1):1:3*n/2;
A(i,i+n/2)=1/CC2;
end;
for i=(3*n/2+1):1:2*n;
A(i,i-n/2)=-1/L2;
end;
for i=(3*n/2+2):1:2*n;
A(i,i-n/2-1)=1/L2;
end;
A((n/2+1),(n/2+1))=-R/L1;
A(n/2,(3*n/2+1))=-1/CC1;
A((3*n/2+1),n/2)=1/L2;
B=zeros(2*n,1);
B((n/2+1),1)=1/L1;
C0=zeros(1,2*n);
C0(1,1)=1;
C1=zeros(1,2*n);
C1(1,n/2)=1;
C2=zeros(1,2*n);
C2(1,3*n/2)=1;
D=0;
clear CC1
clear CC2
clear L1
clear L2
81
clear R
clear i
clear n
sim('coax',2e-6);
figure(1)
plot(time,input,'r');
hold on
plot(time,y1,'g');
plot(time,y2,'b');
grid on,title('two coaxial cable');
xlabel('time(s)');
ylabel('voltage(V)');
legend('input signal','signal at middele','output signal');
n=100;
CC=(101e-12)*100/n;
L=(252e-9)*100/n;
R=50;
R1=252e-6*100/n;
G=101e-8*100/n;
A=zeros((2*n),(2*n));
B=zeros((2*n),1);
C=zeros(1,(2*n));
B((n+1),1)=1/L;
C(1,n)=1;
D=0;
for i=1:n;
A(i,i)=-G/CC;
A(i,(n+i))=1/CC;
A((i+n),i)=-1/L;
end;
for i=1:(n-1);
A(i,(i+n+1))=-1/CC;
A((i+n+1),i)=1/L;
end;
82
for i=(n+2):2*n;
A(i,i)=-R1/L;
end;
A((n+1),(n+1))=-(R+R1)/L;
C0=zeros(1,2*n);
C0(1,1)=1;
sim('endwith',0.000006);
figure(1)
plot(time,u0,'r');
hold on
plot(time,u1,'b');
grid on,title('lossy cable');
grid on,title('lossy cable');
xlabel('time(s)');
ylabel('voltage(V)');
legend('input signal','output signal');
model coaxcable
83
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.StepVoltage stepvoltage1(V = 1)
annotation(Placement(visible = true, transformation(origin = {-72.6392,11.6223}, extent
= {{-12,12},{12,-12}}, rotation = -90)));
equation
connect(oline1.p3,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{13.0751,38.3632},{13.5593,38.3632},{13.5593,-28.5714},{-72.6392,-28.5714},{-72.6392,
-27.7094}}));
connect(capacitor1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{60.5327,-0.861985},{61.0169,-0.861985},{61.0169,-28.5714},{-72.6392,-28.5714},{-72.6
392,-27.7094}}));
connect(oline1.p2,capacitor1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{25.0751,50.3632},{61.0169,50.3632},{61.0169,23.138},{60.5327,23.138}}));
connect(resistor1.n,oline1.p1) annotation(Line(points =
{{-26.2567,50.8475},{0.484262,50.8475},{0.484262,50.3632},{1.07506,50.3632}}));
connect(stepvoltage1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-72.6392,-0.377724},{-72.6392,-0.377724},{-72.6392,-27.7094},{-72.6392,-27.7094}}));
connect(resistor1.p,stepvoltage1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-50.2567,50.8475},{-73.1235,50.8475},{-73.1235,23.6223},{-72.6392,23.6223}}));
end coaxcable;
model short
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.StepVoltage stepvoltage1(V = 1)
annotation(Placement(visible = true, transformation(origin = {-84.058,-6.28019}, extent
= {{-12,12},{12,-12}}, rotation = -90)));
equation
connect(stepvoltage1.p,resistor1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-84.058,5.71981},{-84.058,5.71981},{-84.058,37.1981},{-64.657,37.1981},{-64.657,36.7
15}}));
connect(stepvoltage1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-84.058,-18.2802},{-84.058,-18.2802},{-84.058,-51.7681},{-84.058,-51.7681}}));
connect(oline1.p2,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{9.58454,36.715},{67.6329,36.715},{67.6329,-52.657},{-84.058,-52.657},{-84.058,-51.76
81},{-84.058,-51.7681}}));
connect(capacitor1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{28.9855,-20.2126},{28.9855,-20.2126},{28.9855,-52.1739},{-84.058,-52.1739},{-84.058,
-51.7681}}));
connect(oline1.p2,capacitor1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{9.58454,36.715},{29.4686,36.715},{29.4686,3.78744},{28.9855,3.78744}}));
connect(oline1.p3,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-2.41546,24.715},{-2.41546,24.715},{-2.41546,-51.6908},{-84.058,-51.6908},{-84.058,-
51.7681}}));
connect(resistor1.n,oline1.p1) annotation(Line(points =
{{-40.657,36.715},{-14.4928,36.715},{-14.4928,36.715},{-14.4155,36.715}}));
end short;
85
model matched
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.StepVoltage stepvoltage1(V = 1)
annotation(Placement(visible = true, transformation(origin = {-82.1256,-12.5604}, extent
= {{-12,12},{12,-12}}, rotation = -90)));
equation
connect(resistor2.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{46.8599,-16.3478},{45.8937,-16.3478},{45.8937,-47.343},{-81.6425,-47.343},{-81.6425,
-47.4203}}));
connect(oline1.p2,resistor2.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-4.90821,28.5024},{47.343,28.5024},{47.343,7.65217},{46.8599,7.65217}}));
connect(capacitor1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{12.0773,-19.2464},{12.0773,-19.2464},{12.0773,-46.8599},{-81.6425,-46.8599},{-81.642
5,-47.4203}}));
connect(oline1.p2,capacitor1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-4.90821,28.5024},{12.0773,28.5024},{12.0773,4.75362},{12.0773,4.75362}}));
86
connect(oline1.p3,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-16.9082,16.5024},{-16.4251,16.5024},{-16.4251,-47.343},{-81.6425,-47.343},{-81.6425
,-47.4203}}));
connect(resistor1.n,oline1.p1) annotation(Line(points =
{{-42.5894,28.5024},{-30.4348,28.5024},{-30.4348,28.5024},{-28.9082,28.5024}}));
connect(stepvoltage1.p,resistor1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-82.1256,-0.560386},{-82.1256,-0.560386},{-82.1256,28.5024},{-66.5894,28.5024},{-66.
