Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
D.
Research
Proposal
School
of
Humanities
French Studies
Quitterie
M.
Graciet
20105398
A.
PROJECT
TITLE
&
SUMMARY.
Multiplicity
and
Well-Being
of
Franco-Australian
Bicultural
Individuals
:
A
Qualitative
Study
of
Transnational
and
Translingual
Oral
Narratives
/=/
Multiplicit
et
bien-tre
dindividus
biculturels
Franco-Australiens
:
une
tude
qualitative
de
rcits
oraux
transnationaux
et
translingues
This
project
intends
to
explore
the
ways
in
which
bicultural
French
individuals
living
in
Australia
experience
multiplicity
and
well-being.
The
projects
methodology
will
consist
of
eliciting
oral
narratives,
first
in
French
and
subsequently
in
English.
The
narratives
will
be
examined
for
the
choices
behind,
and
effects
of,
living
with
French
and
Australian
English
cultures
and
languages,
the
conceptualisation
of
multiple
homes,
and
the
multiplicity
of
identities.
This
project
will
analyse
findings
in
the
light
of
sociological
theories
of
multiplicity
of
subjectivities
and
theories
of
intersubjectivity
along
with
an
interlingual
sociolinguistic
analysis
of
living
within
two
cultures
and
languages.
The
present
project
aims
to
explore
the
perceived
benefits
and
challenges
to
the
well-being
of
Franco-Australian
bicultural
individuals.
Countering
monolingual
and
monocultural
perspectives
on
bilingualism
and
biculturalism
research,
there
is
an
ever
increasing
number
of
publications
by
bilingual
and/or
bicultural
researchers.
So
far
scholarship
has
primarily
come
out
of
North
America
and
Europe,
and
has
only
recently
started
to
emerge
in
Australia,
albeit
mostly
with
a
focus
on
bilingualism
rather
than
biculturalism.
The
point
of
studying
French
settling
in
Australia
is
due
to
a
recent
demographic
change
in
migration.
Following
tensed
Franco-Australian
relationships
(Piquet
2008),
the
Australian
Bureau
of
Statics
data
shows
that
the
number
of
French-born
Australian
residents
increased
by
50%
from
2006
and
2010.
Despite
the
increased
popularity
of
settling
in
Australia,
making
French
individuals
in
Australia
the
subject
of
enquiry
remains
the
focus
of
few
researchers,
especially
with
regards
to
biculturalism.
Building
on
the
literature,
the
overarching
aims
of
the
present
project
involve
furthering
scholarship
about
French
people
who
adopt
Australia
as
their
home,
and
the
affective
and
socio-psychological
implications
in
doing
so.
References
Research
Proposal
Ph.
D.
Humanities
Miss
Quitterie
M.
Graciet
20105398
June
2013
2
B.
RESEARCH
PROJECT
The
topic
and
design
of
this
project
originated
from
reading
Emotions
and
Multilingualism
(2005)
by
Aneta
Pavlenko,
a
leading
researcher
in
the
area
of
languages
and
emotions
(see
also
Knickerboker
&
Altarriba
2011).
Pavlenko
(2005)
implies
that
biculturalism
is
an
angle
touched
upon
through
bilingualism
(see
Grosjean
2008,
2010)
but
not
addressed
in
its
own
right
and
writes
of
outing
the
ethnocentric
bias
of
monolingual
analysis
in
multilingual
research,
indicating
that
there
is
also
a
need
for
multicultural
analysis
to
include
multicultural
research.
Multicultural
research
has
sprouted
from
a
number
of
directions
by
renowned
researchers
including
Clifford
Geertz
in
sociocultural
anthropology,
Pierre
Bourdieu
in
sociology
of
culture,
Steven
Pinker
in
linguistics,
James
W
Neuliep
in
intercultural
communication
studies,
and
John
W.
Berry
in
social
and
cognitive
psychology.
The
interdisciplinary
aspect
of
the
topic
will
make
for
a
wide-ranging
literature
review
straddling
a
number
of
disciplines.
Moreover,
the
nature
of
the
topic
means
that
the
terminology
and
definitions
need
to
be
carefully
identified
and
clarified.
For
instance,
there
are
a
number
of
definitions
for
bilingualism,
biculturalism,
emotions
and
home,
as
well
as
interchangeable
concepts
like
acculturation
and
hybridisation,
to
name
but
a
few.
Words
like
immigrant
and
culture
are
culture-bound
terms
and
this
has
consequences
for
the
researcher
and
the
presentation
of
the
findings
in
French
and/or
in
English.
The
first
aim
of
the
project
is
therefore
to
bring
some
clarification
in
a
field
that
is
in
need
of
more
rigour.
The
scope
of
the
project
is
to
explore
multiplicity
and
well-being
for
Franco-Australian
bicultural
individuals.
In
a
similar
academic
project,
Marie-Claire
Patron,
a
Franco-Mauritian
professor
currently
at
Bond
University
in
Australia,
published
a
book
on
the
experiences
of
French
individuals
in
Australia.
Culture
and
Identity
in
Study
Abroad
Contexts
:
After
Australia,
French
without
France
(2007)
is
Patrons
published
thesis
that
examines
issues
of
culture
shock,
reverse
culture
shock
and
the
negotiation
and
re-
adjustment
of
the
sojourners
identity.
Even
though
the
present
project
seeks
to
focus
on
individuals
that
have
already
been
through
culture
shock
and
attained
the
level
of
familiarity
that
is
implied
in
defining
oneself
as
a
bicultural
individual,
this
text
presents
a
first
stage
in
the
development
of
bicultural
identities
of
the
French
born
experience
in
Australia.
In
a
comparable
qualitative
analysis
titled
Translating
Ones
Self
(2002),
Mary
Besemeres
explores
the
notion
of
different
emotions
in
different
languages
(2004)
through
autobiographical
literature.
Written
narratives
as
a
means
of
research
present
the
benefit
of
making
the
research
feasible
within
the
confines
of
a
thesis.
Narratives
of
French
people
settling
in
Australia
are
but
a
few,
for
instance
Une
Grenouille
dans
le
Billabong
(2004),
by
Marie-Paul
Leroux.
The
present
project
will
thus
require
to
find,
select,
and
interview
participants,
then
transcribe
the
interviews,
have
these
transcriptions
reviewed
by
a
third
party
and
the
participants
themselves,
to
create
the
material
on
which
to
base
a
large
part
of
the
corpus
to
be
analysed.
None
the
less,
there
are
a
number
of
collections
of
short
autobiographic
narratives
on
the
perceptions
of
well-being,
home
and
identity
from
multilingual
and
often
multicultural
individuals,
which
will
complement
primary
research
as
reference
material
(see
Besemeres
and
Wierzbicka
2007;
De
Courtivron
2003;
Kellman
2003;
Lesser
2004
and
Ogulnik
2000).
Research
Proposal
Ph.
D.
Humanities
Miss
Quitterie
M.
Graciet
20105398
June
2013
3
Multilingual
Living
(2005)
by
Charlotte
Burck
is
a
qualitative
exploration
of
oral
narrative
for
family
relationships
in
living
with
multiple
languages
and
subjectivities.
There
remain
some
controversies
surrounding
oral
narrative
elicitation
and
analysis.
Whereas
Burck
(2005)
situates
her
methodology
within
a
Grounded
Theory
Approach
(Strauss
and
Corbin
1990),
it
is
an
exploratory
approach
that
involves
data
collection
first,
and
theorising
second.
Though
it
allows
for
unexpected
categorising,
one
limitation
is
a
possible
lack
of
depth
and
efficiency.
Pavlenko
(2007)
argues
that
if
the
researcher
does
not
know
what
they
are
looking
for,
the
findings
result
in
a
primarily
thematic
analysis
of
the
content,
which
could
fail
to
capture
the
interconnectedness
of
the
themes.
Instead,
with
an
ethnomethodological
focus
that
originated
with
Harold
Garfinkel
(2002)
which
proposes
to
investigate
how
people
construct
the
systems
in
which
they
are
actors,
the
interviews
need
to
be
semi-structured
around
a
protocol
designed
to
answer
specific
questions
about
the
subjective
worlds
of
bicultural
individuals.
This
will
allow
subsequent
context
and
form
analysis
(cf.
Norton
2000;
Pavlenko
and
Lantolf
2000)
through
cognitive
(Bruner
1987;
Linde
1993),
textual
(Bakhtin
1981)
and
discursive
(Edwards
1996)
approaches,
as
well
as
conversation
and
interaction
analysis
(Edwards
1996).
To
do
the
primary
research,
a
qualitative
rather
than
a
quantitative
methodology
will
be
preferable,
with
a
target
of
30
participants,
male
and
female,
above
the
age
of
18.
The
24
research
participants
that
Burck
(2005)
recruited
were
of
mixed
origins,
but
all
immigrated
to
Great
Britain.
Burck
herself
is
bilingual
and
bicultural
but
in
different
languages
than
that
of
the
participants.
Instead,
the
purpose
of
the
present
project
is
to
interview
bilingual
biculturals
on
their
biculturalism.
It
differs
also
in
that
the
research
participants
to
be
selected
will
share
the
same
languages,
French
and
English,
and
cultures,
French
and
Australian,
as
the
interviewer
/
researcher
in
this
project.
This
will
allow
the
participants
to
feel
free
to
code-switch,
allowing
them
the
liberty
to
access
both
their
linguistic
and
emotional
repertoires
(Pavlenko
2005,
2012;
Dewaele
&
Nakano
2012).
Burck
(2005)
discusses
her
own
positioning
as
a
researcher,
the
co-constructed
aspects
of
oral
interviews
and
her
interviewing
techniques
with
multilingual
participants,
as
she
is
in
fact
a
systemic
psychotherapist
and
so
describes
how
she
utilized
her
skills
as
a
psychologist
in
the
interview
process.
Pavlenko
(2005)
encourages
researchers
to
divulge
their
own
histories
when
writing
research,
emphasising
the
importance
of
fully
disclosing
the
researchers
motivations
for
initiating
research
and
their
impact
on
the
analysis
of
the
findings.
The
second
aim
of
this
project
consists
therefore
in
discussing
the
social
constructionist
paradigm
(Lincoln
and
Guba
1994;
Weber,
E
.
U.
&
Morris,
M.
W.
2010)
in
semi-structured
elicited
oral
interviews,
the
methodology
for
interviewing
and
analysing
the
data,
as
well
as
discussing
the
researchers
own
positioning
and
background
within
the
research
framework.
As
Xavier
Pons
(2002),
a
professor
specialized
in
Australian
multiculturalism
indicates,
the
process
of
becoming
bicultural
involves
a
departure,
a
reinvention
of
oneself,
and
a
pseudo
arrival.
In
this
context,
the
third
aim
of
the
present
project
is
to
explore
whether
becoming
bicultural
is
a
choice
or
an
unplanned
consequence
of
a
dependent
settlement.
In
the
fields
of
social
and
cognitive
psychology,
John
W.
Berry
(1989)
developed
scales
of
acculturative
attitudes
and
outcomes.
These
outcomes
refer
to
the
preference
by
individuals
to
either
assimilate
in
the
adopted
society,
to
separate
from
the
adopted
society,
to
Research
Proposal
Ph.
D.
Humanities
Miss
Quitterie
M.
Graciet
20105398
June
2013
4
marginalize
from
both
the
adopted
and
native
societies,
or
on
the
contrary
to
integrate
with
both
and
effectively
become
bicultural.
Veronica
Benet-Martinez,
also
a
researcher
in
psychology
in
the
area
of
biculturalism,
worked
a
number
of
years,
with
colleagues,
on
developing
a
further
typology
of
bicultural
individuals.
Her
work
culminated
in
designing
scales
(BIIS-1,
cf.
Benet-Martinez
&
Haristatos
2005)
to
further
break
down
Berrys
bicultural
outcome
into
individuals
who
feel
their
bicultural
identity
(BII)
as
being
compatible
and
complementary
(high
BII),
versus
oppositional
and
contradictory
(low
BII).
These
scales
have
been
tested
for
psychological
factors
like
neuroticism
(Chen,
Benet-Martinez
&
Bond
2008)
and
show
that
the
typologies
are
dynamic
(Mok
&
Morris
2012),
that
they
can
be
influenced
by
positive
versus
negative
environments
(Cheng,
Lee,
Benet-Martinez
2006)
and
private
versus
social
spaces
(Berry
&
Sabatier
2011).
Such
typologies
influence
self-perceived
well-being
(Berry
&
Sabatier
2011)
and
also
influence
the
ability
to
switch
from
one
cultural
lens
to
the
other
to
communicate
effectively
(Benet-
Martinez,
Leu,
Lee
&
Morris
2002).
Understanding
the
social
and
cognitive
background
of
biculturalism
is
essential
in
the
selection
of
participants,
and
in
trying
to
answer
questions
regarding
who
qualifies
as
a
bicultural,
why
people
live
their
biculturalism
differently
and
how
it
affects
their
lives.
