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Numerical Heat Transfer,

Part A: Applications: An
International Journal
of Computation and
Methodology
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A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION
OF THE CONVECTIVE HEAT
TRANSFER IN UNSTEADY
LAMINAR FLOW PAST A
SINGLE AND TANDEM PAIR
OF SQUARE CYLINDERS IN A
CHANNEL
J. L. Rosales, A. Ortega, J. A. C. Humphrey
Version of record first published: 29 Oct 2010.
To cite this article: J. L. Rosales, A. Ortega, J. A. C. Humphrey (2000): A

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN UNSTEADY
LAMINAR FLOW PAST A SINGLE AND TANDEM PAIR OF SQUARE CYLINDERS IN A
CHANNEL, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications: An International Journal
of Computation and Methodology, 38:5, 443-465
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Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A, 38:443^465 , 2000 026-33219077
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A NUM ERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CONVECTIVE

HEAT TRANSFER IN UNSTEAD Y LAM INAR FLOW
PAST A SINGLE AND TANDEM PAIR OF SQUARE
CYLINDERS IN A CH ANNEL
J. L. Rosales
Phoenix Analysis & Design Technologies, Gilbert, Arizona, USA
A. Ortega
Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona,
Tucson, Arizona
J. A. C. Humphrey
College of Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
The unsteady laminar ow and heat transfer characteristics from square cylinders located
in a channel with a fully developed inlet velocity pro le were studied numerically . The
time-averaged Nusselt number for each face and the time-averaged cylinder Nusselt
number ( Nu) were determined, as well as aerodynami c characteristics such as cylinder
lift, drag, and eddy-shedding Strouhal number ( St) . The results show that the cylinder
Nu decreases for both the single and the tandem pair of cylinders as they approach
the channel wall. The upstream eddy-promoting cylinder signi cantly reduces the drag
of the downstream cylinder as compared with that of the single cylinder. The St decreases
as the wall is approached and is larger for the tandem pair than for the single cylinder
for all positions.
INTROD UCTION
There have been numerous numerical and experimental investigations of
unsteady ow past bluff bodies. These investigations are relevant to many practical
engineering applications such as structural dynamics and electronics cooling.
The objective of most of the studies has been to examine the unsteady nature of
the ow behind the bluff bodies and the effects on heat transfer and ow-induced
vibrations. The bluff bodies investigated have mainly consisted of circular and
Received 21 May 1999; accepted 24 May 2000.
This work was initiated under the support of PYI grant CTS 9057465 to the second author.
Additional support from Raytheon/Texas Instruments through a seed grant administered by Dr.
Don Price is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to thank Dr. Nestor Queipo for his assist-
ance during the early stages of this research. The rst author would also like to acknowledge the longtime
support of The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California, through summer interships and
additional computing resources.
Address correspondence to Professor Alfonso Ortega, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical
Engineering, University of Arizona, P. O. Box 210119, Tucson, AZ 85721-0119 , USA. E-mail:
ortegau.arizona.edu
443
444 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
NOM ENCLATUR E
a distance between the top of the heated u streamwise velocity (m/s)
cylinder and the upper channel wall (m) U mean velocity (m/s)
b distance between the top of the v cross-stream velocity (m/s)
eddy-promoting cylinder and the upper x streamwise coordinate direction in
channel wall (m) Cartesian coordinates (m)
c local wave speed in the wave equation y cross-stream coordinate direction in
(m/s) Cartesian coordinates (m)
CD drag coefcient, Eq. (6) a thermal diffusivity of the uid (m2 /s), or
CL lift coefcient, Eq. (7) nondimensional distance between the top
d side length of the eddy-promoting of the heated cylinder and the upper
cylinder (m) channel wall, a/H

