PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION

DIAGRAM (P&ID)
 COURSE OUTCOMES

RECOGNIZE all the piping and

instrumentation symbols, CHOOSE suitable
symbols and DEVELOP the piping systems and
the specification of the process
instrumentation, equipment, piping, valves,
fittings; and their arrangement in P&ID.
 OUTLINES
TYPES of piping and
instrumentation symbols.
How to CHOOSE the suitable
symbols in control system?
How to DEVELOP the piping
systems and the specification of the
process instrumentation,
equipment, piping, valves,
fittings.
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
 BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM (BFD)
Isthesimplestflowsheet.

Processengineerbeginstheprocessdesignwithablockdiagramin
whichonlythefeedandproductstreamsareidentified.

Inputoutputdiagramsarenotverydetailedandaremostusefulin
earlystagesofprocessdevelopment.

FlowofrawmaterialsandproductsmaybeincludedonaBFD.

TheprocessesdescribedintheBFD,arethenbrokendowninto
basicfunctionalelementssuchasreactionandseparationsections.

Alsoidentifytherecyclestreamsandadditionalunitoperationsto
achievethedesiredoperatingconditions.
 BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM (BFD)
Example1:
MixedGas
Toluene,C7H8 2610kg/hr
10,000kg/hr

Reactor GasSeparator Benzene,C6H6

C6H6
8,210kg/hr
CH4
HydrogenH2
820kg/hr C7H8
MixedLiquid

75%Conversionof
Toluene

Reaction:C7H8+H2C6H6+CH4

Figure1:BlockFlowDiagramfortheProductionofBenzene
Example2:
ProductionofEthanefromEthanol
EthanolisfeedtocontinuousreactorwithpresenceofAcidSulphuriccatalyzer
to produce ethylene. Distillation process then will be applied to separate
ethyleneH2O mixture. Ethylene as a top product is then condensate with
condenser to perform liquid ethylene. Hydrogenation of ethylene applies in
another reactor with presence of Nickel catalyzer to produce ethane as a final
product.DevelopBFDfortheseprocesses.
CH3CH2OH H2SO4 CH2=CH2+H2O
CH2=CH2+H2 CH3CH3
Ni
Answer: Hotwater
out
Ethylene, Ethyleneliq.
CH2CH2(g) CH2CH2(l)

Ethanol,

C2H5OH Cold Ethane,

Reactor1
CH2CH2 Reactor2
waterin CH3CH3
H2SO4 H2O Distillation Hydrogen,
column H2 Ni
H2O
Example3:
Ammoniaairmixtureisfeedtothebottomstreamofanabsorberwithflowrateof10L/min.
Waterthenfeedtotheupperstreamofthesameabsorberwithdesiredflowrateof5L/min.
There are two outputs from the absorber where upper stream is insoluble NH3 and bottom
stream is NH3Water mixture. This NH3water mixture then feed up to a batch distillation
column.Thecolumnproducesammoniagasasatopproductwhichthisproductthenwillbe
condensatewithacondensertoproduceliquidammonia.DevelopBlockFlowDiagram(BFD)
forthisprocess.
Hotwater
out
Insoluble
ammonia Ammonia
liquid
Water5L/min
Ammoniagas Condenser

Batch
Absorber Distillation
Coldwater
in

Ammoniawatermixture
Ammoniaairmixture10L/min
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
AProcessFlowDiagramgenerallyincludesfollowinginformation;

a) Flowrateofeachstreamincaseofcontinuousprocessor
qualityofeachreactantincaseofabatchprocess.
b) Compositionstreams.
c) Operatingconditionsofeachstreamsuchaspressure,
temperature,concentration,etc.
d) Heataddedorremovedinaparticularequipment.
e) Flowsofutilitiessuchasstream,coolingwater,brine,hotoil,
chilledwater,thermalfluid,etc.
f) Majorequipmentsymbols,namesandidentification.
g) Anyspecificinformationwhichisusefulinunderstandingthe
process.Forexample,symbolicpresentationofahazard,
safetyprecautions,sequenceofflow,etc.

