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4/21/2017 BiharWikipedia

Coordinates:25.37N85.13E

Bihar
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Bihar(/bhr/Hindustanipronunciation:[bar])isastate
consideredtobeapartofEastern.[5][6]aswellasNorthern
Bihar

India[7][8][9].Itisthe13thlargeststateofIndia,withanarea
of94,163km2(36,357sqmi).ThethirdlargeststateofIndia
State
bypopulation,itiscontiguouswithUttarPradeshtoitswest,
Nepaltothenorth,thenorthernpartofWestBengaltothe
east,withJharkhandtothesouth.TheBiharplainissplitby
theriverGangeswhichflowsfromwesttoeast.[5]Biharisan
amalgamationofthreemaindistinctregions,theseare
Magadh,MithilaandBhojpur.[10]

OnNovember15,2000,southernBiharwascededtoform
thenewstateofJharkhand.[11]Only11.3%ofthepopulation
ofBiharlivesinurbanareas,whichisthelowestinIndia
afterHimachalPradesh.[12]Additionally,almost58%of
Biharisarebelowtheageof25,[13]givingBiharthehighest
proportionofyoungpeopleofanyIndianstate.Theofficial 80footGautamaBuddha,BodhGaya,Bihar
languagesofthestateareHindiandUrdu.[3][4]Other
languagescommonlyusedwithinthestateincludeBhojpuri,
Maithili,Magahi,Bajjika,andAngika(Maithiliistheonly
oneofthesetobeofficiallyacceptedbythe
government).[14][15]

InancientandclassicalIndia,theareathatisnowBiharwas
Seal
consideredacentreofpower,learning,andculture.[16]From
MagadhaaroseIndia'sfirstempire,theMauryaempire,as
wellasoneoftheworld'smostwidelyadheredtoreligions,
Buddhism.[17]Magadhaempires,notablyundertheMaurya
andGuptadynasties,unifiedlargepartsofSouthAsiaunder
acentralrule.[18]AnotherregionofBiharisMithilawhich
wasanearlycentreofBrahmanicallearningandthecentreof
theVidehakingdom.[19]

Sincethelate1970s,Biharhaslaggedfarbehindother
Indianstatesintermsofsocialandeconomic
development.[20][21][22]Manyeconomistsandsocial
scientistsclaimthatthisisadirectresultofthepoliciesof
thecentralgovernment,suchastheFreightequalisation
policy,[23][24]itsapathytowardsBihar,[13][25][26]lackof
Biharisubnationalism,[24][27][28]andthePermanent LocationofBiharinIndia
Settlementof1793bytheBritishEastIndiaCompany.[24] Coordinates(Patna):25.37N85.13E
Thestategovernmenthas,however,madesignificantstrides Country India
indevelopingthestate.[29]Improvedgovernancehasledto Formation 22March1912

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aneconomicrevivalinthestatethroughincreased (BiharDiwas)
investmentininfrastructure,[30]betterhealthcarefacilities, Statehood 26January1950
greateremphasisoneducation,andareductionincrimeand Capital Patna
corruption.[31][32] Largestcity Patna
Districts 38
Government
Contents Governor
ChiefMinister
RamNathKovind
NitishKumar(JD(U))
Legislature Bicameral
1 Etymology LegislativeCouncil75
2 History LegislativeAssembly243
2.1 Ancient Parliamentary 40
2.2 Medieval constituency
2.3 ColonialEra HighCourt PatnaHighCourt
2.4 PreandpostIndependence
3 Geographyandclimate Area
3.1 Floraandfauna Total 94,163km2(36,357sqmi)
4 Demographics Arearank 13th
5 Governmentandadministration
5.1 Politics Population(2011)[1]
6 Economy Total 103,804,637
6.1 Agriculture Rank 3rd
6.2 Industry Density 1,102/km2(2,850/sqmi)
6.3 Incomedistribution:northsouthdivide
7 Culture Demonym(s) Bihari
7.1 Languageandliterature Timezone IST(UTC+05:30)
7.2 Performingarts
UN/LOCODE INBR
7.3 Cinema
ISO3166code INBR
7.4 Religion
8 Media Vehicleregistration BR
9 Transport HDI 0.447[2](good)
9.1 Airways HDIrank 16th(2010)
9.2 InlandWaterways
10 Tourism Literacy 63.8%(total)
11 Education 73.7%(male)
53.3%(female)
12 Seealso
13 References Officiallanguage Hindi[3]
14 Furtherreading Additionalofficial Urdu,[4]Maithili
15 Externallinks language
Website gov.bih.nic.in(http://gov.bi
h.nic.in)

Etymology SymbolsofBihar

ThenameBiharisderivedfromtheSanskritandPaliword, Animal Gaur()


Vihara(Devanagari:),meaning"abode".Theregion Bird Housesparrow
( )
roughlyencompassingthepresentstatewasdottedwith
Flower Kachnar()
Buddhistvihara,theabodesofBuddhistmonksinthe
Tree Peepal()
ancientandmedievalperiods.MedievalwriterMinhajal
SirajJuzjanirecordsintheTabakatiNasirithatin1198,
BakhtiyarKhaljicommittedamassacreinatownnowknownasBiharSharif,about70kmawayfromBodh
Gaya.[33][34]

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History
Ancient

Chirand,onthenorthernbankoftheGangaRiver,inSarandistrict,hasan
archaeologicalrecordfromtheNeolithicage(about25001345BC).[35][36]
RegionsofBiharsuchasMagadha,MithilaandAngaarementionedin
religioustextsandepicsofancientIndia.ThepowercentreofancientBihar
wasintheregionofmoderndaysouthwesternBiharcalledMagadha,
whichremainedthecentreofpower,learning,andcultureinIndiafor1000
years.

TheHaryankadynasty,foundedin684BC,ruledMagadhafromthecityof
Rajgriha(modernRajgir).Thetwowellknownkingsfromthisdynasty
wereBimbisaraandhissonAjatashatru,whoimprisonedhisfatherto LocationofBiharinIndiabeforethe
ascendthethrone.AjatashatrufoundedthecityofPataliputrawhichlater creationofJharkhand
becamethecapitalofMagadha.HedeclaredwarandconqueredtheVajjiof
northBihar,anotherpowerfulMahajanapadanorthofGangeswithitscapital
atVaishali.VaishaliwasruledbytheLicchaviclan,whohadarepublican
formofgovernmentwherethekingwaselectedfromthenumberofrajas.
BasedontheinformationfoundintextspertainingtoJainismandBuddhism,
Vaishaliwasestablishedasarepublicbythe6thcenturyBCE,beforethebirth
ofGautamaBuddhain563BCE,makingittheworld'sfirstrepublic.The
HaryankadynastywasfollowedbytheShishunagadynasty.LatertheNanda
DynastyruledavasttractstretchingfromBengaltoPunjab.