D side length of the heated cylinder (m) b nondimensional distance between the top
f eddy-shedding frequency from the heated of the eddy-promoting cylinder and the
cylinder (s1 ) upper channel wall, b/H
FD total force per unit length on the cylinder d size ratio between the eddy-promoting
in the streamwise direction (N/m) cylinder and the heated cylinder, d/D
FL total force per unit length on the cylinder f dependent variable in the wave equation
in the cross-stream direction (N/m) l nondimensional intercylinder spacing,
h convection heat transfer coefcient, L/D
k@T =@nc =Tc To (W/m 2 K) r density of the uid (kg/m3 )
H channel height (m) t time period of oscillation, l/f
k thermal conductivity (W/mK) n kinematic viscosity (m2 /s)
L distance between the eddy-promoting
cylinder back face and the heated Subscripts
cylinder front face (m) B bottom cylinder surface value or
Ld downstream channel length (m) condition
Lu Upstream channel length (m) c cylinder value or condition
n surface normal direction F front cylinder surface value or condition
Nu Nusselt number, Eq. (5) m time mean
p pressure (Pa) o inlet value or condition
Re Reynolds number, UD/n R rear cylinder surface value or condition
St Strouhal number, fD/U rms root mean square of uctuating
t time (s) component
T temperature (K) T top cylinder surface value or condition
rectangular cylinders, at plates, and other blunt cross sections. Recently, square
cylinders have received renewed attention because of their relevance to the cooling
of electronics. This is the motivation behind this study.
In this study, attention is forced on the ow and heat transfer about a square
cylinder located at various distances from a channel wall. The geometry presents
a simple yet essential paradigm for understanding the convection heat transfer
in air-cooled passages containing bluff objects, as in the cooling of printed circuit
boards. The geometry considering is illustrated in Figure 1. It is well known [1,
2, 3] that such ows are laminar to transitional in nature and are dominated by
unsteady ow interactions because of ow separation behind and between electronic
components. Flow over three-dimensional rectangular bluff objects is exceedingly
complex, as illustrated by experimental observations [4, 5, 6]. We are engaged,
therefore, in a systematic study to understand fundamental mechanisms of unsteady
interactions in air-cooled channels, beginning with two-dimensional cases, as in this
FLOW PART SQUARE CYLINDERS IN A CHANNEL
026-33219077 445
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. (a) Schematic of a single square cylinder in a channel; (b) schematic of a tandem pair of square
cylinders in a channel.
study, and continuing to three-dimensional situations, as proposed by Ortega et

al. [3].
Previous Work
The studies performed on the laminar ow and heat transfer about bluff bodies
include single and multiple rectangular cylinders near a wall, in a channel, or in a
freestream. The ow past a single square cylinder has been exhaustively investigated
both numerically and experimentally. Most of the experimental work has been
performed at values of the Reynolds numbers (Res) in the turbulent regime. A fun-
damental study by Kelkar and Patankar [7] described the onset of unsteadiness
for ow around a square cylinder. Numerically, they were able to determine that
Re 53 is the critical Re beyond which the ow is unsteady. This value is larger
than the critical value of 40 found experimentally for a circular cylinder [8]. Davis
and Moore [9] numerically investigated the vortex shedding from rectangular
cylinders in the Re range from 100 to 2800. The St at the lower Re was found
to be about 0.17 and was substantiated by experimental data. The St for the square
cylinder decreased with increasing Re and asymptotically approached a value of
approximately 0.145 for the Res greater than 1000. Experimental results predict
an asymptotic value of about 0.13. Okajima [10] experimentally determined the
vortex shedding frequencies of various rectangular cylinders in the Re range from
70 to 20,000. The aspect ratios of the rectangular cylinders were 1, 2, 3, and 4.
446 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
He found a range of Re in which an abrupt change in the ow pattern result in large