1. Major Pieces Of 2.Utility

Equipment Streams

PFD

4.BasicControl 3.ProcessFlow
Loops Streams
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
1. Major Pieces Of 2.Utility
Equipment Streams

PFD

4.BasicControl 3.ProcessFlow
Loops Streams
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

PFD will contains the following information:-

1. All major pieces of equipment (descriptive

name, unique equipment no.), pumps and valves.

2. All the utility streams supplied to major

equipments such as steam lines, compressed air
lines, electricity, etc.
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
Process Unit Symbology
Symbol Description

Heatexchanger

H2O Watercooler

S Steamheater

Coolingcoil
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
ProcessUnitSymbology
Symbol Description

Heatercoil

Centrifugalpump

Turbinetypecompressor

Pressuregauge
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
ProcessUnitSymbology

Symbol Name Description

Stripper A separator unit used

commonly to liquid mixture
intogasphase.

Absorber A separator unit used

commonly to extract mixture
gasintoliquidphase.
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
ProcessUnitSymbology

Symbol Name Description

Distillation A separator unit used

commonly to crack liquid
column contains miscellaneous
componentfractions.

Liquidmixer A process unit that used to

or
mix several components of
liquid.
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
ProcessUnitSymbology

Symbol Name Description

Reaction A process unit where chemical

processreactionoccurs
chamber

Horizontaltank Aunittostoreliquidorgas.
orcylinder
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
ProcessUnitSymbology

Symbol Name Description

Boiler Aunitforheating.

Centrifuge A separator unit that to

physically separated liquid
mixture.(exp:oilliquid)
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
ValveSymbology

Symbol Name

GateValve

GlobeValve

BallValve

CheckValve

ButterflyValve
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
ValveSymbology

Symbol Name

ReliefValve

NeedleValve

3WayValve

AngleValve

ButterflyValve
 EXAMPLE 4

ProductionofEthanefromEthanol

EthanolisfeedtocontinuousreactorwithpresenceofAcidSulphuriccatalyzertoproduceethylene.
DistillationprocessthenwillbeappliedtoseparateethyleneH2Omixture.Ethyleneasatopproduct
isthencondensatewithcondensertoperformliquidethylene.Hydrogenationofethyleneappliesin
anotherreactorwithpresenceofNickelcatalyzertoproduceethaneasafinalproduct.DevelopPFD
fortheseprocesses.

CH3CH2OH H2SO4 CH2=CH2+H2O

CH2=CH2+H2 CH3CH3
Ni
R100 P100 T100 E100 P101 R101
Reactor Pump DistillationColumn Condenser Pump Reactor

Hotwaterout

Ethylene
E100 Ethylene
V104 liq.
Coldwaterin
V106
CV100 T100
CV101
Ethanol V105

V100 V101 V102 Hydrogen

H2SO4 V103 V107
R100 Ni Ethane
R101
P100
H2O P101
EXAMPLE 5

Ammoniaairmixtureisfeedtothebottomstreamofanabsorberwithflowrateof
10L/min.Waterthenfeedtotheupperstreamofthesameabsorberwithdesired
flowrateof5L/min.Therearetwooutputsfromtheabsorberwhereupperstream
isinsolubleNH3andbottomstreamisNH3Watermixture.ThisNH3watermixture
thenfeeduptoabatchdistillationcolumn.Thecolumnproducesammoniagasasa
top product which this product then will be condensate with a condenser to
produceliquidammonia.DevelopProcessFlowDiagram(PFD)forthisprocess.

T100 T101 E100

AbsorberColumn BatchDistillationColumn Condenser

Insolubleammonia
gas Hotwaterout

Ammoniagas Ammonialiquid

Water5L/min
Coldwaterin

Ammoniaair
mixture10L/min
Ammoniawatermixture
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
ProcessUnitTaggingandNumbering

Process Equipment General Format XX-YZZ A/B

XX are the identification letters for the equipment classification
C - Compressor or Turbine
E - Heat Exchanger
H - Fired Heater
P - Pump
R - Reactor
T - Tower
TK - Storage Tank
V - Vessel
Y - designates an area within the plant
ZZ - are the number designation for each item in an equipment class
A/B - identifies parallel units or backup units not shown on a PFD
Supplemental Information Additional description of equipment given on top of PFD

 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
A/BLetter
Example

Hotwater
out Hotwater
out
Ethylene
Ethylene

Ethyleneliq.
Cold
waterin Cold Ethyleneliq.
Ethanol waterin
Ethanol
H2SO4 Hydrogen Ethane H2SO4 Hydrogen Ethane
Ni
Ni
H2O H2O

P100A/B P100A

P100B

InRealPlant
InPFD
1. Major Pieces Of 2.Utility
Equipment Streams

PFD

4.BasicControl 3.ProcessFlow
Loops Streams
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

PFD will contains the following information:-

All process flow streams: identification by a
number, process condition, chemical composition.
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

StreamNumberingandDrawing

Numberstreamsfromlefttorightasmuchaspossible.

Horizontallinesaredominant.

Yes No No
 EXAMPLE 4- CONT

R100 P100 T100 E100 P101 R101

Reactor Pump DistillationColumn Condenser Pump Reactor

Hotwater
out

Ethylene E100 Ethyleneliq.

6
V104

Coldwater
T100
in CV101 V106
CV100

V105
Ethanol 5
1 V101 V102
H2SO4
4 Hydrogen
V100 9
V103 V107 Ni
R100
R101 Ethane
3 8
2 10
H2O
7
P101

P100
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

Stream Information
Sincediagramsaresmallnotmuchstreaminformation
canbeincluded.
Includeimportantdataaroundreactorsandtowers,etc.
Flagsareused
Fullstreamdata
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)
StreamInformationFlag

600 Temperature
300

3 8 24 Pressure
9
6 7 MassFlowrate
10.3
1 10
108 MolarFlowrate
600
24

2 5 12 GasFlowrate

4 11 Liquid
Flowrate
24
13
EXAMPLE 4- CONT

R100 P100 T100 E100 P101 R101

Reactor Pump DistillationColumn Condenser Pump Reactor

Hotwater
out

Ethylene E100 Ethyleneliq.

6
V104

Cold
T100
waterin CV101 V106
25 CV100
28 V105
Ethanol 5
1 V101 V102 38 20
H2SO4 4 Hydrogen
V100
V103 V107 Ni
9
R100
R101 Ethane
3 8
2 35 10
31.0 H2O
35 7 P101
32.2
P100
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

Stream Information - Full stream data:

Stream 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number
Temperature 25.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 60.3 41 38 54.0 45.1
(oC)
Pressure (psi) 28 32.2 31.0 31.0 30.2 45.1 31.3 24.0 39.0 2.6

Vapor fraction

Mass flow 10.3 13.3 0.82 20.5 6.41 20.5 0.36 9.2 20.9 11.6
(tonne/hr)
Mole flow 108 114.2 301.0 1204.0 758.8 1204.4 42.6 1100.8 142.2 244.0
(kmol/hr)
EXAMPLE 4- CONT

R100 P100 T100 E100 P101 R101

Reactor Pump DistillationColumn Condenser Pump Reactor

Hotwater
out

Ethylene E100 Ethyleneliq.

6
V104

Cold
waterin V106
25 CV100
T100
CV101
28 V105
Ethanol 5 20
H2SO4 1 V101 V102
4 38 Hydrogen
V100
V103 V107 Ni
9
R100
Ethane
3 8
R101
2 35 10
35 31.0 7 H2O
P101
32.2
P100

Stream Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature (oC) 25.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 60.3 41 38 54 45.1
Pressure (psi) 28 32.2 31.0 31.0 30.2 45.1 31.3 24.0 39 2.6
Vapor fraction
Mass flow (tonne/hr) 10.3 13.3 0.82 20.5 6.41 20.5 0.36 9.2 20.9 11.6
Mole flow (kmol/hr) 108 114.2 301.0 1204.0 758.8 1204.4 42.6 1100.8 142.2 244.0
1. Major Pieces Of 2.Utility
Equipment Streams

PFD

4.BasicControl 3.ProcessFlow
Loops Streams
 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

PFD will contains the following information:-

- Basic control loops: showing the control
strategy used to operate the process under
normal operations.
 EXAMPLE 4- CONT

R100 P100 T100 E100 P101 R101

Reactor Pump DistillationColumn Condenser Pump Reactor
Hotwater
out

Ethylene E100 Ethyleneliq.