TheNandadynastywasreplacedbytheMauryaEmpire,India'sfirstempire.
TheMauryaEmpireandthereligionofBuddhismaroseintheregionthatnow
makesupmodernBihar.TheMauryanEmpire,whichoriginatedfrom
Magadhain325BC,wasfoundedbyChandraguptaMaurya,whowasbornin
Magadha.IthaditscapitalatPataliputra(modernPatna).TheMauryan
emperor,Ashoka,whowasborninPataliputra(Patna)isbelievedtobeoneof
thegreatestrulersinthehistoryoftheworld.[37][38] TheMahabodhiTemple,among
thefourholysitesrelatedtothe
TheGuptaEmpire,whichoriginatedinMagadhain240AD,isreferredasthe lifeoftheLordBuddhaand
GoldenAgeofIndiainscience,mathematics,astronomy,commerce,religion, UNESCOWorldHeritageSite
andIndianphilosophy.[39]BiharandBengalwasinvadedbyRajendraCholaI
oftheCholadynastyinthe11thcentury.[40][41]

Medieval

BuddhisminMagadhawentintodeclineduetotheinvasionofMuhammad
BinBakhtiarKhilji,duringwhichmanyoftheviharasandthefamed
universitiesofNalandaandVikramashilaweredestroyed.Itwasclaimed
thatthousandsofBuddhistmonksweremassacredduringthe12th
century.[42][43][44]D.N.Jhasuggests,instead,thattheseincidentswerethe PaagofMithila
resultofBuddhistBrahminskirmishesinafightforsupremacy. In [45]
1540,thegreatPathanchieftain,SherShahSuri,fromSasaram,tooknorthernIndiafromtheMughals,defeating
theMughalarmyofEmperorHumayun.SherShahdeclaredDelhihiscapital.

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Fromthe11thcenturytothe20thcentury,Mithilawasruledbyvarious
indigenousdynasties.ThefirstofthesewheretheKarnatas,followedby
theOinwardynasty,RaghuvanshiandfinallyRajDarbhanga.[46]Itwas
duringthisperiodthatthecapitalofMithilawasshiftedto
Darbhanga.[47][48]

ThetenthandthelastGuruofSikhism,GuruGobindSinghwasbornin
Patna.

ColonialEra

AftertheBattleofBuxar(1764),theBritishEastIndiaCompanyobtained
thediwanirights(rightstoadminister,andcollectrevenueortax)forBihar,
BengalandOdisha.Therichresourcesoffertileland,waterandskilled
Copyofthesealexcavatedfrom
Kundpur,Vaishali.TheBrahmiletters
labourhadattractedtheforeignimperialists,particularlytheDutchand
onthesealmeans:Kundpurwasin
British,inthe18thcentury.Anumberofagriculturebasedindustrieshad
Vaishali.PrinceVardhaman beenstartedinBiharbyforeignentrepreneurs.[49]Biharremainedapartof
(Mahavira)usedthissealafterthe theBengalPresidencyofBritishIndiauntil1912,whentheprovinceof
Judgement BiharandOrissawascarvedoutasaseparateprovince.Since2010,Bihar
hascelebrateditsbirthdayasBiharDiwason22March.[50][51]

PreandpostIndependence

FarmersinChamparanhadrevoltedagainstindigo
cultivationin1914(atPipra)and1916
(Turkaulia).InApril1917,MahatmaGandhi
visitedChamparan,whereRajKumarShuklahad
drawnhisattentiontotheexploitationofthe
peasantsbyEuropeanindigoplanters.The
ChamparanSatyagrahathatfollowedreceived
supportfrommanyBiharinationalists,suchas
RajendraPrasadandAnugrahNarayan
Kalidasa'sSanskritplay Sinha.[52][53]
Abhijnakuntalam
InthenorthernandcentralregionsofBihar,the
KisanSabha(peasantmovement)wasan
importantconsequenceoftheindependencemovement.Itbeganin1929under
theleadershipofSwamiSahajanandSaraswatiwhoformedtheBihar
ProvincialKisanSabha(BPKS),tomobilisepeasantgrievancesagainstthe
zamindariattacksontheiroccupancyrights.Themovementintensifiedand (SittingLtoR)RajendraPrasad
spreadfromBiharacrosstherestofIndia,culminatingintheformationofthe andAnugrahNarayanSinha
AllIndiaKisanSabha(AIKS)attheLucknowsessionoftheIndianNational
duringMahatmaGandhi's1917
CongressinApril1936,whereSaraswatiwaselectedasitsfirstpresident.[54] ChamparanSatyagraha

Biharimigrantworkershavefacedviolenceandprejudiceinmanypartsof
India,suchasMaharashtra,PunjabandAssamafterindependence.[55][56]

Geographyandclimate

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Biharhasadiverseclimate.Its
temperatureissubtropicalingeneral,
withhotsummersandcoolwinters.
Biharisavaststretchoffertileplain.Itis
drainedbytheGangesRiver,including
itsnortherntributariesGandakand
Koshi,originatingintheNepal
MountainofAshrams,near HimalayasandtheBagmatioriginating
SenaVillage,atBuddha intheKathmanduValleythatregularly
Gaya floodpartsoftheBiharplains.Thetotal RiverMapofBihar
areacoveredbythestateofBiharis
94,163km2(36,357sqmi).the
stateislocatedbetween Climate
2420'10"N~2731'15"N Classification ETh
latitudeandbetween8319'50" Avg.temperature 27C(81F)
E~8817'40"Elongitude.Its
averageelevationabovesea Summer 34C(93F)
levelis173feet(53m). Winter 10C(50F)
Floodedfarmlandsin Precipitation 1,200mm(47in)
TheGangesdividesBiharinto
northernBiharduringthe twounequalhalvesandflows
2008Biharflood throughthemiddlefromwesttoeast.OtherGangestributariesaretheSon,Budhi
Gandak,Chandan,OrhaniandPhalgu.ThoughtheHimalayasbeginatthe
foothills,ashortdistanceinsideNepalandtothenorthofBihar,themountainsinfluenceBihar'slandforms,
climate,hydrologyandculture.CentralpartsofBiharhavesomesmallhills,forexampletheRajgirhills.Tothe
southistheChotaNagpurplateau,whichwaspartofBiharuntil2000butnowispartofaseparatestatecalled
Jharkhand.