changes of the St. These abrupt changes were not present in the case of the square
cylinder. Okajima et al. [11] conducted a companion numerical simulation for
width-to-height ratios ranging from 0.2 to 10 and Res of 1000, 4000, and 7000.
Davis et al. [12] performed a numerical-experimental study of ow around
rectangular cylinders in a channel for cylinder Res ranging from 100 to 1850.
The results of the numerical study compared well with the experimental study
and showed an increase in the drag and Sts with increasing blockage ratio for
the range of parameters investigated. The shape of the inlet velocity prole had
a signicant effect on the vortex shedding frequency. Mukhopadhyay et al. [13]
restricted their study of vortex shedding to a square cylinder centered in a channel
and concluded that the channel walls exert a damping effect on the amplitude
for a long duct. Suzuki et al. [14] observed an increase in the St with an increase
in blockage for six different square cylinder sizes, at various Res, and with various
inlet velocity proles. Li and Humphrey [1] performed a numerical analysis for
a square cylinder in a channel with the cylinder pitched to the mean ow and found
notable differences in the heat transfer coefcients as a function of the orientation
angle. Esfahani [15] conducted a numerical investigation for ow over rectangular
cylinders in the Re range below 200. He found that the St decreased as the projected
side ratio was increased, and the ow features for angles of incidence less than 20
and greater than 70 were signicantly different than for the intermediate angles.
Arnal et al. [16] investigated the vortex shedding from a square cylinder placed
on a xed wall, on a sliding wall, and in a freestream. They found that the sliding
wall had a destabilizing effect on the recirculation region behind the cylinder with
the corresponding critical Re ranging between 50 and 100. The onset of unsteadiness
for the xed wall began for an Re of approximately 100.
Tatsutani et al. [2] studied square cylinders in a channel for Res between 200
and 1600 based on the downstream cylinder. They observed distinct ow patterns
above and below a critical intercylinder spacing, lc given by lc 168 Re 2=3 . Below
the critical spacing, two counterrotating eddies in the gap between the square
cylinders underwent vertical oscillations because of the alternating transverse press-
ure gradient, which was driven by eddy shedding from the downstream cylinder. At
the critical spacing, eddy shedding was initiated for the upstream square cylinder.
A reduction in the size of the eddy promoter caused in the frequency of eddy
shedding from the downstream square cylinder. In a similar but more restricted
study, Valencia [17] performed a numerical investigation with equally sized
rectangular cylinders for different separation distances. The channel blockage ratio
was the dominant parameter for heat transfer enhancement. Devarakonda and
Humphrey [18] performed experimental and numerical investigations for the
unsteady ow past a tandem pair of square cylinders for an Re of 592 based on
the downstream cylinder. The presence of an eddy promoter enhanced the heat
transfer of the downstream cylinder and reduced the drag experienced by the
two cylinders. The channel ow had a uniform inlet prole. Subsequently,
Devarakonda [19] numerically showed that, for a single square cylinder placed
in the center of a channel, transition from steady state to a steady-periodic state
occurred at about Re 30, and transition from a steady-periodic state to a chaotic
state occurred at about Re 300. For two square cylinders, the heat transfer from
026-33219077 447
the downstream cylinder was maximized for certain intercylinder separations. Con-
gurations that yielded a negative or zero drag coefcient for the downstream square
cylinder also were found.
M OTIVATION
From the literature it is clear that the critical Reynolds number for transition
from steady to unsteady periodic laminar ow over bluff objects in a channel is well
within the range commonly encountered in air cooling of electronics at velocities

of the order of 1 m/s. This evidence is derived from studies in which the object(s)
have been centered in the channel. In the cooling of electronic components placed
in printed circuit boards the effects of geometrical layout of the channel bounding
wall are of obvious importance. Several issues, therefore, motivate this study;
(1) How does the proximity to a bounding wall affect eddy shedding from a square
cylinder? (2) How does ow unsteadiness affect the heat transfer from the cylinder
and the channel walls? (3) Is an upstream eddy-promoting cylinder equally effective
in reducing drag and increasing heat transfer from the prime cylinder when the chan-
nel walls are in close proximity? In this paper, we seek to clarify these questions while
realizing that our study is necessarily only a partial contribution to a larger system-
atic investigation. Ultimately, our objective is the development of robust rules
for the optimum thermal layout of electronic components in convectively cooled
congurations.
NUM ERIC AL P ROC ED URE

The numerical calculations were performed using the computer code,
FAHTSO (uid and heat transfer solver), a custom CFD/CHT solver based on
the work of Queipo et al. [20, 21]. We have further developed the solver for the
momentum and energy equations for two- or three-dimensional steady or unsteady
laminar ows. The program uses an adaptation of the SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit
Method for Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm described by Patankar [22]
and is based on nite-difference equations derived using the staggered grid, con-
trol-volume formulation. It incorporates the QUICK scheme for the convection
terms and central differencing for the diffusion terms. A fully implicit, second-order
three-level time method is incorporated in time. The details of the code are given in
Rosales [23].
Governing Equations
The ow eld in the channel is assumed to be unsteady, two-dimensional,
nonisothermal, incompressible, and laminar, and the uid is assumed to be
Newtonian with constant properties. The equations describing the convection of
448 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
mass, momentum, and energy are, in vector notation,

r u~ 0 1
@~u 1
u~ r~u rp nr2 u~ 2
@t r
@T
u~ rT ar2 T 3
@t
The quantities r, n, and a are the density, kinematic viscosity, and thermal
diffusivity, respectively. The velocity vector is represented by u~, p is pressure, T