6
V104
Coldwaterin
LIC V106
25 CV100
T100
CV101
28 V105
Ethanol 5 20
H2SO4
1 V101 V102
4 38 Hydrogen
V100
V103 Ni
9
R100 V107
Ethane
3 8
R101
2 35 10
35 31.0 7 H2O
32.2 P101 LIC
P100

Stream Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature (oC) 25.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 60.3 41 38 54 45.1
Pressure (psi) 28 32.2 31.0 31.0 30.2 45.1 31.3 24.0 39 2.6
Vapor fraction
Mass flow (tonne/hr) 10.3 13.3 0.82 20.5 6.41 20.5 0.36 9.2 20.9 11.6
Mole flow (kmol/hr) 108 114.2 301.0 1204.0 758.8 1204.4 42.6 1100.8 142.2 244.0
 R-100 P-100 T-100 E-100 P-101 R-101
Reactor Pump Distillation Column Condenser Pump Reactor

Hot water out

Ethylene E-100 Ethylene liq.

6
V-104
Cold water in
LIC V-106
25 T-100
CV-100 CV-101
28
V-105
Ethanol 5 20
1 V-101 V-102
H2SO4 4 38 Hydrogen
V-100 9
V-103 V-107 Ni
R-100
3 R-101 Ethane
2 8 10
35
35 31.0 7 H2O
32.2 P-101 LIC
P-100

Stream Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature (oC) 25.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 60.3 41 38 54 45.1
Pressure (psi) 28 32.2 31.0 31.0 30.2 45.1 31.3 24.0 39 2.6
Vapor fraction
Mass flow (tonne/hr) 10.3 13.3 0.82 20.5 6.41 20.5 0.36 9.2 20.9 11.6
Mole flow (kmol/hr) 108 114.2 301.0 1204.0 758.8 1204.4 42.6 1100.8 142.2 244.0
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Detailedgraphicalrepresentationofaprocessincludingthe
hardwareandsoftware(i.epiping,equipment,and
instrumentation)necessarytodesign,constructand
operatethefacility.

CommonsynonymsforP&IDsincludeEngineeringFlow
Diagram(EFD),UtilityFlowDiagram(UFD)andMechanical
FlowDiagram(MFD).
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

PFD
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

P&ID
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

BasicLoop
Process

SensingElement

FinalControl Measuring
Element Element Transmitter

Transmit
Element

ControlElement
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

BasicLoop
Setpoint

Controller

Transmitter

Fluid Fluid

Orifice(Flow
Sensor)
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
SENSORS(SensingElement)

Adevice,suchasaphotoelectriccell,thatreceivesandrespondstoasignalor
stimulus.

Adevice,usuallyelectronic,whichdetectsavariablequantityandmeasuresand
convertsthemeasurementintoasignaltoberecordedelsewhere.

Asensorisadevicethatmeasuresaphysicalquantityandconvertsitintoasignal
whichcanbereadbyanobserverorbyaninstrument.

Forexample,amercurythermometerconvertsthemeasuredtemperatureinto
expansionandcontractionofaliquidwhichcanbereadonacalibratedglasstube.
Athermocoupleconvertstemperaturetoanoutputvoltagewhichcanbereadby
avoltmeter.

Foraccuracy,allsensorsneedtobecalibratedagainstknownstandards.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
TEMPERATURESENSOR
1.Thermocouple

A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage

related to a temperature difference. Thermocouples are a widely used type
oftemperaturesensorandcanalsobeusedtoconvertheatintoelectricpower.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
TEMPERATURESENSOR
2.ResistanceTemperatureDetector(RTD)

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD), as the name implies, are sensors used to
measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with
temperature.

MostRTDelementsconsistofalengthoffinecoiledwirewrappedaroundaceramic
or glass core. The element is usually quite fragile, so it is often placed inside a
sheathedprobetoprotectit.

The RTD element is made from a pure material whose resistance at various
temperatures has been documented. The material has a predictable change in
resistance as the temperature changes; it is this predictable change that is used to
determinetemperature.
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
Accuracy for Standard OMEGA RTDs

Temperature
Ohms C
C

-200 056 1.3

-100 0.32 0.8

0 0.12 0.3

100 0.30 0.8

200 0.48 1.3

300 0.64 1.8

400 0.79 2.3

500 0.93 2.8

600 1.06 3.3

650 1.13 3.6

 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

FLOWSENSOR

1.TurbineMeter
Turbinemetersarebestsuitedtolarge,sustainedflowsastheyaresusceptibleto
start/stoperrorsaswellaserrorscausedbyunsteadyflowstates.