Floraandfauna

Biharhasnotifiedforestareaof6,764.14km2(2,612sqmi),whichis7.2%ofits
geographicalarea.[57]ThesubHimalayanfoothillofSomeshwarandtheDun
rangesintheChamparandistrictareanotherbeltofmoistdeciduousforests.These
alsoconsistofscrub,grassandreeds.Heretherainfallisabove1,600millimetres
(63in)andthuspromotesluxuriantSalforestsinthearea.Themostimportant
treesareShoreaRobusta,SalCedrelaToona,Khair,andSemal.Deciduousforests
alsooccurintheSaharsaandPurniadistricts.[58]ShoreaRobusta(sal),Diospyros
melanoxylon(kendu),Boswelliaserrata(salai),Terminaliatomentose(Asan), Bauhiniaacuminata,locally
Terminaliabellerica(Bahera),TerminaliaArjuna(Arjun),PterocarpusMarsupium knownasKachnaar
(Paisar),Madhucaindica(Mahua)arethecommonfloraacrosstheforestofBihar.

ValmikiNationalPark,WestChamparandistrict,coveringabout800km2(309sqmi)offorest,isthe18thTiger
ReserveofIndiaandisrankedfourthintermsofdensityoftigerpopulation.[59]Ithasadiverselandscape,
shelteringrichwildlifehabitatsandfloralandfaunalcomposition,alongwiththeprimeprotectedcarnivores.

Demographics

Populationgrowth
Census Pop. %
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Afterthe2011Census,BiharwasthethirdmostpopulousstateofIndiawithtotal 1951 29,085,000


populationof104,099,452(54,278,157maleand49,821,295female).[61]Nearly89% 1961 34,841,000 19.8%
ofBihar'spopulationlivedinruralareas.Almost58%ofBihar'spopulationwas 1971 42,126,000 20.9%
below25yearsage,whichisthehighestinIndia.Thedensitywas881.Thesexratio
1981 52,303,000 24.2%
was919femalesper1000males.MostofBihar'spopulationbelongstoIndoAryan
speakingethnicgroupsalongwithfewDravidianspeakingandAustroasiatic 1991 64,531,000 23.4%
speakingpeoplemostlyinChhotanagpurPlateau(nowpartofJharkhand).Italso 2001 82,999,000 28.6%
attractedPunjabiHindurefugeesduringthePartitionofBritishIndiain1947.[62] 2011 104,099,452 25.4%
Biharhasatotalliteracyrateof63.82%(75.7%formalesand55.1%forfemales), Source:CensusofIndia[60]
recordingagrowthof20%infemaleliteracyovertheperiodofadecade.[63][64]

At11.3%,BiharhasthesecondlowesturbanisationrateinIndia.[65]Asofthe2011census,populationdensity
surpassed1,000persquarekilometre,makingBiharIndia'smostdenselypopulatedstate,butstilllowerthanWest
JavaorBantenofIndonesia.

Accordingtothe2011census,82.7%ofBihar'spopulation
ReligioninBihar[66]
practisedHinduism,while16.9%followedIslam.[66][67]
Religion Percent
Hinduism 82.7%
Islam 16.9% Governmentandadministration
Christianity 0.1%
Others 0.3% Theconstitutionalheadof
theGovernmentofBihar
istheGovernor,whoisappointedbythePresidentofIndia.Thereal
executivepowerrestswiththeChiefMinisterandthecabinet.Thepolitical
partyorthecoalitionofpoliticalpartieshavingamajorityinthe
LegislativeAssemblyformstheGovernment.

TheheadofthebureaucracyoftheStateistheChiefSecretary.Underthis
position,isahierarchyofofficialsdrawnfromtheIndianAdministrative
Service,IndianPoliceService,anddifferentwingsoftheStateCivil
Services.ThejudiciaryisheadedbytheChiefJustice.BiharhasaHigh
VidhansabhaBuilding,Patna
Courtwhichhasbeenfunctioningsince1916.Allthebranchesofthe
governmentarelocatedinthestatecapital,Patna.

Thestateisdividedintoninedivisionsand38districts,foradministrativepurposes.Biharhas12Municipal
Corporations,49NagarParishads,and80NagarPanchayats.[69][70][71][72][73]

Politics
Seealso:PoliticalpartiesinBihar,ElectionsinBiharandListofpoliticiansfromBiharBiharLegislative
Assemblyelection,2015

By2004,14yearsafterLaluPrasadYadav'svictory,TheEconomistmagazinesaidthat"Bihar[had]becomea
bywordfortheworstofIndia,ofwidespreadandinescapablepoverty,ofcorruptpoliticiansindistinguishablefrom
mafiadonstheypatronise,casteriddensocialorderthathasretainedtheworstfeudalcruelties".[74]In2005,the
WorldBankbelievedthatissuesfacedbythestatewere"enormous"becauseof"persistentpoverty,complexsocial
stratification,unsatisfactoryinfrastructureandweakgovernance".[75]Currently,therearetwomainpolitical
formations:theNationalDemocraticAlliance(NDA)whichcomprisesBharatiyaJanataParty,LokJanashakti
Party,RashtriyaLokSamtaPartyandHindustaniAwamMorcha.JD(U)ledcoalitionwhichincludesRJDand

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IndianNationalCongress.Therearemanyotherpoliticalformations.TheCommunistPartyofIndiahadastrong
presenceinBiharatonetime,butisweakenednow.[76]TheCPMandForwardBlochaveaminorpresence,along
withtheotherextremeLeft.[77]

Incontrasttopriorgovernments,whichemphasiseddivisionsofcasteandreligion,NitishKumar'smanifestowas
basedoneconomicdevelopment,curbsoncrimeandcorruptionandgreatersocialequalityforallsectionsof
society.Since2010,thegovernmenthasconfiscatedthepropertiesofcorruptofficialsandredeployedthemas
schoolsbuildings.[78]SimultaneouslytheyintroducedBiharSpecialCourtActtocurbcrime.[79]Ithasalso
legislatedforatwohourbreakonFridays,includinglunch,toenableMuslimemployeestoprayandthuscut
downonpostlunchabsenteeismbythem.[80]Thegovernmenthasprohibitedthesaleandconsumptionofalcohol
inthestatesinceMarch2016[81]thisbanhasbeenlinkedtoadropintourismtoBihar.[82]

Economy
GrossstatedomesticproductofBiharforthe GrossStateDomestic
year2013/2014hasbeenaround Product
Year
3683.37billionINR.Bysectors,its (millionsofIndian
compositionis: Rupees)[83]
1980 73,530
Agriculture=22%
1985 142,950
Industry=5%
Services=73%. 1990 264,290
Biharaccountsfor71%of
1995 244,830
India'sannuallitchi Biharisthefastestgrowingstateintermsof 2000 469,430
production. [85] grossstatedomesticproduct(GSDP), 710,060
clockingagrowthrateof17.06%inFY 2005 [84]
201415.[86]TheeconomyofBiharis
projectedtogrowatacompoundannual
growthrate(CAGR)of13.4%during20122017i.e.the12thFiveYearPlan.
Biharhaswitnessedstronggrowthinpercapitanetstatedomesticproduct
(NSDP).Atcurrentprices,percapitaNSDPofthestategrewataCAGRof12.91
percentduring200405to201415.[87]Bihar'spercapitaincomehasgoneupby
40.6percentinthefinancialyear201415.[88]
Avillagemarket
Agriculture

BiharisthelargestproducerofvegetablesandthesecondlargestproduceroffruitsinIndia.Biharhashigh
agriculturalproductionmakingitoneofthestrongestsectorsofthestate.About80percentofthestates
populationisemployedinagriculture,whichishigherascomparedtoIndiasaverage.[87]Themainagricultural
productsproducedinBihararelitchi,guava,mango,pineapple,brinjal,lady'sfinger,cauliflower,cabbage,rice,
wheatandsugarcane.Thoughgoodsoilandfavourableclimaticconditionssuchasgoodrainfallfavour
agriculture,ithastoencounterfloodthreataswell,whichmaydrainoffthefertilesoil,ifnotconserved
properly.[89]Thestate(mostlysouthernparts)facesdroughtsalmosteveryyearaffectingproductionofcropssuch
aspaddy.[90]

Industry

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Biharhasemergedasbreweryhubwithmajordomesticandforeignfirmssettingupproductionunitsinthestate.
ThreemajorfirmsUnitedBreweriesGroup,DanishBreweryCompanyCarlsbergGroupandCobraBeerareto
setupnewunitsinPatnaandMuzaffarpurin2012.[91]

Hajipur,nearPatna,remainsamajorindustrialcityintheBihar,linkedtothecapitalcitythroughtheGanges
bridgeandgoodroadinfrastructure.[92]

Thestate'sdebtwasestimatedat77%ofGDPby2007.[93]TheFinanceMinistryhasgiventopprioritytocreate
investmentopportunitiesforbigindustrialhouseslikeRelianceIndustries.Furtherdevelopmentshavetakenplace
inthegrowthofsmallindustries,improvementsinITinfrastructure,thenewsoftwareparkinPatna,andthe
completionoftheexpresswayfromthePurvanchalborderthroughBihartoJharkhand.InAugust2008,aPatna
registeredcompanycalledtheSecurityandIntelligenceServices(SIS)IndiaLimited[94]tookovertheAustralian
guardandmobilepatrolservicesbusinessofAmericanconglomerate,UnitedTechnologiesCorporation(UTC).
SISisregisteredandtaxedinBihar.[95]Thecapitalcity,Patna,isoneofthebetteroffcitiesinIndiawhen
measuredbypercapitaincome.[96]^TheStateGovernmentissettingupanInformationTechnology(IT)Cityat
RajgirinNalandadistrict.[97]Additionally,India'sfirstMediaHubisalsoproposedtobesetupinBihar.[98]

Incomedistribution:northsouthdivide

Intermsofincome,thedistrictsofPatna,Munger,MuzaffarpurandBegusaraiwerethefourbestoffoutofatotal
of38districtsinthestate,recordingthehighestpercapitagrossdistrictdomesticproductof 31,441, 10,087
and 29,312and9,345respectivelyin200405.[96]

Culture
Languageandliterature

HindiandUrduaretheofficiallanguagesoftheState.[3][4]OtherlanguagesofthestateareBhojpuri(38.5million
speakers),Maithili(25million),Magahi(20million),Bajjika(8.7million),andAngika(0.7million),ofwhich
onlyMaithiliisrecognisedbythegovernmentofIndia.[14][15]

UrduwhichisthemothertongueofMuslimsissecondarytoHindiinofficialuse.Itwasonlyrecentlythat
Maithiliwasalsoincludedasoneofthestate'sofficiallanguages,althoughsuchuseofitisnegligible.Presently,
theBiharilanguagesareconsideredoneofthefivesubgroupsofHindibythegovernmentofIndia,although
Maithiliwasdeclaredaseparatelanguage.Biharilanguagesareconsideredtobederivedfromthelanguageofthe
erstwhileMagadhastate,MagadhiPrakrit,alongwithAssamese,Bengali,andOdia.Surajpuriisspokenin
northeasterndistrictssuchasKishanganj.

Performingarts

Gayaisanothercentreofexcellenceinclassicalmusic,particularlyoftheTappaandThumrivarieties.Pandit
GovardhanMishrasonoftheRamPrasadMishra,himselfanaccomplishedsingerisperhapsthefinestliving
exponentofTappasinginginIndiatoday,accordingtoPadmaShriGajendraNarayanSingh,foundingsecretaryof
theSangeetNatakAcademiofBihar.GajendraNarayanSinghalsowrites,inhismemoir,thatChampanagar,
Banaili,wasanothermajorcentreofclassicalmusic.RajkumarShyamanandSinhaofChampanagar,Banaili
princelystate,wasagreatpatronofmusicandwashimselfoneofthefinestexponentsofclassicalvocalmusicin
Biharinhistime.[99]Singh,inanotherbookonIndianclassicalmusic,haswrittenthat"KumarShyamanandSingh
ofBanailiestatehadsuchexpertiseinsingingthatmanygreatsingersincludingKesarbaiKerkaracknowledged

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hisability.Afterlisteningtobandishesfrom
KumarSahib,PanditJasrajwasmovedtotears
andlamentedthat,alas!,hedidnothavesuch
abilityhimself."[freetranslationofHindi
text].[100][101]

Duringthe19thcentury,whentheconditionof
BiharworsenedundertheBritishmisrule,many
Magahifolksingers Biharishadtoemigrateasindenturedlabourers
totheWestIndies,Fiji,andMauritius.During BharatRatnaUstadBismillah
thistimemanysadplaysandsongscalledbirha Khan,fromDumraon,Bihar
becamepopular,intheBhojpurarea,thusBhojpuriBirha.Dramasincorporating
thisthemecontinuetobepopularinthetheatresofPatna.[102]

Cinema

BiharhasarobustBhojpurilanguagefilmindustry.ThereisalsoasmallerproductionofMagadhi,Maithili,as
wellasAngikalanguagefilms.ThefirstfilmwithBhojpuridialoguewasGangaJamuna,releasedin1961.[103]
Bhaiyaa,thefirstMagadhifilm,wasreleasedin1961.[104]ThefirstMaithilimoviewasKanyadanreleasedin
1965,[105]ofwhichasignificantportionwasmadeintheMaithililanguage.

ThehistoryoffilmsentirelyinBhojpuribeginsin1962withthewellreceivedfilmGangaMaiyyaTohePiyari
Chadhaibo("MotherGanges,Iwillofferyouayellowsari"),whichwasdirectedbyKundanKumar.[106]1963's
LaginahinchuteramwasthealltimehitBhojpurifilm,andhadhigherattendancethanMughaleAzaminthe
easternandnorthernregionsofIndia.Bollywood'sNadiyaKePaarisanotherofthemostfamousBhojpuri
languagemovies.However,inthefollowingyears,filmswereproducedonlyinfitsandstarts.Filmssuchas
Bidesiya("Foreigner",1963,directedbyS.N.Tripathi)andGanga("Ganges",1965,directedbyKundanKumar)
wereprofitableandpopular,butingeneralBhojpurifilmswerenotcommonlyproducedinthe1960sand1970s.

Inthe1980s,enoughBhojpurifilmswereproducedtotentativelysupportadedicatedindustry.FilmssuchasMai
("Mom",1989,directedbyRajkumarSharma)andHamarBhauji("MyBrother'sWife",1983,directedby
Kalpataru)continuedtohaveatleastsporadicsuccessattheboxoffice.However,thistrendfadedoutbytheend
ofthedecade,andby1990,thenascentindustryseemedtobecompletelyfinished.[107]

TheBhojpurifilmindustrytookoffagainin2001withthesuperhitSaiyyanHamar("MySweetheart",directedby
MohanPrasad),whichvaultedtheheroofthatfilm,RaviKishan,tosuperstardom.[108]Thissuccesswasquickly
followedbyseveralotherremarkablysuccessfulfilms,includingPanditjiBataiNaBiyahKabHoi("Priest,tellme
whenIwillmarry",2005,directedbyMohanPrasad)andSasuraBadaPaisaWala("Myfatherinlaw,therich
guy",2005).InameasureoftheBhojpurifilmindustry'srise,bothofthesedidmuchbetterbusinessinthestates
ofUttarPradeshandBiharthanmainstreamBollywoodhitsatthetime,andbothfilms,madeonextremelytight
budgets,earnedbackmorethantentimestheirproductioncosts.[109]SasuraBadaPaisaWalaalsointroduced
ManojTiwari,formerlyawelllovedfolksinger,tothewideraudiencesofBhojpuricinema.ThesuccessofRavi
Kishan&ManojTiwari'sfilmshasledtoadramaticincreaseinBhojpuricinema'svisibility,andtheindustrynow
supportsanawardsshow[110]andatrademagazine,BhojpuriCity,[111]whichchroniclestheproductionandrelease
ofwhatarenowoveronehundredfilmsperyear.

Religion

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GautamaBuddhaattainedEnlightenmentatBodhGaya,atownlocatedinthemoderndaydistrictofGayain
Bihar.Vasupujya,the12thJainTirthankarawasborninChampapuri,Bhagalpur.VardhamanaMahavira,the24th
andthelastTirthankaraofJainism,wasborninVaishaliaroundthe6thcenturyBC.[112]

VishnupadhTemple,Gaya,Bihar Buddha'sstatueatBodhGaya'stemple

31feetStatueofLordVasupujya,
Champapur,Bhagalpur

Media
BiharbandhuwasthefirstHindinewspaperpublishedinBihar.Itwasstartedin1872byMadanMohanBhatta,a
MaharashtrianBrahmanwhosettledinBiharSharif.[113]HindijournalisminBihar,andspeciallyPatna,could
makelittleheadwayinitially,becauseofalackofrespectforHindiamongthepeopleatlarge.ManyHindi
journalswerebornand,afteralapseoftime,vanished.Manyjournalswereshelvedevenintheplanning
stages.[114]ButonceHindihadthesupportofbeinganofficiallanguage,itstartedmakinginroads,evenintothe
remoteareasofBihar.Hindijournalismacquiredwisdomandmaturity,anditslongevitywasassured.Hindiwas
introducedinthelawcourtsinBiharin1880.[113][115]

UrdujournalismandpoetryhasagloriouspastinBihar.ManypoetsbelongtoBihar,suchasShaadAzimabadi,
KaifAzimabadi,andKalimAjiz.Shanurahman,aworldfamousradioannouncer,isfromBihar.ManyUrdu
dailiessuchasQomiTanzimandSaharaarepublishedinBihar.ThereisamonthlyUrdumagazinecalled

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VoiceofBiharwhichisthefirstofitskindandisbecomingpopularamongtheUrduspeakingpeople.

Thebeginningofthe20thcenturywasmarkedbyanumberofnotablenewpublications.Amonthlymagazine
namedBharatRatnawasstartedinPatna,in1901.ItwasfollowedbyKsahtriyaHitaishi,Aryavartafrom
Dinapure,Udyoga,andChaitanyaChandrika.[116]UdyogwaseditedbyVijyaanandTripathy,afamouspoetofthe
time,andChaitanyaChandrikabyKrishnaChaitanyaGoswami,aliteraryfigureofthattime.Theliteraryactivity
wasnotconfinedtoPatnaalonebuttootherdistrictsofBihar.[113][117]

Hindustan,DainikJagran,Aaj,MagnificentBihar,NayeeBaat,andPrabhatKhabararesomeoftheHindi
newspapersofBihar.NationalEnglishdailieslikeTheTimesofIndia,HindustanTimes,NavbharatTimes,The
Telegraph,andTheEconomicTimeshavereadersintheurbanregions.

Transport
Airways

Biharhasthreeoperationalairports
atPatna,GayaAirport,andPurnea
Airport.ThePatnaairportis
categorisedasarestricted
internationalairport,withcustoms
facilitiestoreceiveinternational
charteredflights.Onotherhanddue
SteamersanddredgersatGaiGhat, Patnariverportonnationalinland
Patna
tothedevelopmentofmuzaffarpur waterways1atGaiGhat
airportitreceivesanewone.,

InlandWaterways

TheGangesnavigablethroughouttheyearwastheprincipalriverhighwayacrossthevastnorthIndoGangetic
Plain.Vesselscapableofaccommodatingfivehundredmerchantswereknowntoplythisriverintheancient
perioditservedasaconduitforoverseastrade,asgoodswerecarriedfromPataliputra(laterPatna)andChampa
(laterBhagalpur)outtotheseasandtoportsinSriLankaandSoutheastAsia.TheroleoftheGangesasachannel
fortradewasenhancedbyitsnaturallinksitembracesallthemajorriversandstreamsinbothnorthandsouth
Bihar.[118]

Tourism
ThecultureandheritageofBiharcanbeobservedfromthelargenumberofancientmonumentsspreadthroughout
thestate.Biharisvisitedbymanytouristsfromaroundtheworld,[119]withabout24,000,000(24million)tourists
visitingthestateeachyear.[119]

Inearlierdays,tourismintheregionwaspurelybasedoneducationaltourism,asBiharwashomeofsome
prominentancientuniversitieslikeNalanda&Vikramashila.[120][121]

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Remainsoftheancient TrolleyrideinRajgir ThetombofSherShah BarabarCaves


cityofVaishali SuriisintheSasaram AsokanInscription
(ancientcity) townofBihar

VikramshilaMonastery BuddhaSmritiPark

Education
Historically,Biharhasbeenamajorcentreoflearning,hometotheancient
universitiesofNalanda(establishedin450CE),Odantapur(establishedin
550CE) andVikramashila(establishedin783CE) .[122]Thistraditionof
learningmayhavebeenstultifiedduringtheperiodofTurkicinvasions,c.
1000CE,atwhichpointitisbelievedmajoreducationcentres,maintained
byreclusivecommunitiesofBuddhistmonksremovedfromthelocal
populace,weresuppressedbytheTurkicraidsoriginatingfromcentralAsia Frontviewofadministrativebuilding
.[123] ofIITPatna

Biharsawarevivalofitseducationsystemduringthelaterpartofthe
Britishrule,whenPatnaUniversity,theseventholdestuniversityoftheIndiansubcontinent,wasestablishedin
1917.[124]SomeothercentresofhighlearningestablishedunderBritishrulearePatnaCollege(established1839),
BiharSchoolofEngineering(1900nowknownasNationalInstituteofTechnology,Patna),PrinceofWales
MedicalCollege(1925nowPatnaMedicalCollegeandHospital),andScienceCollege,Patna(1928),among
others.

Biharisstrivingtoincreasefemaleliteracy,nowat53.3%,asthegovernmentestablisheseducationalinstitutions.
Atthetimeofindependence,women'sliteracyinBiharwas4.22%.BiharhasaNationalInstituteofTechnology
(NIT)andanIndianInstituteofTechnology(IIT)inPatna.ArecentsurveybyPrathamratedthereceptivityof
Biharichildrentotheirteachingasbeingbetterthanthoseinotherstates.[126]TheNationalEmployabilityReport
ofEngineeringGraduates,2014[127]putsgraduatesfromBiharinthetop25percentofthecountry,andrating
Biharasoneofthethreetopstatesatproducingengineeringgraduatesintermsofqualityandemployability.[128]

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AsofDecember2013,thereare7governmentengineeringcollegesin
thepublicsector,and12engineeringcollegesintheprivatesector,in Literacyratefrom1951to2011[125]
Bihar,besidesgovernmentaidedBITPatnaandWomen'sInstituteof Year Total Males Females
Technology,Darbhanga.Theoverallannualintakeofthesetechnical
1961 21.95 35.85 8.11
institutesinBiharisonly6,200.[129][130][131]InBihar,government
1971 23.17 35.86 9.86
collegesarelocatedatMuzaffarpur,Bhagalpur,Gaya,Darbhanga,
Motihari,Nalanda,andSaran(Chhapra).Allinstitutesarerecognised 1981 32.32 47.11 16.61
byAllIndiaCouncilforTechnicalEducation(AICTE),affiliatedwith 1991 37.49 51.37 21.99
AryabhattaKnowledgeUniversity(AKU).Asitis,thefoundationstone
2001 47.53 60.32 33.57
oftheeighthengineeringcollegeofthestategovernment,Ramdhari
SinghDinkarEngineeringCollege,waslaidon22December2013at 2011 63.82 73.39 53.33
Begusarai,[132][133]whiletheprocessofcreatingtheinfrastructurefor
twonewengineeringcollegesoneeachatMadhepuraandSitamarhi
hasstarted.[134][135]

NITPatnaisthesecondoldestengineeringcollegeofIndia.Itsorigincan
betracedto1886,withtheestablishmentofasurveytrainingschool,
subsequentlyrenamedBiharCollegeofEngineeringin1932.In2004,the
governmentofIndiaupgradedthecollegetoNationalInstituteof
Technology(NIT)status.In2007,NITPatnawasgrantedInstituteof
LoknayakJaiPrakashInstituteOf
NationalImportancestatus,inaccordancewiththeNationalInstitutesof
Technology
TechnologyAct,2007.

Biharestablishedseveralneweducationalinstitutesbetween2006and
2008.BITMesrastarteditsPatnaextensioncentreinSeptember2006.On
8August2008,IndianInstitutesofTechnologyPatnawasinauguratedwith
studentsfromalloverIndia[136]In2008,NSITopeneditsnewcollegein
Bihta,whichisnowemergingasaneducationhub.[137][138]BCE,
Bhagalpur,MIT,Muzaffarpur,andtheNationalInstituteofPharmaceutical
EducationandResearch,Hajipur(NIPER)[139]areinBihar.On4August
2008,NationalInstituteofFashionTechnologyPatnawasestablishedas
theninthsuchinstituteinIndia.[140]ChanakyaNationalLawUniversity NITPatnaMainbuilding
andChandraguptInstituteofManagementwereestablishedinthelaterhalf
of2008.StepsarebeingtakentorevivetheancientNalandaMahaviharaas
NalandaInternationalUniversity.CountriessuchasJapan,Korea,andChinahavealsotakeninitiatives.The
AryabhattKnowledgeUniversityinPatnaisacentrewithwhichalltheengineeringandmedicalcollegesinBihar
areaffiliated.TheA.N.SinhaInstitute[141]ofSocialStudiesisapremierresearchinstituteinthestate.

BihareGovernanceServices&Technologies(BeST)andtheGovernmentofBiharhaveinitiatedaunique
programtoestablishacentreofexcellencecalledBiharKnowledgeCenter,afinishingschooltoequipstudents
withthelatestskillsandcustomisedshorttermtrainingprogramsatanaffordablecost.Thecentreaimstoattract
theyouthofthestatetoimprovetheirtechnical,professional,andsoftskills,tomeetthecurrentrequirementsof
theindustrialjobmarket.[142]

BiharhastheCentralInstituteofPlasticEngineering&Technology(CIPET)andtheInstituteofHotel
Management(acentralgovernmentunit)inHajipur.

TheCentralUniversityofBihar(CUB)isoneofthesixteencentraluniversitiesnewlyestablishedbythe
GovernmentofIndiaundertheCentralUniversitiesAct,2009(Section25of2009).Theuniversityistemporarily
locatedonthepremisesoftheBirlaInstituteofTechnology,Patna.Theuniversityislikelytoberelocatedto
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar 13/20
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Panchanpur,approximately10kilometres(6.2mi)fromGaya,on300acres
(120ha)oflandtobetransferredsoonfromthemilitary.On28February
2014,LokSabhaSpeakerMeiraKumarlaidthefoundationstone.

MahatmaGandhiCentralUniversityalsoestablishedundertheCentral
UniversitiesAct,andAmendmentActof2014issituatedinMotihari,the
districtheadquartersofEastChamparandistrict.

OneofIndia'spremiermedicalinstitutesAIIMSPatnaisinPatna.Itis
affiliatedwithAIIMS,NewDelhi.

NalandaUniversitywasreestablishedin2014.

Seealso RajendraCollege,Chhapra

Chisholm,Hugh,ed.(1911)."Behar".EncyclopdiaBritannica(11th
Bhojpurieditionof
ed.).CambridgeUniversityPress. Wikipedia,thefree
encyclopedia
OutlineofBihar
TimelineofBihar
Maithilieditionof
Bihariculture Wikipedia,thefree
CuisineofBihar encyclopedia
Biharilanguages
Biharipeople
ListofpeoplefromBihar
OutlineofIndia
BibliographyofIndia
IndexofIndiarelatedarticles
IndiaWikipediabook

BiharDiwas

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Furtherreading
SwamiSahajanandSaraswatiRachnawali(Selected IndradeepSinha,1969,SathikeKisanonkaAitihasic
worksofSwamiSahajanandSaraswati),Prakashan Sangharsha(HistoricStruggleofSathiPeasants),in
Sansthan,Delhi,2003. Hindi,Patna.
ChristopherAlanBayly,Rulers,Townsmen,and IndradeepSinha,RealfaceofJP'stotalrevolution,
Bazaars:NorthIndianSocietyintheAgeofBritish CommunistPartyofIndia(1974).
Expansion,17701870,CambridgeUniversityPress, IndradeepSinha,Somefeaturesofcurrentagrarian
1983. situationinIndia,AllIndiaKisanSabha,(1987).
AnandA.Yang,BazaarIndia:Markets,Society,and IndradeepSinha,Thechangingagrarianscene:
theColonialStateinBihar,UniversityofCalifornia Problemsandtasks,PeoplesPublishingHouse(1980).
Press,1999. IndradeepSinha,SomequestionsconcerningMarxism
AcharyaHazariPrasadDwivediRachnawali,Rajkamal andthepeasantry,CommunistPartyofIndia(1982).
Prakashan,Delhi. Sinha,UdaiPrakashKumar,Swargesh(2012).Bihar
SwamiSahajanandandthePeasantsofJharkhand:A Tourism:RetrospectandProspect.NewDelhi:Concept
Viewfrom1941translatedandeditedbyWalterHauser PublishingCompany.ISBN9788180697999.Retrieved
alongwiththeuneditedHindioriginal(Manohar 18April2015.
Publishers,paperback,2005). NandKishoreShukla,TheTrialofBaikunthSukul:A
SahajanandonAgriculturalLabourandtheRuralPoor RevolutionaryPatriot,HarAnand,1999,403pages,
translatedandeditedbyWalterHauser(Manohar ISBN8124101434.
Publishers,paperback,2005). ShramikonKeHitaishiNeta,ItihasPurush:Basawon
Religion,Politics,andthePeasants:AMemoirof SinghpublishedbytheBiharHindiGranthAcademy
India'sFreedomMovementtranslatedandeditedby (1stEdition,April2000).
WalterHauser(ManoharPublishers,hardbound,2003). RamchandraPrasad,AshokKumarSinha,SriKrishna
PanditYadunandan(Jadunandan)Sharma,1947, SinghinAdhunikBharatkeNirmataSeries,
BakashtMahamariAurUskaAchookIlaaz(Bakasht PublicationsDivision,MinistryofInformationand
EpidemicanditsInfalliableRemedy)inHindi, Broadcasting,GovernmentofIndia.
Allahabad. WalterHauser,1961,PeasantOrganisationinIndia:A
JagannathSarkar,"ManyStreams"SelectedEssaysby CaseStudyoftheBiharKisanSabha,19291942,PhD
JagannathSarkarandReminiscingSketches"Compiled Thesis,UniversityofChicago,(Forthcoming
byGautamSarkarEditedbyMitaliSarkar,First publication).
PublishedMay2010,NavakarnatakaPublications Rai,Algu,1946,AMovefortheFormationofanAll
PrivateLimited,Bangalore. IndianOrganisationfortheKisans,Azamgrah.
N.G.Ranga,1949,RevolutionaryPeasants,New
Delhi.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar 18/20
4/21/2017 BiharWikipedia

