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Ch4.FundamentalLaws(IntegralAnal.) MultimediaEngineeringFluids
Conservation Linear Momentof Conservation
Mass Momentum Momentum Energy
Fluids MomentofMomentumEquation CaseIntro Theory CaseSolution
Chapter
1.Basics
2.FluidStatics FLUIDMECHANICSTHEORY
3.Kinematics
4.Laws(Integral) Thebasicconceptsofangularmomentumandtorque
5.Laws(Diff.)
willfirstbeintroduced.Themomentofmomentum
6.Modeling/Similitude
7.Inviscid equationisthenstatedforacontrolvolumealongwith
8.Viscous anillustrationofitsapplications.
9.ExternalFlow
10.OpenChannel
AngularMomentumandTorque
Appendix
BasicMath Theangularmomentum,H,ofaparticleabouta
Units
BasicEquations
referencepointOisthecrossproductbetweenthe
Water/AirTables positionvector,r,andthemomentumofthesystem,
Sections mV,orinequationform,
Search H=rmV
eBooks wheremisthemassofthesystem,andVisthe
Dynamics AngularMomentum velocityofthesystem.Thedirectionoftheangular
Statics Clicktoviewmovie(36k)
Mechanics
momentumisperpendiculartotheplanecontainingthe
Fluids positionvectorandvelocityvector,anditcanbe
Thermodynamics determinedbyusingtherighthandrule,asshownin
Math thefigure.
Author(s): Theangularmomentumandtorqueormomentofa
CheanChinNgo particlearerelated.Recall,thetorque,T,isgivenby
KurtGramoll
thecrossproductofthepositionvectorandtheforce
KurtGramoll vector:
T=rF
Theforcecouldalsobewrittenasmaandusingthe
chainruleas,
RightHandRule
Clicktoviewmovie(64k) T=rmdv/dt=d(rmv)/dt
Thus,foraparticle,thecrossproductoftheposition
andforcevectorsisequaltothemomentumrateof
change,or
rF=dH/dt
MomentofMomentumEquation
Themomentofmomentumequationisalsoreferredto
astheangularmomentumequation.Themomentof
momentumequationforafixedandnondeforming
controlvolumecanbederivedusingbytakinga
materialderivativeoftheangularmomentumofa
particle(omittedhere),whichwillgive
Torque
Clicktoviewmovie(30k)
whereristhepositionvector(aboutareferencepoint),
Vistheabsolutevelocityofthefluid,andnisthe
outwardunitnormalvector.Forsteadyflow,thefirst
termontherighthandsideofthemomentof
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10/3/2016 FluidseBook:MomentofMomentumEquation
momentumequationvanishes.ThetermVnwillbe
positivewhentheflowisoutofthecontrolvolume
whileitisnegativewhentheflowisintothecontrol
volume(seeanothersectionformorediscussion).The
directionsofthequantitiesrFandrVaredetermined
bytherighthandruledescribedpreviously.
Themomentofmomentumequationcanbestatedin
UnitNormalVector wordsasfollows:
Clicktoviewmovie(22k)
HydraulicTurbine Themomentofmomentumequationcanbeappliedto
Clicktoviewmovie(28k) analyzerotatingsystems,suchasturbines,sprinklers,
andfans.Inanalyzingsuchsystems,thevectorform
oftheequationisoftenresolvedintoscalarform,and
onlythedirectionalongtheaxisofrotationis
considered.
Takethelawnsprinklerasshowninthefigurefor
example.Forsteadyflow,themomentofmomentum
equationreducesto
LawnSprinkler
Clicktoviewmovie(45k)
Butnotice,therearetwopossiblevelocitieswiththis
formulation.Vrelisthevelocityrelativetotherotating
nozzle,asifoneisstandingonthenozzlehead.Next,
Vabs istheabsolutevelocityasviewedfromthenon
rotatingframeofreference(i.e.theground).
Sowhytwovelocities?Duetotheconservationof
mass,themassflowrate,dm/dtisconstant,andthus
Vrelmustalsobeconstant.Vrelisconstantforanon
acceleratingsystem.TheVabs istheratethemassis
reallymovingascomparedtothegroundandthis
VelocityRelationships: drivestherotatingarm.Itiscriticalthattherelationship
Vtip NozzleTipVelocity(=r) betweenVabs andandVrelisunderstoodandused
VrelFluidVelocityRelativetoNozzle correctly.Theyarerelatedas
VabsAbsoluteVelocityfromGround
Vabs =Vrel+Vtip
whereVtipisusuallyintheoppositedirection,andthus
negative.
Generally,thebasicsteadystateangularmoment
equationiswrittenwithseparatetermsforfluidcoming
inandgoingout(velocityisassumedperpendicularto
theinletoroutletarea,andareadoesnotchange)
giving
MomentofMomentumAnalysis
ofaLawnSprinkler
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10/3/2016 FluidseBook:MomentofMomentumEquation
Thisformisforfixed,nondeformingcontrolvolumes.
Forrotatingsystem,theabsolutevelocitymustbe
used.
Alongtheaxisofrotation,theaboveequationcanalso
bewritteninscalarformforoutletonlysystemsas
simply
Tshaft=rVdm/dt
whereTshaftisthetorqueoftheshaft,Visthe
tangentialvelocityofthefluid,anddm/dt(=AVrel)is
thetotalmassflowoutofthecontrolvolume.Notice,
thisisascalarequation,andtheminussignmeans
thattheshafttorqueopposestherotatingarms.This
equationassumesnofluidiscomingintothesystem
exceptatthecenterofrotation(i.e.asprinklertype
system).
ShaftPower
Insomecases,theshaftpowerisneededtodetermine
apumpsizeorturbineoutput.Powerissimplythe
workperunittime.Forrotatingsystems,thiscanbe
expressedas
whereistheangularvelocityoftheshaft.
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