5894,28.5024}}));
connect(stepvoltage1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-82.1256,-24.5604},{-81.6425,-24.5604},{-81.6425,-47.4203},{-81.6425,-47.4203}}));
end matched;
model bicoax
87
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Basic.Ground ground1 annotation(Placement(visible = true,
transformation(origin = {-77.4818,-47.9419}, extent = {{-12,-12},{12,12}}, rotation = 0)));
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.StepVoltage stepvoltage1(V = 1)
annotation(Placement(visible = true, transformation(origin = {-77.9661,-8.88178e-016},
extent = {{-12,12},{12,-12}}, rotation = -90)));
equation
connect(capacitor1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{79.4189,-11.0315},{78.9346,-11.0315},{78.9346,-35.8354},{-77.4818,-35.8354},{-77.481
8,-35.9419}}));
connect(oline2.p3,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{53.2688,23.3511},{53.753,23.3511},{53.753,-35.8354},{-77.4818,-35.8354},{-77.4818,-3
5.9419}}));
connect(capacitor2.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{21.3075,-12},{21.7918,-12},{21.7918,-35.8354},{-77.4818,-35.8354},{-77.4818,-35.9419
}}));
connect(oline1.p3,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-5.32688,23.8354},{-4.84262,23.8354},{-4.84262,-35.8354},{-77.4818,-35.8354},{-77.48
18,-35.9419}}));
connect(stepvoltage1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-77.9661,-12},{-77.4818,-12},{-77.4818,-35.9419},{-77.4818,-35.9419}}));
connect(oline2.p2,capacitor1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{65.2688,35.3511},{79.9031,35.3511},{79.9031,12.9685},{79.4189,12.9685}}));
connect(oline1.p2,oline2.p1) annotation(Line(points =
{{6.67312,35.8354},{41.1622,35.8354},{41.1622,35.3511},{41.2688,35.3511}}));
connect(oline1.p2,capacitor2.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{6.67312,35.8354},{21.3075,35.8354},{21.3075,12},{21.3075,12}}));
connect(resistor1.n,oline1.p1) annotation(Line(points =
{{-33.0363,36.3196},{-8.23245,36.3196},{-8.23245,35.8354},{-17.3269,35.8354}}));
connect(resistor1.p,stepvoltage1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-57.0363,36.3196},{-77.4818,36.3196},{-77.4818,12},{-77.9661,12}}));
end bicoax;
88
model lossy
Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Sources.StepVoltage stepvoltage1(V = 1)
annotation(Placement(visible = true, transformation(origin = {-74.092,8.71671}, extent =
{{-12,12},{12,-12}}, rotation = -90)));
equation
connect(conductor1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{72.6392,8.33898},{72.6392,8.33898},{72.6392,-31.477},{-73.6077,-31.477},{-73.6077,-3
1.0993}}));
connect(capacitor1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{44.0678,8.33898},{44.0678,8.33898},{44.0678,-31.9613},{-73.6077,-31.9613},{-73.6077,
-31.0993}}));
connect(oline1.p2,conductor1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{14.9056,49.8789},{72.6392,49.8789},{72.6392,32.339},{72.6392,32.339}}));
89
connect(oline1.p3,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{2.90557,37.8789},{3.38983,37.8789},{3.38983,-31.477},{-73.6077,-31.477},{-73.6077,-3
1.0993}}));
connect(oline1.p2,capacitor1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{14.9056,49.8789},{44.0678,49.8789},{44.0678,32.339},{44.0678,32.339}}));
connect(resistor1.n,oline1.p1) annotation(Line(points =
{{-32.0678,49.8789},{-9.20097,49.8789},{-9.20097,49.8789},{-9.09443,49.8789}}));
connect(resistor1.p,stepvoltage1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-56.0678,49.8789},{-74.092,49.8789},{-74.092,20.7167},{-74.092,20.7167}}));
connect(stepvoltage1.n,ground1.p) annotation(Line(points =
{{-74.092,-3.28329},{-73.6077,-3.28329},{-73.6077,-31.0993},{-73.6077,-31.0993}}));
end lossy;
90