is temperature, and t is time. The numerical procedure solves the equations in terms
of the primitive variables, velocity, pressure, and temperature.
The geometry studied is shown in Figure 1. The dimensional values for the
domain of interest were D 0.01 m, d 0.005 m, H 0.0727 m, L 0.02 m, and
an overall channel length of 0.355 m. For the single and tandem cylinders, the
upstream channel lengths, Lu , were 0.105 m and 0.08 m, respectively, and the
downstream channel length, Ld , was 0.24 m. The inlet ow condition was taken
as a fully developed parabolic velocity prole with an average velocity of 0.7875 m/s
such that the cylinder Re was 500 based on the side length, D. In air cooling of
electronics, velocities on the order of 1 m/s are common. The inlet ow was
isothermal at a temperature To . The single cylinder, or the downstream cylinder
in the case of a tandem pair, was placed at a xed distance downstream of the inlet
plane as shown in Figures 1a and 1b and was held at a constant temperature
Tc . The boundary conditions imposed on the upper and the lower channel walls
were u v 0, for velocity, with walls specied as adiabatic. The exit boundary con-
ditions were chosen to minimize distortion of the unsteady vortices shed from the
cylinders. A detailed investigation of the appropriate exit condition was undertaken.
It was found that the wave equation was the most computationally efcient math-
ematical condition compatible with the physics at the exit plane, that is,
@f @f
c 0 4
@t @x
where the variable f is the independent variable u, v, or T. Equation (4) is enforced at
the exit plane for the momentum and energy equations, Eqs. (2) and (3). The wave
speed, c, is the mean-channel, inlet velocity, Uo . A detailed study by Kobayashi
et al. [24] found that the wave equation produced little reection of the vortices
and is highly suitable for unsteady ows. Setting a wave equation boundary con-
dition at the exit plane requires that the velocity at that boundary be positive every-
where (meaning directed out of the channel); otherwise the calculation becomes
unstable as demonstrated by Iglesias et al. [25]. Setting the rst derivatives of
the variables u, v, and T equal to zero at the exit plane is appropriate if the transverse
velocity is negligible at that boundary, which is not necessarily true for unsteady
wakes exiting the channel. Setting the second derivatives equal to zero at the exit
is found to be more accurate but does not result in an unconditionally stable pro-
cedure and is not as accurate as the wave boundary condition. An alternate choice
would be to use a static pressure boundary condition. However, based on the study
026-33219077 449
of exit boundary conditions and downstream channel lengths, the static pressure
boundary condition does not give more accurate results. A detailed study was
performed to investigate the effects of the exit boundary location. Three different
downstream channel lengths were used, and the effects on the heated cylinder drag,
lift, and heat transfer coefcients were monitored. The inuence of the boundary
conditions on the quantities being calculated was found to be minimal for the chan-
nel length selected.
Grid and Time- Step Quali c ation

A thorough investigation was conducted to adequately capture the highly

unsteady ow features present in these laminar channel ow calculations. Numerous
simulations were performed to determine the appropriate time step and grid
structure. An initial estimate of the grid renement was given by the work of
Devarakonda [19] on the ow past a single cylinder in a channel. In this study,
the grid was divided into four separate zones in the x-direction and three separate
zones in the y-direction and a nonuniform grid distribution was employed. In
the x-direction, a more rened grid was generated immediately upstream and
downstream of the cylinder. In the y-direction, the grid was rened above and below
the cylinder. To accurately capture wake^wall interactions, the grid was rened also
near the channel walls. The grid ratios between the adjacent grid structures were set
to be approximately 1.0 and the clustering parameters were set to produce a uniform
change in the grid spacing to avoid numerical inaccuracies in the solution of the ow
eld. Four different nonuniform grids were used in the grid resolution study. A
sample grid for a single cylinder in a channel consisting of 172 114 internal control
nodes is shown in Figure 2.
The four grids evaluated for the single cylinder conguration consisted of
118 72, 144 92, 172 114, and 196 128 internal control nodes. An examin-
ation of the time means for parameters such as the lift and drag coefcients and
the Nusselt number, and their root-mean-square deviation, indicated that the
172 114 grid structure was sufciently rened to resolve the ow eld. The rst
two grid structures produced differences in these key parameters that exceeded
15% when compared with the most rened grid structure. The percent change in
the parameters between the nal two grid structures was less than 5%. The size
of the grid structure used for the tandem pair of cylinders was 188 114.
The main criteria for choosing the time step were the adequate resolution of the
eddy-shedding frequency and the root-mean-square deviation for the drag and lift
Figure 2. Nonuniform grid structure for the single cylinder (a 0.108).

450 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
coefcients and the Nu. The average drag and lift coefcients and the average Nu of
the cylinder were not used exclusively as they were rather insensitive to variations in
the time steps. The time-step study was performed in the preliminary phases of the
investigation under the conditions of a uniform inlet velocity prole for a single
cylinder. The shedding frequencies computed were comparable with those observed
for a parabolic inlet velocity prole and hence were felt to be sufciently represen-
tative of the parabolic prole case to qualify for the required time step. The time
steps investigated were 0.5E-03, 0.25E-03, 0.125E-03, and 0.8E-04 seconds. The rst
two time steps produced differences in values that exceeded 15% for critical variables
such as the lift coefcient when compared with the nal time step. The percent
change for all the mean and root-mean-square values between the nal two time
steps was less than 5%. An eddy-shedding St of 0.205 also compared well with
the results obtained by Devarakonda [19]. Hence a time step of 0.125E-03 seconds
was determined to be sufciently small to obtain results that were essentially
time-step independent.
All numerical calculations were performed on an SGI Origin2000 system at the
University of Arizona. The actual CPU time was not determined for any of the
simulations.
R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION

Calculations were performed for six cases. The rst three corresponded to the
single heated square cylinder placed at the channel center, at a position midway
to the wall, and at a position very near to the wall. The same cases were then repeated
with an eddy-promoting cylinder xed upstream of the primary cylinder. The cases
are summarized in Table 1. All of the simulations were performed for a xed
Re of 500 based on the dimensions of the primary cylinder and a xed intercylinder
spacing, L/D 2.0.
The drag and lift coefcients and the Nu on the heated cylinder were calculated
at each time step. A fast Fourier transform algorithm was used to evaluate the time
series to determine the eddy-shedding St. The average Nu for each surface of
the heated cylinder as well as the total average cylinder Nu were found. The Nu
Table 1. Summary of the test cases calculated
Single cylinder
a(a/H) b(b/H) d(d/D) l(L/D) ReD
0.431 500
0.216 500
0.108 500
Tandem cylinders
0.431 0.466 0.5 2.0 500

0.216 0.250 0.5 2.0 500
0.108 0.142 0.5 2.0 500
026-33219077 451
was computed as
hD
Nu 5
k
The viscous and pressure forces acting on the cylinder were used to calculate the lift
and drag coefcients, which are determined from the following denitions:
FD
CD 6
1=2rU o2 D
FL
CL 7
1=2rUo2 D
The variables FD and FL are the drag and lift forces, respectively, which are found by
integrating the pressure and viscous shear forces over the surface of the cylinder. It
was observed that the viscous drag and lift forces were only a small percentage
of the total drag and lift forces because of the normal pressure forces.
Ef f ects of Wall Proximity

Devarakonda [19] calculated the case of a single square cylinder exposed to a
uniform inlet velocity prole and observed that the surface and time-average d
Nus were almost invariant as the position of the cylinder approached the channel
well. The St increased from 0.16 for a centered cylinder to 0.21 for a 0.0812.
Similarly, the drag coefcient increased from 2.42 to 2.72 for the same positions.
For a uniform approach velocity prole, the dominant effect observed is the
transition from a channel-centered situation, in which the time-mean ow deection
is symmetric, to the asymmetric ow state encountered as the cylinder is displaced
toward the wall. Figures 3 and 4 show time-series snapshots for the single cylinder
for the cases with a 0.431 (centered) and a 0.108, respectively. As can be seen,
the results are markedly different in the current case for a parabolic inlet ow. When
a single cylinder is placed at the center of a channel with a parabolic inlet velocity
prole, the cylinder experiences a maximum velocity causing maximum shear.
As the cylinder is moved toward the wall, it experiences a lower velocity therefore
producing lower shear. When off center, the face of the cylinder nearest the channel
wall encounters a lower average uid velocity than the opposite face. The presence
of a wall near the upper face of the cylinder adds to the complexity of the con-
guration. The presence of the cylinder tends to channel the ow between its upper
surface and the wall, which causes the uid to accelerate in the narrow gap as
observed in plots of the streamlines. Close observation of Figure 4 reveals that
a vortex sheet is formed only on the lower face of the cylinder (Figure 4a). When
this vortex sweeps toward the wall it shuts off the ow jetting in from the narrow
space between the cylinder and the wall. As the stagnation pressure increases at
the inlet to this passage, it reaches a critical value that allows the ow to overcome
the vortex previously closing off the passage. The jet ows downward and outward,
effectively severing the vortex sheet. The vortex circulation on the lower surface
of the cylinder is counterclockwise because of the shear of the main ow below
the cylinder. The net result is that the cylinder in close proximity to the wall causes
452 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
Figure 3. Time series of vorticity for a single cylinder (a 0.431): (a) t 0, (b) t 0.25, (c) t 0.50, (d)
t 0.75, (e) t 1.0.
026-33219077 453
Figure 4. Time series of vorticity for a single cylinder (a 0.108): (a) t 0, (b) t 0.25, (c) t 0.50, (d)
t 0.75, (e) t 1.0.
454 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
the formation of vortices of a single sense (counterclockwise) that are advected

