Universitas Indonesia

Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Teknik Mesin

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Introduction
The flow of a fluid is said to be laminar if the flow is
characterised by the fluid particles staying in laminae ( thin
sheets)
Each lamina may be considered to be a stream surface
The shape of a lamina depends upon the shape of the
boundaries of the passage

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Characterization of Laminar Flow
Whether the flow of a fluid is laminar or not is characterized
by Reynolds Number, Re
Ul Ul
Re (1)

Where:
U = flow velocity (m/s)
l = characteristics length (m)
= fluid density (kg/m3)
= absolute/dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2)
= kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

Thus when inertial forces predominate over viscous forces

(U and l are large and is small the flow becomes turbulent
The flow of a fluid is more likely to be laminar at low Reynolds
number and to be turbulent at high Reynolds number
The flow is said to be in transition stage beyond which the
flow changes from laminar to turbulent and the Reynold
number in this condition is called the critical number
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Characterization of Laminar Flow
The velocity of the fluid corresponding to the critical Reynolds
number is called the critical velocity
The critical Reynolds numbers in different situations may be
different depending upon the choice of the characteristic length
For example flow through a pipe :
laminar at Reynolds number less than 2000
turbulent at Reynolds number more than 3000
transition stage at Reynolds numbers between 2000 and 3000

Re < 2000 Re > 3000 Pressure drop

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Characterization of Laminar Flow
Experiment to illustrate type of flow and the temporal
distribution of each flow type

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe
The discussion is valid for the case when the pipe completely
filled with the fluid/pipe flow (a) not in open-channel flow (b)

For a pipe flow :

the main driving force is the pressure gradient along the pipe
For an open-channel flow:
the main driving force ins the gravity force

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe
Entrance Region

Entrance Length, le :
Laminar Flow : le/D = 0,06 Re
Turbulent Flow : le/D = 4,4 (Re)1/6

Practical engineering purpose: 20 D < le < 30 D

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe
Entrance Region
Pressure distribution along a horizontal pipe

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe
Fully Developed Laminar Flow

A laminar flow through a horizontal round pipe is also referred as Hagen-

Poiseuille flow
The equilibrium of a cylinder of radius r contained in a lamina of radius r +
r is considered
For Equilibrium, the net pressure force on cylindrical element due to
pressures p and p + p on its ends must equal the shear force on its
periphery due to the presence of a cylindrical lamina over it
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
2
p r p p r 2 2 r x
p r p + p hence :
pr dp r (2)

x
x 2 dx 2

Fully developed laminar flow

the velocity profile does is proportional to r
not change in the the shear stresses
longitudinal direction varies linearly along dp R
the velocity u varies only the radius of the pipe max
with r the maximum shear dx 2
the pressure p remains stress occurs at the (3)
constant over the cross pipe wall r= R
section

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
The velocity distribution in the pipe may be obtained by the
relationship
Equation (2)

du du du du 1 dp
r (4)
dy d ( R r ) dr dr 2 dx
at r R; u 0
Integrating (4) hence C
1 dp 2
R
a paraboloid of revolution
4 dx
1 dp 2 (5)
2
1 dp 2 r
u r C u R 1

4 dx 4 dx R

At r = 0 (centreline)
1 dp 2 r
2

U max R u U max 1

(7)
4 dx (6)
R
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
Total Discharge through the pipe
R
r
2
R2
Q 2 rdr U max 1 2 U max (8)

R 4
0
Substituting (6)
the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow through a round pipe

dp 4 4 dp
Q R D
(9)
8 dx 128 dx

Average Velocity
Q 1 dp 2
U R (10)
R 2
8 dx

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
The power required to maintain the laminar flow in a pipe
may be determined by employing the relationship
P FU ( p1 p2 ) R 2U ( p1 p2 )Q (11)

Rearrange eq. (10) shows that the pressure gradient must be

negative: dp 8U
2
(12)
dx R
the pressure must drop along the direction of flow. The drop
in pressure over a finite length l would be given by
8U
p 2
l (13)
R

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
The total drag force on the pipe due to the laminar flow
through it can be calculated by considering that the wall
shear stress acts over the peripheral area of the pipe
Fdrag max 2 Rl (14)
A force equal and opposite to the drag force-must be required to hold-the pipe in
piosition

The drag coefficient or skin-friction coefficient

max
Cf
U 2 / 2 (15)
Employing eq. (3) and (12)
16 16
Cf (16)
UD Re
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Laminar Flow Through a Pipe
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
For non-horizontal pipe

p l sin D 4
Q (17)
128 l
p l sin D 2
U (18)
32 l
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Laminar Flow Through an Annulus
Fully Developed Laminar Flow through an Annulus

Velocity distribution
1 dp r 2 R12
u rmax ln
2 r

2 dx R1 (19)
2
where: R22 R12
rmax (20)
2 ln R2
R1
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates
Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates

Consider the flow between two infinitely wide, parallel plates

For an elemental lamina, the forces acting are due to
pressure on the ends and shear stresses above and below it
dp d dp d
p y p x y x y x 0
dx dy dx dy
(21) (22)
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates
Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates
Couette Flow
The upper plate moving at U to the right and lower plate kept stationary

U 1 dp y
u y yh 1 (23)
h 2 dx h

h U
ymax
2 h dp (24)
dx

U h 2 dp
U max (25)
2 8 dx

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates
Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates
Plane Poiseuille Flow
Both plates kept stationary

h 2 dp
2
y
u 1 4 (26)
8 dx h

h 2 dp
U max (27)
8 dx

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng