RF Tuning Workshop

Agenda
Introduction
Basic Principles
RF Initial Tuning Overview
Case Study
 Introduction
WCDMA Network Initial Tuning is aimed to make
the network to be ready for launch in term of
Accessibility, Retainability, and Integrity.
Basic Principles
 Basic Principles
WCDMA General Priniciple
Ericsson WCDMA RAN Functionality
WCDMA General Principle
 1850
Spectrum Allocation
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
2010 MHz

ITUAllocations IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

Europe UMTS MSS

GSM1800 DECT UMTS MSS

1880 MHz 1980 MHz 2170 MHz

1850 MHz WLL WLL

China GSM1800 IMT 2000 MSS

IMT 2000 MSS

1885 MHz 1980 MHz

1885 MHz 1918 MHz

Japan MSS IMT 2000

PHS IMT 2000 MSS
Korea (w/o PHS)
1895 MHz 2160 MHz
PCS M
North AA D B EF C AA D B EF C
MSS Reserve D
MSS
America S

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

 UMTS Spectrum
Frequency Division Duplex; 2x60 MHz

UTRA Paired Band: WCDMA

Uplink: 1920-1980 MHz
Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz

TDD FDD UL MSS TDD FDD DL MSS

f
1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

Time Division Duplex

UTRA Unpaired Band: Mobile Satellite Service; 2x30 MHz
UTRA TDD & TD-SCDMA Uplink: 1980-2010 MHz
Downlink: 2170-2200 MHz
1900-1920 MHz and 2010-2025 MHz
 Direct Sequence CDMA
Separate users through different codes IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
Large bandwidth CDMA2000 (3.75 Hz)
Continuous transmission and reception
WCDMA (5 MHz)
t
MS 1
MS 2
Code MS 3

f
5 MHz
 Coding Concept
User Information bits are multiplied with the
quasi random bits called chips causing the
Orthogonal
Code 1
Orthogonal Codes provide unique
identification of each data channel

information to be spread over a wide bandwidth

Sync.
Bits
Orthogonal Spread Spectrum (PN) Codes
Code 2
provide unique identification
of each transmitter
Control/ Error
Signaling Error
Protection
Protection
Data
Spread
Orthogonal Spectrum
Code 3 (PN or Gold)
Code

Error Linear Filtering RF

Vocoder Error Linear Filtering Out
Vocoder Protection
Protection ++
Summation
Summation RF
RF
Orthogonal
Code 4
Modulation
Modulation

User Data Error

Error
Channel 1 Protection
Protection

Orthogonal User 1
Code N User 2
User 3

User Data Error ...

Error
Channel N Protection
Protection Frequency
 Orthogonal Code
Orthogonal Code
Known as Channelization Code
The output is a stream of bits, which is called
Chip
Chip Rate for WCDMA is 3.84 Mbps
Used to differentiate data channels within the
Users
 Scrambling Code
Known as Pseudo Noise Code (PN)
512 Primary Scrambling Codes DL
Several million codes UL PN code 1 PN code 1

Differentiate RBS in DL PN code 3 PN code 4

Differentiate user in UL BS 1 transmits on PN code 1

PN code 2 PN code 2

PN code 5 PN code 6

BS 2 transmits on PN code 2
Ericsson WCDMA RAN
Functionality
Network Architecture
 Ericsson P4 RAN Feature
Handover
Power Control
Channel Switching
Capacity Management
 Handover
Capability
Allow UE to have mobility in the connected
mode with maintained quality and minimum
resource utilization

Type of Handover
Soft/Softer Handover
IFHO
IRAT
 Handover Flow
RNC UE
MEASUREMENT CONTROL

Perform Measurements

UE evaluation
MEASUREMENT REPORT

Radio Link
Evalutation Add/Remove/Replace?

Radio Link
Execution Allocation/deallocation
ACTIVE SET UPDATE

Radio Link
Add/Remove/Replace
ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE

Monitored set
calculation
MEASUREMENT CONTROL

Perform Measurements

UE evaluation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
 Power Control
Capability
Maintain good quality connection
Minimize UL and DL power utilization
 Power Control basic types
Power control on COMMON Cell set-up and cell re-
CHANNELS ensures there is configuration
sufficient coverage to
establish connections and
transfer date on common Common transport
transport channels channel setup and re-
configuration

Power control on DEDICATED Radio Link Setup RAB Establishment

CHANNELS (DCH) ensures
sufficient connection quality Soft Handover (SOHO)
Power Balancing
while minimizing impact on
other connections. Compressed Mode

Inter-Frequency Handover
 Power Control on DCH - Overview
The RBS and UE uses Inner Loop to
send UL and DL TPCs (transmit The RNC and UE uses Outer Loop
power commands). The TPCs are power control to calculate UL and
determined by the outer loop P(SIR-Target,UL) DL quality targets to which the UE
power control. and RNC shall adjust its
transmitted power.
Inner loop
UL-
DL-TPC TPC
UL-Outer loop RNC
SIR-Target,UL
P(SIR-Target, DL)
SIR-Error,UL

DL-Outer loop
BLER-Measured,DL Open loop
SIR-Target,DL P(Startvalue)

Initial Power Setting in UL and DL uses Open

BLER = Block Error Rate Loop. It ensures reliable connection setup,
SIR = Signal to Interference Ratio
minimal impact on existing connections (UL) and
TPC = Transmit Power Control
avoids excessive power (DL).
Common Channel
Setting Common Channel Powers Power
PCPICH: primaryCpichPower: default = 270(27 dBm)

Broadcast Channel: bchPower: default = -31 (-3.1 dB)

AICH: aichPower: default = -6 (-6 dB)

FACH (control): maxFach1Power: default =18 (1.8 dB)

FACH (traffic): maxFach2Power: default =15 (1.5 dB)

RBS
Paging channel: pchPower:default =-4 (-0.4 dB)

Paging indication ch: pichPower: default =-7 (-7 dB)

Primary SCH: schPower1: default =-18 (-1.8 dB)

Secondary SCH: schPower2: default =-35 (-3.5 dB)

5/ 038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5686 PA15 11 WCDMA Radio Network Functionalit y

 Channel Switching
Capability
Optimize the utilization of the radio resources
by switching the UE to the most suitable
transport channel based on the traffic volume,
radio resource availability, radio condition,
and mobility
Only apply to I/B Packet Services
 Channel Switching Types
Connected Mode
1. Common to Dedicated
Dedicated Channel (Cell_DCH)
Cell_DCH 64/384 kbps UL/DL
2 2
Cell_DCH 64/128 kbps UL/DL 2. Dedicated to dedicated

2 2 3
Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps UL/DL
3. Dedicated to common
1
Common Channel (Cell_FACH)
RACH/FACH
(max. 32 kbps) 4. Common to Idle Mode
4

Idle Mode
 Common to Dedicated Evaluation
Monitors if the UE shall be switched from a common to a dedicated transport channel due
to large amount of user data buffered in the RNC or the UE.

UL RLC
Connected Mode buffer load
Dedicated Channel
(Cell_DCH)
Up-switch
Cell_DCH
64/384 kbps UL/DL X
ulRlcBufUpswitch [256 bytes]
Cell_DCH
64/128 kbps UL/DL A request is sent to
and/or Admission Control to
Cell_DCH DL RLC perform an up-switch
64/64 kbps UL/DL
buffer load from Cell_FACH to
Common Channel Up-switch Cell_DCH 64/64 kbps
(Cell_FACH)
X
RACH/FACH
dlRlcBufUpswitch [500 bytes]

Idle Mode
 Dedicated to Dedicated Coverage
triggered Down-Switch Evaluation
Monitors if a switch to a lower rate radio bearer is required due to coverage.
DL TX code power > [Power Alarm Threshold], defined as Max Code Power
downswitchPwrMargin. A down-switch to Cell_DCH with lower bitrate is
requested. Timer coverageTimer starts.
Connected Mode
Pcode
Dedicated Channel
(Cell_DCH)
Cell_DCH
64/384 kbps UL/DL
DL TX code power < [Power
Alarm Threshold]
reportHysteresis while the timer
Cell_DCH
is running, the down-switch
64/128 kbps UL/DL
request is cancelled.
DL TX code power > [Power Alarm
Cell_DCH Threshold] reportHysteresis and timer
64/64 kbps UL/DL coverageTimer expires. The down-
switch is executed.
Common Channel
(Cell_FACH)

RACH/FACH

Idle Mode
 Dedicated to Dedicated Up-Switch
Evaluation
DL throughput is > 90 % of max. possible bitrate on current radio bearer AND the
DL code power is < [Power up-switch threshold] reportHysteresis, where the
[Power up-switch threshold] is defined as Max Code Power
downswitchPwrMargin Estimated Power Increase upswitchPwrMargin. Timer
upswitchTimer starts.

Monitors if the throughput becomes close to the max user bandwidth and switch to the
next higher bitrate radio bearer is required.
Connected Mode Pcode
Dedicated Channel DL throughput is < 90 % of
(Cell_DCH) max. possible bitrate on
current radio bearer OR the
[2.9 dB for up-switch from 64-to-128 kbps]
Cell_DCH [4.7 dB for up-switch from 128-to-384 kbps]
64/384 kbps UL/DL DL code power becomes >=
[Power up-switch threshold]
while the upswitchTimer is
still running. The timer stops
Cell_DCH and no up-switch is executed.
64/128 kbps UL/DL

Cell_DCH
64/64 kbps UL/DL

Common Channel
(Cell_FACH)

RACH/FACH

Idle Mode DL throughput is > 90 % of max. possible bitrate of current RB AND the DL code power is
< [Power up-switch threshold] when timer upswitchTimer expires. The up-switch request is sent Admission Control.
 Dedicated to Common Evaluation
Monitors if a switch from a Cell_DCH to Cell_FACH is required due to a decrease in
transmitted user data.
UL and DL throughput increases
above threshold
downswitchTimerThreshold before
the timer expires. The timer stops
and no down-switch occurs.
Connected Mode

Dedicated Channel
(Cell_DCH)
Cell_DCH
64/384 kbps UL/DL

Cell_DCH
64/128 kbps UL/DL
DownswitchTimer DownswitchTimer
Cell_DCH
64/64 kbps UL/DL

Common Channel
(Cell_FACH)
UL and DL throughput falls below
RACH/FACH
threshold defined by parameter The timer expires and a request is
downswitchThreshold and timer issued to down-switch from
Idle Mode downswitchTimer starts. common to dedicated channel.
 Common to Idle Evaluation
Monitors if a switch from Cell_FACH to Idle mode is required due to a complete lack of
user data transmission.

Connected Mode

Dedicated Channel
(Cell_DCH)
Cell_DCH If both the UL and DL throughput is zero for a duration
64/384 kbps UL/DL
specified by parameter inactivityTimer, a request is sent to
Cell_DCH
the Connection Handling function and further to Core via Iu,
64/128 kbps UL/DL to release the connection.
Cell_DCH
64/64 kbps UL/DL

Common Channel
(Cell_FACH)

RACH/FACH

Idle Mode
 Capacity Management
Capability
Control the load in the cells and enable the
system to provide requested QoS and
coverage for the UE

Associated features
Admission Control
Congestion Control
Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling
Overview of Capacity Management
Channel Switching

Congestion Admission
Admission
Control Control Admission
policies request
Resolves Prevents

Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling Parameters

Monitored resources
Air interface
Compressed Mode RBS HW
Speech Equivalent
& DL spreading utilization
(ASE)

DL code DL transmitted power UL received total

utilization wideband power
(RTWP)

Periodic and event Measurements

 Monitors
DL code
Channelization DL code DL code tree utilization (SF for users and CCHs)
Codes monitor utilization

Provides info about # of connections with a certain SF. This

Histogram monitor Compressed Mode adds information about DL channelization usage. Also
& DL spreading measure # of connections in compressed mode.

DL transmitted Downlink transmitted power, which is affected by # of users,

carrier power DL transmitted the type of connections and radio conditions in the cell
monitor power

Air interface Estimates UL and DL air-interface usage per radio link.

ASE monitor Speech Equivalent
(ASE)

UL received total Total received UL power, i.e. information about UL

RTWP monitor wideband power interference.
(RTWP)

RBS HW utilization
RBS HW utilization Monitors the available HW resources (channel elements)
in the RBS)
 Admission Request
Admission Admission
Admission Request Request Attributes
Control Non-guaranteed, non-HO
Non-Guaranteed, HO Setup type (HO or not)
Guaranteed, non-HO Service class (guaranteed or not)
Guaranteed, HO Addl Compressed mode resources (if any)
Addl DL TX power (if any)
Resource Addl DL channelization code resources (if any)
Utilization Additional ASEs needed in UL or UL (if any)
information
Dedicated Monitored
Guaranteed service class Non-guaranteed service class
Resource Handling SRB PS 64/64
AMR 12.2 PS 64/128
CS 57.7 PS 64/384
CS 64 Multi-RAB (speech+PS 64/64)
PS streaming 16/64
 DL Channelization Code Admission Policy

Reserves HO code capacity, by blocking

guaranteed & non-guaranteed non-HO
requests if too high DL code tree usage
Traffic class / Setup type
Non-guaranteed / non-HO requests blocked when
current DL code resource usage exceeds
dlCodeAdm - beMarginDlCode ng non-HO Block & soft congestion
requests
g non-HO Block & soft
requests congestion
Guaranteed / non-HO requests blocked when
current DL code resource usage exceeds dlCodeAdm % of DL code
beMarginDlCode tree used

dlCodeAdm
Soft congestion is triggered
 Soft Congestion
Soft Congestion implies down-switching an existing non-guaranteed service to a
lower DL bitrate due to blocking of a non-guaranteed HO or non-HO request for
lower rate or guaranteed HO or non-HO request.

Down-switch of non-guaranteed service

Service class of blocked HO or From To Order of sequence
non-HO admission request
Non-guaranteed 384 kbps No down-switch N/A
Non-guaranteed 128 kbps 384 kbps 128 kbps N/A
Non-guaranteed 64 kbps 384 kbps 128 kbps 1
128 kbps 64 kbps 2
Guaranteed 384 kbps 128 kbps 1
128 kbps 64 kbps 2
 Histogram Admission Policy
Controls the SF usage, by blocking non-guaranteed HO and non-HO
requests if the DL SF usage and/or compressed mode usage is too
high (a way of ensuring distribution of code tree utilization between
services)
Traffic class / Setup type
Non-guaranteed HO / non-HO requests demanding SF8
blocked if the usage of this SF exceeds sf8Adm.
Non-guaranteed HO / non-HO requests demanding SF16

Blocked

Blocked

Blocked
blocked if the usage of this SF exceeds sf16Adm.
Non-guaranteed HO / non-HO requests demanding SF32 sf32Adm
sf16Adm
blocked if the usage of this SF exceeds sf32Adm.
sf8Adm
Blocks an admission that requests a radio link in
compressed mode, when the current number of radio Spreading
Factor (SF)
links in compressed mode exceeds parameter
compModeAdm. SF 8 SF 16 SF 32
384 Kbps 128 Kbps 64 kbps
 DL Transmitted Carrier Power Admission
Policy

Blocks guaranteed and non-

guaranteed HO and
non-HO requests if the DL power Traffic class / Setup type
utilization is too high ng non-HO Block & soft congestion
requests
ng HO Block & soft congestion
requests
g non-HO Block & soft congestion
requests
g HO Block & soft
requests congestion
DL Power
beMarginDlPwr pwrAdmOffset
usage
Non-guaranteed / non-HO requests blocked when current DL power pwrAdm
utilization exceeds pwrAdm beMarginDlPwr
Guaranteed and non-guaranteed HO and non-HO requests blocked Set in relation to parameter
when current DL power utilization exceeds pwrAdm maximumTransmissionPower , which is the
configured maximum power for all DL channels
Guaranteed HO requests blocked when current DL power utilization
added together, to be used simultaneously in a
exceeds pwrAdm + pwrAdmOffset
cell. The current default setting assumes a max.
Soft congestion is triggered feeder loss of 6 dB.
 ASE Admission Policy
Blocks guaranteed and non-guaranteed HO and non-HO requests if the air-
interface utilization in the UL and/or DL is too high
Traffic class / Setup type Traffic class / Setup type

ng non-HO Block ng non-HO Block

requests requests
ng HO Block ng HO Block
requests requests
g non-HO Block g non-HO Block
requests requests
g HO g HO
requests Block requests Block
UL ASE DL ASE
beMarginAseUl aseUlAdmOffset usage beMarginAseDl usage
aseUlAdm aseDlAdm

Non-guaranteed / non-HO requests blocked when UL ASE
usage exceeds aseUlAdm beMarginAseUl
Non-guaranteed HO requests and guaranteed non-HO
requests blocked when UL ASE usage exceeds aseUlAdm
Guaranteed HO requests blocked when UL ASE usage
exceeds aseUlAdm + aseUlAdmOffset
Non-guaranteed / non-HO requests blocked when UL ASE
usage exceeds aseDlAdm beMarginAseDl
Non-guaranteed HO, guaranteed non-HO and guaranteed
HO requests blocked when UL ASE usage exceeds aseDlAdm
 Congestion Control
2 Congestion
Congestion 3 Admission
Control Control
5
1 4 1
Cell(s)
Dedicated Monitored
Resource Handling 1. Event based measurements
2. Congestion detected
DL transmitted UL received total
power wideband power 3. Order Admission Control to block new
(RTWP)
connection requests
4. Send periodic measurements (1/s)
until congestion resolved
1 1 4 5. Initiate congestion resolve actions.
Event based Periodic
Measurements Measurements
 Congestion detection
DL congestion detection UL congestion detection
DL TX UL Received U congestion
UL congestion
carrier power DL congestion Total Wideband resolved
detected
detected Power
pwrAdm+
pwrAdmOffset iFCong +
+ pwrOffset iFOffset
DL cong.
pwrAdm+ resolved
iFCong
pwrAdmOffset

Time Time
pwrHyst pwrHyst iFHyst iFHyst

DL cell congestion occurs when the DL carrier power
exceeds the configurable threshold
pwrAdm + pwrAdmOffset + pwrOffset for a duration longer
than pwrHyst.
DL cell congestion is considered resolved when the DL
carrier power is below the configurable threshold
pwrAdm + pwrAdmOffset for a duration longer than
pwrHyst.
UL cell congestion occurs when the UL RTWP exceeds the
configurable threshold
iFCong + iFOffset for a duration longer than iFHyst.
UL cell congestion is considered resolved when the UL RTWP
is below the configurable threshold iFCong for a duration
longer than iFHyst.
 Congestion resolve handling
UL Congestion
Block new guaranteed nonHO and
Congestion new non-guaranteed non-HO requests
Admission
Control Control

DL Congestion

Congestion Block ALL new requests Admission

Control Control

Start congestion resolve

actions in the cell Cell(s)
 Downlink congestion resolve
handling
Mix of non-guaranteed and guaranteed connections in congested cell
DL cong.
resolved
tmCongActionNg tmCongAction tmCongAction 1. An amount of ASE resources equal to
DL TX
carrier power releaseAseDlNg that are associated with
DL congestion non-guaranteed services are released
detected immediately when congestion is detected. If
pwrAdm+
pwrAdmOffset there are still non-guaranteed services in the
+ pwrOffset cell, timer tmCongActionNg starts.
2. If congestion prevails, releaseAseDlNg
pwrAdm+
amount of ASE resources associated with
pwrAdmOffset
non-guaranteed services are released
periodically every time tmCongActionNg has
Time started and expires (until the congestion is
releaseAseDlNg releaseAseDl
releaseAseDl resolved).
releaseAseDlNg
3. If congestion still prevails and there are only
guaranteed services in the cell,
Release order of non-guaranteed services
tmCongAction starts. When it expires,
(from highest to lowest ASE in each group) releaseAseDl amount of ASE resources
1. Non-guaranteed where radio link originated over Iu (to common) associated with guaranteed services are
2. Non-guaranteed where radio link originated over Iur(terminated radio link) released (periodically every time
tmCongAction has started and expires, until
3. When no non-guaranteed services are left and congestion prevails, the congestion
the congestion is resolved).
resolve action continues as per slide 30 (only guaranteed services).
RF Initial Tuning Overview

Workflow
Tool
Overall Process
Work Flow
KPI & Plots
Data Preparation Data Collection
Tuning Team

TEMS Log Change Request

Analysis
files

Need Detailed Analysis

Post Processing

Change Request
UETR & Trace UETR Log
Setup files
Support Team

Detailed Analysis TR & CSR

Site Availability
Check
RNC Trace
files
Problem Category
O&M Team

Alarm Check &

Site Healthy Alarm Lists
Check
 Initial Tuning Basic Concept
Optimise tilts
Reduce Pilot Pollution
Reduce Active Set Size
Maximise EcIo and RSCP
Optimise Neighbour lists
Maximise mobility
Decrease HO Failures
Identify Network Faults
HW installation errors
UTRAN problems
 Tools
TEMS Investigation
Scanner
UEs
NeXplorer
MCOM3g
UETR Explorer
Post Processing Tool (KPI Calculation)
RF Problem Sheet
Case Study
 Case Study
RF Issue UE Issue
Pilot Pollution UE Frozen
Low Coverage, Quality No acknowledge at Preamble
Missing Neighbor
Uplink Coverage Problem
Uplink Interference

Network Issue
Swapped Feeder
Neighbor Definition (Site Down)
Co SC Issue
AAL2 Failure
RF Issue
 Pilot Pollution
Pilot Pollution is defined to be the degradation
in Ec/No of the best serving pilot owing to the
presence of the other pilot signals received at
a similarly high level, but which do not
contribute constructively to the received
signal.

While
Threshold_PilotPollution = ReportingRange1b
(5dB)
Pilot Pollution (2)
Low Coverage, Quality
Low Coverage & Quality
 Missing Neighbor
Required Neighbor Relation is not defined
The Cell becomes interferer
Call drop when the delta of the RF
measurement between the cell and the best
cell is greater than releaseConOffset
Missing Neighbor (2)
Uplink Coverage Problem
Uplink Interference
Network Issue
Swapped Feeder
Neighbor Definition (Site Down)
Co Scrambling Code Issue
Co Scrambling Code Issue (2)
 Neighbour list & combination

Active set

Neigbour list is
defined every cell
individually but
must be combined
in a unique list
when handovering

Monitored set the union of neighbours from all cells in the active set Duplicate cells
are removed
 Neighbour list & combination

Neighbour combination
accordes to NB combination
algorithm.
Shared NB cells only could be
added once a time.
The maximum cells of monitor
set is restricted by
C_MaxSohoListSubset (=32)
Redundant cells exceeding max 32 cells
C_MaxSohoListSubset in the cell A31
monitored set should be Truncated cells- unmonitored set cell B31
removed. cell C31

cellx
Undefined neighbors celly
 NB Combination Algorithm
NB combination
algorithm ran at
RNC side
Sample: e1a
no DRNC 1. Setup a call: intially UE use the NB list contained
in SIB 11.
2. Then RRC connection completed, first
measurement control will be sent down to UE
to tell what NB list should be used.

1.Setup a call 3. With moving to new cell, active set update

would occur, then RNC combines two neigbour
sets into one unique monitored set list.
2.Measurement 3.Active set
4. New measurement control will be sent after
control update active set updated. Contains the new
4.measurement monitored set information for UE.
Moved to a new cell control

Continually listen the

system information on
BCH- SIB 11 gives the
neigbour information
 NB Combination Algorithm
A
E Scenario:
A A A
B B B D Intra-frequency
C D A1
A1 A1 e1a, new
A1 e1c, new E1 No shared NB cell
B1 B1
cell D
B1
cell E D1 exsiting
added,it replace cell
C1 has 32 NBs D1 B ,it has 32
A2
A2 A2 in its A2 NBs in its E2
e1b cell C
B2 dropped B2 neigbourlis
B2 neigbour D2
C2
t
D2
list A3
A3 A3 A3 E3
B3 B3 B3 D3
Truncated cell Only 5 NBs
C3 D3 below this
A4 with top
A4 A4 A4 line could not E4 priority in the
B4 B4 B4 be added into D4 defined NB

C4 D4
active set, A5 list of cell D
even those can be added
A5 A5 A5 NBs are
E5 into new
B5 B5 B5 defined in the D5 monitored
C5 D5 RNC D6 list, big
problem!!!

D18 D18
AAL2 Failure
UE Issue
UE Frozen
No Acknowledge at Access
Preamble