In a turbine, the basic concept is that a meter is manufactured with a known cross
sectional area. A rotor is then installed inside the meter with its blades axial to the
product flow. When the product passes the rotor blades, they impart an angular
velocity to the blades and therefore to the rotor. This angular velocity is directly
proportionaltothetotalvolumetricflowrate.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
FLOWSENSOR
2.MagneticFlowMeter

Measurementofslurriesandofcorrosiveorabrasiveorotherdifficultfluidsiseasily
made.Thereisnoobstructiontofluidflowandpressuredropisminimal.
The meters are unaffected by viscosity, density, temperature, pressure and fluid
turbulence.
Magnetic flow meters utilize the principle of Faradays Law of Induction; similar
principleofanelectricalgenerator.
When an electrical conductor moves at right angle to a magnetic field, a voltage is
induced.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

FLOW
SENSOR
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

FLOWSENSOR

3.OrificeMeter
Anorificemeterisaconduitandrestrictionto
createapressuredrop.
Anozzle,ventureorthinsharpedgedorifice
canbeusedastheflowrestriction.
Tousethistypeofdeviceformeasurement,it
isnecessarytoempiricallycalibratethisdevice.
Anorificeinapipelineisshowninthefigures
withamanometerformeasuringthedropin
pressure(differential)asthefluidpassesthru
theorifice.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
FLOWSENSOR

4. Venturi Meter

A device for measuring flow of a fluid in terms of

the drop in pressure when the fluid flows into
theconstrictionofaVenturitube.

A meter, developed by Clemens Herschel, for

measuring flow of water or other fluids through
closedconduitsorpipes.Itconsistsofaventuritube
andoneofseveralformsofflowregisteringdevices.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

TRANSMITTER
Transmitter is a transducer* that responds to a measurement variable and
convertsthatinputintoastandardizedtransmissionsignal.
*Transducerisadevicethatreceivesoutputsignalfromsensors.

PressureLevel DifferentialPressure PressureTransmitter

Transmitter Transmitter
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
CONTROLLER
Controller is a device which monitors and affects the operational conditions of a
givendynamicalsystem.

The operational conditions are typically referred to as output variables of the system
whichcanbeaffectedbyadjustingcertaininputvariables.

RecordingController
IndicatingController
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

FINALCONTROLELEMENT
FinalControlElementisadevicethatdirectlycontrolsthevalueofmanipulated
variableofcontrolloop.

Finalcontrolelementmaybecontrolvalves,pumps,heaters,etc.

Pump ControlValve Heater

 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

InstrumentationSymbology

Instrumentsthatarefieldmounted.
Instrumentsthataremountedonprocessplant(i.esensorthat
mountedonpipelineorprocessequipments.

Field
mountedon
pipeline
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

InstrumentationSymbology
Instrumentsthatareboardmounted
Instrumentsthataremountedoncontrolboard.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

InstrumentationSymbology
Instrumentsthatareboardmounted(invisible).
Instrumentsthataremountedbehindacontrolpanelboard.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

InstrumentationSymbology

InstrumentsthatarefunctionedinDistributedControlSystem(DCS)
Adistributedcontrolsystem(DCS)referstoacontrolsystemusuallyof
amanufacturingsystem,processoranykindofdynamicsystem,inwhich
thecontrollerelementsarenotcentralinlocation(likethebrain)butare
distributed throughout the system with each component subsystem
controlledbyoneormorecontrollers.Theentiresystemofcontrollersis
connectedbynetworksforcommunicationandmonitoring.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
InstrumentationSymbology
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
FC FlowController PT PressureTransmitter

FE FlowElement PTD PressureTransducer

FI FlowIndicator

FT FlowTransmitter LC LevelController

FS FlowSwitch LG LevelGauge

FICFlowIndicatingController LR LevelRecorder

FCVFlowControlValve LT LevelTransmitter

FRCFlowRecordingController LS LevelSwitch
LIC LevelIndicatingController

PC PressureController LCV LevelControlValve

PG PressureGauge LRC LevelRecordingController

PI PressureIndicator

PR PressureRecorder TE TemperatureElement
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

PS PressureSwitch TI TemperatureIndicator

PICPressureIndicatingController TR TemperatureRecorder

PCVPressureControlValve TS TemperatureSwitch

PRCPressureRecordingController TC TemperatureController

PDIPressureDifferentialIndicator TT TemperatureTransmitter

PDRPressureDifferentialRecorder

PDSPressureDifferentialSwitch

PDTPressureDifferentialTransmitter

 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)

SignalLinesSymbology
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

PrincipalofP&ID
Example1
Withusingthesefollowingsymbols;

LC LC

LV100
V100
LT

CompletecontrolloopforLCV101

LCV101
 ThePiping&InstrumentationDiagram(P&ID)
PIPINGSometimesalsoknownasProcess&InstrumentationDiagram
AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Example2

Withusingthesefollowingsymbology;

PRV100
PE WherePEislocallymounted
onV100

PE
PIC WherePTislocallymounted
PT
V100

PT
PIC WherePICisfunctioninDCS

DrawcontrollooptoshowthatPRV100
will be activated to relief pressure when
the pressure in the V100 is higher than
desiredvalue.


 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Exercise 1
pHIC1
pHE1 pHT1

pHIC2
pHE2 pHT2

CV102 TK102
ThediagramshowspH
(basefeedtank) adjustment;partofwastewater
treatmentprocess.Withusing
abovesymbols,drawcontrol
loopwheretheprocessneedis:
Theprocessshallmaintainedat
pH6.Whentheprocessliquid
statesbelowpH6,CV102will
beopenedtodosingNaOHto
thetankTK100.Whenthe
CV101 processliquidstatesabovepH6,
TK100 TK101
CV101willbeoperatedto
(pHadjustmenttank) (acidfeedtank) dosingHCl.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Answer1
pHIC2
pHIC1
pHE1 pHT1

pHIC2
pHTE pHT2
2
CV102 TK102
ThediagramshowspH
(basefeedtank) adjustment;partofwastewater
pHT2 treatmentprocess.Withusing
pHIC1 abovesymbols,drawcontrol
pHT1
loopwheretheprocessneedis:
pHE2 pHE1
Theprocessshallmaintainedat
pH6.Whentheprocessliquid
statesbelowpH6,CV102willbe
openedtodosingNaOHinthe
basefeedtank.Whenthe
CV101 processliquidstatesabovepH6,
TK100 TK101
CV101willbeoperatedto
(pHadjustmenttank) (acidfeedtank) dosingHClintheacidfedtank.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Exercise 2 LT1 LIC1

FC L3
WhereLT1andLIC1tocontrol
PCV100(failureclose);
PCV100 L2
PCV100closewhenlevelreached
TK100 L1 L3
PCV100openwhenlevelbelowL3
FC

L5

PCV101 LT2 LIC2

V100

L4 WhereLT2andLIC2tocontrol
PCV101(failureclose);
PCV101closewhenlevelreached
L5
PCV101openwhenlevelbelowL5
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Answer2
LIC1 LT1 LIC1

FC L3 WhereLT1andLIC1tocontrol
PRV100(failureclose);
PRV100 L2 LT1
PRV100closewhenlevelreached
TK100 L1 L3
LIC2
PRV100openwhenlevelbelowL3

FC L5

LT2 LIC2
LT2
PRV101 V100

L4 WhereLT1andLIC1tocontrol
PRV101(failureclose);
PRV101closewhenlevelreached
L5
PRV101openwhenlevelbelowL5
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Instrumentation Numbering

XYYCZZLL

Xrepresentsaprocessvariabletobemeasured.
(T=temperature,F=flow,P=pressure,L=level)
YYrepresentstypeofinstruments.

Cdesignatestheinstrumentsareawithintheplant.

ZZdesignatestheprocessunitnumber.

LLdesignatestheloopnumber.
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Instrumentation Numbering

LIC10003

L =Levelshallbemeasured.

IC =Indicatingcontroller.

100 =Processunitno.100intheareaofno.1

03 =Loopnumber3
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Instrumentation Numbering

FRC82516

F =Flowshallbemeasured.