downstream and are remarkably coherent. This illustrates a potentially useful
way for generating spanwise vortices near walls to study vortex^wall interactions.
When the single cylinder is centered in the channel, the amplitude of the ow
oscillations resulting from eddy shedding is large enough to distort the boundary
layers on the channel walls downstream of the cylinder. Wake^wall interactions
are apparent eight cylinder diameters downstream of the cylinder. When the single
cylinder is placed at a 0.216, the wall boundary layer is signicantly affected within
three cylinder diameters. At a distance of a 0.108, the interaction between the wake
and the boundary layer occurs almost immediately downstream of the single
cylinder. As might be expected, the damping effect of the wall stabilizes the vortex
shedding. (This behavior is best seen in the time records of the unsteady drag
and lift coefcients in Figure 6.) This periodicity was also observed for uniform ow
as the cylinder approaches the wall. A comparison of Figures 5 and 6, and an inspec-
tion of the St in Figure 7, shows that the frequency of vortex shedding and the ampli-
tude of the oscillations are both strongly damped as the channel wall is approached.
This is most clearly manifested in the unsteady lift coefcient CL whose root mean
square (RMS) value drops from 2.93 for a 0.431 (centered) to 0.218 for a 0.108.
Because the upper, lower, and rear cylinder surfaces are cooled by an alternating
separating and reattaching ow whose magnitude is coupled to the amplitude of
Figure 5. Power spectrum and time series of the instantaneous drag and lift coefcients for a single cyl-
inder (a 0.431).
026-33219077 455
Figure 6. Power spectrum and time series of the instantaneous drag and lift coefcients for a single cyl-
inder (a 0.108).
Figure 7. Strouhal number as a function of position for the single cylinder and tandem cylinders.
456 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
the downstream transverse wake uctuations, it is expected that the convective heat
transfer from these surfaces exhibits the greatest degree of unsteadiness. NuR;rms
is the RMS of the uctuating Nu on the rear surface, and it is signicantly higher
than the values for the other surfaces. The amplitudes of the uctuations in Nu
on all cylinder surfaces are dampened as the wall is approached, consistent with
the damping of the wake-shedding amplitude, which we infer from the oscillations
of the drag and lift coefcients. Previously, Suzuki et al. [14] and Mukhopadhyay
et al. [13] observed similar damping for a cylinder centered in a channel as the cyl-
inder size to channel height, D/H, decreased. The current results conrm that it
is the proximity of the nearest wall that modulates the wake-shedding amplitude.
In Figure 8, the front face of the single cylinder (facing the approaching ow)
always has the highest surface-averaged Nu value, the rear face always has the
second largest value, followed by the top and bottom faces whose Nus differ as
the wall is approached. This trend holds as the single cylinder is moved toward
the upper channel wall. The drop in the Nu is because of the displacement of
the cylinder into a ow region with a progressively lower mean velocity. The
modulation of the amplitude of the unsteady separated ow on the side and rear
faces clearly decreases the ability of ow unsteadiness to compensate for the
reduction of heat transfer because of a decreased mean velocity. The net result
Figure 8. Time-averaged Nusselt number as a function of cylinder position in the channel for each face of
the single cylinder.
026-33219077 457
is a decrease in the overall heat transfer from the cylinder as the wall is approached,
as shown in Figure 9. Not surprisingly, the cylinder drag, CD , drops as well, as shown
in Figure 10. Figure 11 illustrates time-averaged plots of the local Nu on each surface
for a 0.108.
Ef f ects of Eddy- Promoting C ylinder

