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t is the time.
A is the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
d is the diameter of the pipe.
the fluid density.
the angle the pipe makes to the horizontal.
f is a friction factor.
Details of wavespeeds for each pipe in the network are listed in the output report file, along with
the rest of the pipe data.
where:
a is the wavespeed.
K is the fluid bulk modulus.
D is the internal pipe diameter.
E is the Young's Modulus for the pipe material.
t is the pipe wall thickness.
c1 is the pipe distensibility (restraint factor).
the fluid density.
The pipe distensibility is calculated by assuming that the pipe is anchored at both ends against
longitudinal movement:
If a pipe is not anchored at both ends, the pipe wavespeed should be specified by the user as a
user-defined wavespeed. The earlier formula for the wavespeed should be used, with pipe
distensibility given by:
18.9 Specifications
Specifications are used to describe the behaviour of valves and pumps in the network and
boundary value pressures and flow rates. A Pressure or Flow rate specification is required at all
input and output nodes. Note that:
1. PIPENET uses the convention that flow rate is positive into, and negative out of, the
system.
2. There must be at least one pressure specification somewhere in the network.
3. Only one specification is allowed on each node.
4. No pressure or flow rate specification is allowed on an interior node.
Modelling Equations
The user has the choice of nine basic types of specification. In each case, the program calculates
the specification value at each time.
Built-in Functions
Nine built-in functions are available. These are described below.