RC =Recordingcontroller

825 =Processunitno.825intheareaofno.8.

16 =Loopnumber16
 Block Flow Process Flow
Diagram (BFD) Diagram (PFD)

PROCESS
DIAGRAMS

Process equipments Piping and

symbol and Instrumentation
numbering Diagram (P&ID)
P&ID

PROCESS
CONTROL
VARIETY
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM (P&ID)
TypeofProcessControlLoop
FeedbackControl
FeedforwardControl
FeedforwardplusFeedbackControl
RatioControl
SplitRangeControl
CascadeControl
DifferentialControl

 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

FeedbackControl
Oneofthesimplestprocesscontrolschemes.
A feedback loop measures a process variable and sends the measurement to a
controller for comparison to set point. If the process variable is not at set point,
controlactionistakentoreturntheprocessvariabletosetpoint.
Theadvantageofthiscontrolschemeisthatitissimpleusingsingletransmitter.
This control scheme does not take into consideration any of the other variables in
theprocess.
Y

LC
Fluidin
LCV100
V100
LT

Fluidout
V100
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

FeedbackControl(cont)

Feedbacklooparecommonlyusedintheprocesscontrolindustry.
Theadvantageofafeedbackloopisthatdirectlycontrolsthedesiredprocessvariable.
The disadvantage of feedback loops is that the process variable must leave set
pointforactiontobetaken.

LC
Fluidin
LCV100
V100
LT

Fluidout
V100
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Example1
Figurebelowshowstheliquidvesselforboilersystem.Thissystemhasto maximumdesired
temperatureof120oC(L2)wheretheheaterwillbecutoffwhenthetemperaturereacheddesired
temperature.Drawfeedbackcontrolloopforthesystem.

TC

Fluidin

V100 TT

Fluidout
V100
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

FeedforwardControl

Feedforward loop is a control system that anticipates load disturbances and controls
thembeforetheycanimpacttheprocessvariable.
Forfeedforwardcontroltowork,theusermusthaveamathematicalunderstandingofhow
themanipulatedvariableswillimpacttheprocessvariable.

FC

FT Processvariableneedtobe
Fluidin controlled=Temperature
TI
Y

Steam Fluidout
LCV100
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

FeedforwardControl(cont)

Anadvantageoffeedforwardcontrolisthaterrorisprevented,ratherthancorrected.

However, it is difficult to account for all possible load disturbances in a system

throughfeedforwardcontrol.

Ingeneral,feedforwardsystemshouldbeusedincasewherethecontrolledvariablehasthe
potential of being a major load disturbance on the process variable ultimately being
controlled.
FC

FT Processvariableneedtobe
Fluidin controlled=Temperature
TI
Y

Steam Fluidout
LCV100
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Example2
Figurebelowshowscompressedgasvessel.Processvariablethatneedtobecontrolledis
pressurewherethevesselshouldmaintainpressureat60psi.Thispressurecontrolled
throughthegasflowmeasurementintothevessel.Byusingfeedforwardcontrolsystem,
drawtheloop.

FC

FT Processvariableneedtobe
PI controlled=Pressure
V100
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

FeedforwardplusFeedbackControl
Because of the difficulty of accounting for every possible load disturbance in a
feedforwardsystem,thissystemareoftencombinedwithfeedbacksystems.
Controller with summing functions are used in these combined systems to total the
input from both the feedforward loop and the feedback loop, and send a unified
signaltothefinalcontrolelement.

FC TC

FT Processvariableneedtobe
Fluidin controlled=Temperature
TT

Steam Fluidout
LCV100
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Example3
Figurebelowshowscompressedgasvessel.Processvariablethatneedtobecontrolledispressure
wherethevesselshouldmaintainpressureat60psi.Byusingpressurecontrolledthroughboththegas
flowmeasurementintothevesselandvesselpressureitself,drawafeedforwardplusfeedbackcontrol
loopsystem.

PIC
Y

PT
FC

FT Processvariableneedtobe
controlled=Pressure
V100
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Exercise2
Figure below shows the boiler system that used to supply hot steam to a turbine. This
systemneedtosupply100psihotsteamtotheturbinewherethePCV100willbeopened
when the pressure reached that desired pressure. With using pressure control through
temperature and pressure measurement in the boiler, draw a feedforwardplusfeedback
controlloopsystem.

Water Hotsteam

Processvariableneedtobe
controlled=Pressure
BOILER
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
Answer2
Figurebelowshowstheboilersystemthatusedtosupplyhotsteamtoaturbine.Thissystemneed
tosupply100psihotsteamtotheturbinewherethePCV100willbe opened when the pressure
reached that desired pressure. With using pressure control through temperature and pressure
measurementintheboiler,drawafeedforwardplusfeedbackcontrolloopsystem.

TIC PIC
Y

TT PT

Water Hotsteam

Processvariableneedtobe
controlled=Pressure
BOILER
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

RatioControl
Ratiocontrolisusedtoensurethattwoormoreflowsarekeptat
thesameratioeveniftheflowsarechanging.
FIC
FF

FT FT

Water Acid

2partofwater
1partofacid
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

RatioControl(cont)

Application: Blendingtwoormoreflowstoproduceamixturewith
specifiedcomposition.
Blendingtwoormoreflowstoproduceamixturewith
specifiedphysicalproperties.
Maintainingcorrectairandfuelmixturetocombustion.

FIC
FF

FT FT

Water Acid

2partofwater
1partofacid
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
RatioControl(AutoAdjusted)
Ifthephysicalcharacteristicofthemixedflowismeasured,aPIDcontrollercanbeused
tomanipulatetheratiovalue.

Forexample,ameasurementofthedensity,gasolineoctanerating,color,orother
characteristiccouldbeusedtocontrolthatcharacteristicbymanipulatingtheratio.

FF RemoteSetPoint

FIC
RemoteRatio
Adjustment
FT AIC FT

PhysicalProperty
Water Measurement Acid

2partofwater
1partofacid
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

CascadeControl

CascadeControlusestheoutputoftheprimarycontrollertomanipulatethesetpointof
thesecondarycontrollerasifitwerethefinalcontrolelement.

Reasonsforcascadecontrol:

Allowfastersecondarycontrollerto
handledisturbancesinthesecondary
loop.
Allowsecondarycontrollertohandle
nonlinearvalveandotherfinalcontrol
elementproblems.
Allowoperatortodirectlycontrol
secondaryloopduringcertainmodesof
operation(suchasstartup).

 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

CascadeControl(cont)
Requirementsforcascadecontrol:

Secondaryloopprocessdynamicsmust
beatleastfourtimesasfastasprimary
loopprocessdynamics.

Secondaryloopmusthaveinfluence
overtheprimaryloop.

Secondaryloopmustbemeasuredand
controllable.

 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Exercise3
FigurebelowshowspHadjustmentprocesswherepH6.5needtobemaintained.pHin
thetankiscontrolledbyNaOHdosingtothetank.Butsomehow,theflowofwaste
(pH4.5)alsoneedtoconsideredwhereexcessflowofthewasteshallmakethatpHinthe
tankwilldecrease.Drawacascadecontrolloopsystem.

Waste,pH4.5 NaOHTank

pH6.5
Processvariableneedtobe
controlled=pH
pHAdjustmentTank
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

Answer3

FigurebelowshowspHadjustmentprocesswherepH6.5needtobemaintained.pHin the tank is

controlled by NaOH dosing to the tank. But somehow, the flow of waste (pH 4.5) also need to
consideredwhereexcessflowofthewasteshallmakethatpHinthetankwilldecrease.Drawacascade
controlloopsystem.

FC pHC Y

FT pHT

Waste,pH4.5 NaOHTank

pH6.5
Processvariableneedtobe
controlled=pH
pHAdjustmentTank
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)
SplitRangeControl

FC

FT
ValveA

ValveB
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (P&ID)

SplitRangeControl ThediagramshowspH
adjustment;partofwaste
watertreatmentprocess.
Theprocessshall
maintainedatpH6.When
theprocessliquidstates
CV102 TK102 belowpH6,CV102willbe
pHIC
(basefeedtank) openedtodosingNaOHto
thetankTK100.Whenthe
processliquidstatesabove
pHT1
pH6,CV101willbe
operatedtodosingHCl.

CV101
TK100 TK101
(pHadjustmenttank) (acidfeedtank)
T HANK YOU