Previous studies have shown that when an eddy-promoting cylinder is placed
upstream of a heated cylinder the drag on the downstream cylinder decreases
and heat transfer increases. Most of these observations were based on cylinders
immersed in a ow with a uniform velocity prole. The effects are more complex
in the current case with a parabolic velocity prole. The interaction between the
wake and the cylinder wall boundary layers is similar to the case for the single
cylinder, as seen in Figures 12 and 13. However, a noticeable increase in the St
is observed for the tandem cylinder case as shown in Figure 7. In the case of
the tandem cylinder conguration, the front face of the heated cylinder has the
highest surface-averaged Nu value, except when the cylinders are centered in the
channel, followed by the bottom, top, and rear faces. In the centered position,
the separated ow from the upstream eddy promoter reattaches alternately on
the top and bottom surfaces of the heated cylinder. This causes the time-average d
Figure 9. Time-averaged cylinder Nusselt number as a function of cylinder position in the channel for the
single and tandem cylinders.
458 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
Figure 10. CD and CL as a function of cylinder position for the single and tandem cylinders.
Figure 11. Time-averaged local face Nu number for a single cylinder (a 0.108).
026-33219077 459
Figure 12. Time series of vorticity for tandem cylinders (a 0.431): (a) t 0, (b) t 0.25, (c) t 0.50, (d)
t 0.75, (e) t 1.0.
460 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
Figure 13. Time series of vorticity for tandem cylinders (a 0.108): (a) t 0, (b) t 0.25, (c) t 0.50, (d)
t 0.75, (e) t 1.0.
026-33219077 461
Nu on the side faces to be higher than the front face. When displaced from the center
of the channel, the separated ow is allowed to reattach on the front cylinder surface.
A comparison of Figure 8 (single cylinder) and Figure 14 (cylinder with eddy
promoter) reveals that the eddy promoter causes a decrease in the front and rear
face mean heat transfer and a signicant increase on the side faces. The net effect
is that the overall heat transfer is not strongly inuenced by the presence of the
eddy promoter, Figure 9, at least at the upstream position xed in this study,
L/D 2.0. This is so despite that the eddy promoter introduces sizeable increases
in the temporal uctuations of the surface Nu and, therefore, the heat ux, on
the front and side faces. It is clear that the eddy promoter induces unsteady wake
shedding that might potentially provide a mixing mechanism between the
downstream cylinder surfaces and the freestream uid. However, the increased
mixing does not sufciently compensate for the drop in the mean ow velocity about
the downstream cylinder because of the upstream cylinder blockage. These ndings
reinforce the observations of Devarakonda and Humphrey [18], who observed in
a uniform ow that there might be an optimum combination of size and placement
of the upstream eddy promoter to maximize the heat transfer from the heated
cylinder.
When centered between the channel walls, the single cylinder has a slightly
lower overall time-average d Nu as compared with the cylinder with an eddy
Figure 14. Time-averaged Nusselt number as a function of cylinder position in the channel for each face of
the downstream heated cylinder in the tandem arrangement.
462 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
Figure 15. Time-average local face Nusselt number for the downstream heated cylinder in the tandem
arrangement (a 0.108).
promoter. This is in agreement with the results found for a uniform inlet velocity
prole where the tandem conguration also has a higher Nu. The addition of an
upstream eddy promoter greatly reduces the drag on the heated cylinder when
the tandem pair is centered in the channel. As the cylinder pair is positioned closer
to the channel wall, the difference in the drag between the single cylinder and
the cylinder with an eddy promoter is signicantly reduced, as seen in Figure
10. When centered in the channel, the eddy promoter diverts the high velocity uid
that would otherwise impinge on the heated cylinder. Inspection of Figures 4
and 13 shows that the presence of the upstream cylinder causes the ow to divert
laterally ahead of the downstream cylinder, most likely causing a decrease in the
stagnation pressure on the leeward face. When the cylinders are moved closer to
the upper channel wall, the local Re is lower and, therefore, changes the interaction
of the unsteady upstream wake with the prime cylinder. Nevertheless, the results
suggests that the ow blockage because of the eddy-promoting cylinder continues
to dominate the time-averaged drag on the downstream cylinder. Figure 14 shows
the time-averaged local Nu number for each face of the heated cylinder. Compared
with Figure 8, the Nu on the front and rear faces is decreased and, apparently,
is compensated for by the large increase in the heat transfer from the lateral faces.
An examination of Figure 14 shows an interesting difference between the values
026-33219077 463
of the time-averaged Nu for the top and bottom faces at the centered position. A
careful study, to be reported in detail elsewhere, revealed that the Nu values on
the top and bottom surfaces could switch, depending on how the ow was initiated,
leading to the hypothesis that an asymmetric solution exists because of a bifurcation
in the ow. The St decreased considerably as the wall was approached for the tandem
arrangement. However, in contrast to the single cylinder, the oscillation amplitude
either increased or remained nearly the same. Figure 15 illustrates time-average d
plots of the local Nu on each surface of the heated cylinder for a 0.108.
C ONCLUSIONS
Numerical calculations were performed for a single cylinder and a tandem pair
of cylinders located at several positions in a channel with a parabolic inlet velocity
prole. All of the numerical calculations were performed at an Re of 500 based
on the larger heated cylinder. Visualization of the numerical simulations clearly
demonstrates the complexity of the unsteady ow eld produced by the cylinder
congurations. The following conclusions may be derived from this work:
1. As the single or a tandem pair of cylinders is positioned closer to a channel
wall, both the overall heat transfer and drag are reduced. The dominant
mechanism seems to be the reduced velocity near the channel wall because
of the parabolic velocity distribution.
2. The presence of an eddy-promoter is found to slightly increase the overall
heat transfer and reduce the drag from the downstream heated cylinder.
This is in agreement with the enhancement of heat transfer found in pre-
vious studies using a uniform inlet velocity prole.
3. The St from the primary cylinder is greatly increased when a smaller
eddy-promoting cylinder is placed upstream of it. Positioning the cylinders
closer to the channel wall causes a signicant decrease in the St. The ampli-
tude of the eddy-shedding-induced oscillations is strongly dampened by the
presence of the channel wall for the single cylinder.
4. The modulation of the amplitude of eddy shedding apparently scales with
distance of the cylinder to the nearest bounding wall.
5. The case of a single cylinder placed closest to the wall introduced the for-
mation of highly coherent vortices, shed only from the lower cylinder face
with counterclockwise rotation. The asymmetric vortex shedding resulted
from the interaction of the uid jetting from the space between the cylinder
and the wall and the vortex formed on the lower surface of the cylinder.
This study reveals pronounced differences in the unsteady behavior of a single
or tandem pair of cylinders in a fully developed parabolic channel ow when com-
pared with a channel ow with an initially uniform inlet velocity prole. Because
of the transverse velocity gradients in the parabolic velocity prole, it may be that
the placement of the eddy-promoting cylinder upwind and off center may be ben-
ecial in increasing the heat transfer from the downstream cylinder. Continuing
work will focus on nding the optimum placement of the eddy-promoting cylinder
as a function of relevant geometrical and dynamical parameters. In addition, the
interaction of the unsteady wake with the channel walls is of fundamental import-
464 J. L. ROSALES ET AL. 026-33219077
ance in understanding unsteady convective heat transfer. The highly coherent

