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Load on Pipes,
minimum cover,
The effects of the dead weight of the pipe wall and the
fluid carried must be resisted by the structural capacity of
the pipe.
For simplicity, these loads are added to the vertical soil loads,
keeping in mind the small magnitude of these loads.
P=W/2h2
h H
d = ring deflection
d = 0% 2% 5% 10%
rr = 1 1.13 1.35 1.83
Schematic variation of H
with W for different ring
deflections
Deformation is caused by
punch-through of a
truncated pyramid of soil
under the wheel.
If ring stiffness is not
adequate, top of the pipe
inverts as the wheel rolls
across the pipe.
---(2)
Equating Q = W,
Q is the force that lifts the pipe. The pipe uplift equation is:
p = kp (H +D/2)
By substituting and simplifying, 3Q/D2 = (H/D + 2)2 3.428
i) Pipelines may be encased with concrete pipes to reduce the buoyancy effects, but
the increased diameter will also increase lateral drag force on pipeline during
lateral spreading due to liquefaction.
ii) Concrete weights or gravel filled blankets can be utilized to provide
additional resistance to buoyancy.
iii) Buoyancy effect can also be minimized by shallow burial of pipeline above the
ground water table.
iv) Where uplift is the main concern, anchors may be provided with a
close spacing (~150 m) to prevent uplift.
Gravels: counter-weight to
flotation
These are :