The
scales
by
Benet-Martinez
and
Haristatos
(2005)
demonstrate
a
multiplicity
of
subjectivities
and
highlight
that
within
Berrys
typology
of
integrated
biculturals,
there
are
different
levels
of
well-being.
To
take
the
research
further,
the
fourth
aim
of
this
project
is
to
determine
whether
the
French
individuals
who
chose
to
live
in
Australia
demonstrate
high
BII,
and
whether
those
that
followed
demonstrate
low
BII.
This
high
BII
versus
low
BII
factor
is
important
to
the
rest
of
the
project
in
analyzing
the
narratives,
as
well
as
how
the
subjects
became
bicultural
individuals
to
eventually
feel
more
or
less
at
ease
with
their
situation
and
their
multiplicity.
The
analysis
of
well-being,
and
choice
versus
consequence
of
becoming
bicultural
leads
the
present
project
to
question
the
conceptualization
of
home,
within
the
Franco-Australian
bicultural
framework
of
fluidity
of
the
boundaries
of
here
and
there,
home
and
away,
that
is
inherent
of
globalization
in
the
21st
century.
The
excerpts
in
Patron
(2007)
attest
to
the
difficulty
of
defining
where
home
is
for
French
sojourners
for
whom
Australia
has
been
life
changing
and
experience
a
reverse-culture
shock
in
repatriation
to
France.
More
than
where,
in
Home,
Mobility
and
the
Encounter
with
Otherness
(2011),
Vince
Marotta
questions
what
home
is
by
exploring
the
anti-essentialist
view
that
in
a
context
of
modernity
and
mobility,
migrants
encounter
the
de-territorialisation
of
culture
(Papastergiadis
2000)
and
of
the
constitution
of
home.
Marotta
(2011)
adopts
a
nuanced
conception
of
home
illustrating
it
as
a
place
that
can
be
multiple,
transposed
and
rebuilt
in
different
contexts,
and
where
territorialisation
remains
a
significant
aspect
of
homemaking.
He
argues
that
for
the
migrant,
the
subjective
other
can
be
inter-cultural
as
well
as
intra-cultural,
meaning
that
the
transnational
notion
of
home
relies
to
some
extent
on
both
what
is
different
and
the
same.
The
aim
of
the
present
project
in
this
context
is
to
further
explore
the
physical
and
affective
home
situation
of
Franco-Australian
biculturals,
and
to
explore
the
narratives
in
the
light
of
the
mobility
paradigm
(Urry
2012)
and
theories
of
intersubjectivity.
The
multiplicity
of
living
transnationally
leads
to
the
fifth
aim
of
this
project,
which
is
to
question
what
the
conceptualizations
of
the
other,
the
same,
and
home
are
for
Franco-Australian
bicultural
individuals,
and
to
test
whether
there
is
a
correlation
between
low
BII
and
self-reports
of
existential
homelessness
Research
Proposal
Ph.
D.
Humanities
Miss
Quitterie
M.
Graciet
20105398
June
2013
5
(Berger
et
al.
1973).
As
such,
some
of
the
questions
to
ask
will
relate
to
the
frequency
of
returns
to
France,
whether
the
participants
keep
a
home
in
each
country,
participate
in
the
French
community
in
Australia,
as
well
as
how
they
relate
to
co-nationals
and
co-biculturals,
and
how
they
conceptualise
their
homes.
Similarly
to
the
conceptualisation
of
home,
the
conceptualisation
of
identities
in
biculturalism
are
subjected
to
intra-cultural
processes
as
well
as
inter-cultural
ones
through
a
process
of
self-identification
(Ward
et
al.
2001).
Franco-Australian
individuals
may,
for
example,
reject
or
even
romanticise
their
native
French
co-nationals
based
on
intersubjective
reflections
of
who
they
are
in
context
of
what
they
perceive
as
being
French,
and
do
the
same
within
the
Australian
context.
Living
with
multiple
cultures
and
languages
leads
to
living
between
distinctive
and
multiple
emotional
worlds
and
identities
that
suit
different
contexts
(Liddicoat
2002),
sometimes
resulting
in
a
feeling
of
homelessness.
Anthony
Liddicoat
is
a
leading
researcher
in
the
areas
of
interculturalism
and
third
spaces.
The
third
space
refers
to
an
additional
dynamic
and
negotiable
emotional
space
from
which
individuals
can
interact
with
either
culture
without
compromising
their
values
and
self-perceived
identity
(Liddicoat
et
al.
1999).
This
space
is
referred
to
by
Bhabha
(1990,
1994,
1996)
as
a
hybrid
space,
concept
that
is
at
the
basis
of
identity
theories
such
as
that
by
Tajfel
(1981)
and
where
identification
is
an
intersubjective
process
with
and
through
otherness.
It
supposedly
provides
a
vantage
point
from
which
it
can
become
possible
to
apply
objectivity
and
a
distanced
appraisal
on
ones
native
and
adopted
cultures
or
habitus.
Habitus
is
a
notion
coined
by
the
French
sociologist
Pierre
Bourdieu
(1980,
1994)
which
acts
as
the
cultural
lens
of
a
person,
but
is
more
than
a
way
of
reading
and
valuing
the
world,
for
it
embodies
a
way
of
being
that
is
part
of
ones
identity.
Reasonably,
having
embodied
the
habitus
of
distinct
cultures,
the
multiplicity
of
bicultural
identities
raises
issues
of
socio-psychological
well-being.
In
that,
a
founding
question
that
remains
unanswered
is
whether
in
biculturalism,
the
two
sets
of
habitus
blend
(1
x
1
=
1)
and
are
therefore
unable
to
deactivate
one
in
a
specific
context,
whether
they
are
additive
(1
+
1
=
2)
(Bennegadi
1986),
or
a
combination
of
both.
This
problematic
is
synonymous
with
that
of
defining
the
conceptualisations
of
biculturalism
and
hybridisation,
when
both
have
been
used
interchangeably
in
the
literature.
The
sixth
aim
of
the
present
project
is
therefore
to
explore
whether
the
participants
report
a
third
space
of
being
and
belonging,
how
they
negotiate
their
multiple
identities,
and
how
they
range
their
well-being
in
living
with
this
multiplicity
in
light
of
social
identity
theories.
Ultimately,
the
aim
of
conducting
research
interviews
with
shared
bilingualism
between
the
researcher
and
the
research
participant
is
to
bring
a
richer
dimension
to
the
analysis
(cf.
Koven
1998,
2001,
2002,
2004;
Rintell
1990).
It
allows
a
sociolinguistic
perspective
into
subjectivities
and
language
by
analyzing
the
additions
and
omissions,
the
code-switching,
and
the
changes
in
voice
and
emotions
(Davies
&
Harr
1990;
Pavlenko
2006).
Narratives
should
be
treated
as
discursive
constructions,
and
as
such
be
subject
to
analysis
that
considers
their
linguistic,
rhetorical,
and
interactional
properties,
as
well
as
the
cultural,
historic,
political,
and
social
contexts
in
which
they
were
produced
and
that
shape
both
the
tellings
and
the
omissions
(Pavlenko
2007,
181).
In
fact,
Pavlenko
(2007)
recommends
this
type
of
interviewing
in
a
bid
to
triangulate
the
interview
data
with
linguistic
and
observational
data,
along
with
sociohistoric
and
sociopolitical
information.
Ultimately,
as
Pavlenko
(2007)
points
out,
having
the
participants
review
the
Research
Proposal
Ph.
D.
Humanities
Miss
Quitterie
M.
Graciet
20105398
June
2013
6
transcripts
also
allows
them
to
comment
on
their
own
answers,
providing
reflective
insights
and
further
triangulation
of
the
data.
This
enables
an
analysis
of
the
discourses
of
language
and
identity,
the
belief
systems
in
the
narration
of
stories,
taking
into
account
the
interpretive
nature
of
the
storytelling
(Vitanova
2004;
Pavlenko
2007),
as
well
as
contextualising
the
social
voices
(Bakhtin
1981)
and
highlighting
the
multiplicity
of
subjectivities
of
living
with
two
cultures
and
languages.
An
extensive
bibliographical
research
and
theses
databases
searches
have
confirmed
that
the
proposed
project
does
not
reproduce
previous
research
or
research
being
currently
undertaken.
These
include
the
UWA
Research
Repository,
the
ProQuest
Dissertations
and
Theses
(PQDT),
Trove,
Electronic
Theses
Online
Service
(EThOS),
and
SUDOC
for
French
Theses.
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