N.G.Ranga,1968,FightForFreedom,NewDelhi. PatraC,LifeinAncientIndia:AsDepictedInThe
MahapanditRahulSankrityayan,1943,NayeBharetke DighaNikaya,PunthiPustak,1996,ISBN8185094
NayeNeta(NewLeadersofNewIndia),inHindi, 934
Allahabad. HazraKanaiLal,BuddhismInIndiaAsDescribedBy
MahapanditRahulSankrityayan,1957,DimagiGulami TheChinesePilgrimsAD399689,Munshiram
(MentalSlavery),inHindi,Allahabad. Manoharlal,1983,ISBN8121501326
ManmathNathGupta,ApanesamayakasuryaDinkar, McCrindleJohnW.,AncientIndiaAsDescribedBy
AlekhaPrakasana(1981). MegasthenesAndArrian,MunshiramManoharlal
KhagendraThakur,RamdhariSingh'Dinkar':Vyaktitva McCrindleJohnW.,AncientIndiaAsDescribedBy
aurKrititva,PublicationsDivision,2008Ministryof Ptolemy(https://books.google.com/books?id=A3UIAA
InformationandBroadcasting,GovernmentofIndia. AAQAAJ&q=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptole
VijendraNarayanSingh,BharatiyaSahityakeNirmata: my&dq=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy&p
RamdhariSingh'Dinkar,SahityaAkademi,NewDelhi, gis=1),MunshiramManoharlal,1927,ISBN81215
2005,ISBN812602142X. 09459
KumarVimal,RamdhariSinghDinkarRachna SastryHarprasad,MagadhanLiterature,SriSatguru
Sanchayan,SahityaAkademi,NewDelhi,2008,ISBN Publications,Calcutta,1923
9788126026272. RaiAlok,HindiNationalism,OrientLongman,2000,
MishraShreeGovind,HistoryOfBihar17401772(htt ISBN8125019790
ps://books.google.com/books?id=tO1AAAAIAAJ&q= WaddellAustineL.,ReportOnTheExcavationsAt
History+Of+Bihar+17401772&dq=History+Of+Bihar+ Pataliputra(Patna)ThePalibothraOfTheGreeks,
17401772&pgis=1),MunshiramManoharlal,1970 AsianPublicationalServices,Calcutta,1903
VermaBS,SocioreligiousEconomicAndLiterary DasArvindN.,TheStateofBihar:aneconomichistory
ConditionOfBihar(Fromca.319A.D.to1000A.D.) withoutfootnotes,Amsterdam:VUUniversityPress,
(https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZVtGQAACAAJ 1992
&dq=Socioreligious+Economic+And+Literary+Conditi BrassPaulR.,ThepoliticsofIndiasinceIndependence,
on+Of+Bihar),MunshiramManoharlal,1962 CambridgeUniversityPress,1990
MaitraA,MagahiCulture(https://books.google.com/bo AskariS.H.,MediaevalBihar:SultanteandMughal
oks?id=d5ceAAAAMAAJ&q=History+Of+Magadh&dq Period,KhudaBakhshOrientalPublicLibrary,Patna,
=History+Of+Magadh&pgis=1),CosmoPublications, 1990
NewDelhi,1983 TaylerWilliam,ThreeMonthsatPatnaduringthe
NaipaulVS,India:AWoundedCivilization,Picador, Insurrectionof1857,KhudaBakhshOrientalPublic
1977 Library,Patna,2007
TrevithickAlan,TheRevivalOfBuddhistPilgrimageAt TaylorP.J.O.,"Whatreallyhappenedduringthe
BodhGaya(18111949):AnagarikaDharmapalaAnd Mutiny:Adaybydayaccountofthemajoreventsof
TheMahabodhiTemple 18571859inIndia",OxfordUniversityPress,1997,
JannuziF.Tomasson,AgrarianCrisisInIndia:The ISBN0195641825
CaseOfBihar(https://books.google.com/books?id=tTS PathakPrabhuNath,SocietyandCultureinEarlyBihar
FAAAAIAAJ&q=Agrarian+Crisis+in+India:+the+Case (C.A.D.200600)(https://books.google.com/books?id
+of+Bihar&dq=Agrarian+Crisis+in+India:+the+Case+o =sUMdAAAAIAAJ&q=Socioreligious+Economic+An
f+Bihar&pgis=1),UniversityofTexasPress,1974, d+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar&dq=Socioreligious+
ISBN0292764146,ISBN9780292764149 Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar&pgis=
OmalleyLSS,HistoryofMagadh,VeenaPublication, 1),CommonwealthPublishers,1988
2005,ISBN8189224018 BashamA.L.,TheWonderthatwasIndia,Picador,
ShuklaPrabhatKumar,IndigoAndTheRaj:Peasant 1954,ISBN033043909X
ProtestsInBihar17801917(https://books.google.co NambisanVijay,Biharintheeyeofthebeholder,
m/books?id=AooQAgAACAAJ&dq=Indigo+And+The+ PenguinBooks,2000,ISBN9780140294491
Raj:+Peasant+Protests+In+Bihar+17801917),Pragati PathakMohan,FloodplainsandAgricultural
Publications,1993,ISBN8173070040 occupance,Deep&DeepPublication,1991,ISBN81
AhmadQeyamuddin,PatnaThroughTheAges: 71002897
GlimpsesofHistory,Society&Economy(https://books. D'SouzaRohan,DrownedandDammed:Colonial
google.com/books?id=W_JHgAACAAJ&dq=Patna+Th CapitalismandFloodControlinEasternIndia,Oxford
rough+The+Ages),CommonwealthPublishers,1988 UniversityPress,2006,
JainBD,ArdhaMagadhiReader,SriSatguru
Publications,Lahore,1923

RadhakantaBarikLand&CastePoliticsinBihar(ShipraPublications,Delhi,2006)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar 19/20
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