vortices that were generated by a single cylinder in close proximity to the wall
suggests that the current problem may be a useful paradigm for isolating detailed
mechanisms in the convective heat transfer because of the interaction of unsteady
vortices with boundary layers.
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Conned Flow around Rectangular Cylinders, Phys. Fluids, vol. 27, pp. 46^59, 1984.
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Conned Wakes behind a Square Cylinder in a Channel, Int. J. Numer. Methods
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Channel Obstructed by a Square Rod (Crisscross Motion of Vortex), Int. J. Heat
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Rectangular Cylinders, Numer. Heat Transfer, Part A, vol. 29, pp. 613^623, 1996.
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Flows, Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1994.
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A NUM ERICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CONVECTIVE

cylinder (m) channel wall, a/H

study, and continuing to three-dimensional situations, as proposed by Ortega et

He found a range of Re in which an abrupt change in the ow pattern result in large

within the range commonly encountered in air cooling of electronics at velocities

NUM ERIC AL P ROC ED URE

mass, momentum, and energy are, in vector notation,

diffusivity, respectively. The velocity vector is represented by u~, p is pressure, T

Grid and Time- Step Quali c ation

A thorough investigation was conducted to adequately capture the highly

Figure 2. Nonuniform grid structure for the single cylinder (a 0.108).

R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION

Table 1. Summary of the test cases calculated

a(a/H) b(b/H) d(d/D) l(L/D) ReD

0.431 0.466 0.5 2.0 500

Ef f ects of Wall Proximity

the formation of vortices of a single sense (counterclockwise) that are advected

Ef f ects of Eddy- Promoting C ylinder

ance in understanding unsteady convective heat transfer. The highly coherent

pp. 1215^1236 , 1995.

Convectively Cooled Electronic Components on Printed Wiring Boards, IEEE Trans.

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