QA Geometry Triangle

QA:Geometry:Triangle
TRIANGLE
A triangle is one of the basic shapes of geometry: a

two-dimensional figure with three vertices and three sides
which are straight line segments, or in other words, a
triangle is a convex polygon with three segments joining
three non collinear points. Each of the three segments is
called the side and each of the three non-collinear points is
called the vertex. A Triangle is donated by the symbol
TYPES OF TRIANGLES
Triangles can be classified according to the relative
lengths of their sides:
1. Scalene triangle:
In a scalene triangle all sides have different lengths.
The internal angles in a scalene triangle are all
different.
X
Z
Y
Alchemist.
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2. Isosceles triangle:
In an isosceles triangle two sides are of equal
length.
An isosceles triangle also has two equal internal
angles.
The orthocenter, centroid, incentre, circumcenter
are collinear, i.e. they lie on the A
same line: which is

altitude/median/angle bisector
In the fig,
AB = AC and ABC = ACB
3. Equilateral triangle: B C
In an equilateral triangle all sides are of equal
length.
An equilateral triangle is also equiangular, i.e. all its
internal angles are equali.e. 60
It is a regular polygon
In an equilateral triangle the orthocenter, centroid,
incentre, circumcenter lie on the same point i.e.,
altitude, median, angle bisector and perpendicular
bisector of each side is the same.
Of all triangles of same perimeter, equilateral
triangle has the maximum area in the fig,
Alchemist.
X
Y Z
XY = XZ = YZ and XYZ = XZY = YXZ = 60
Triangles can also be classified according to the size of
their internal angle
1. Acute triangle: A triangle whose all the internal angles
are acute or less than 90, is called an acute triangle.
X
Y Z
Alchemist.
2. Right triangle: A triangle whose
X
any one of the internal angle is 90
or right angle, is called right
triangle (or right angled triangle).
The side opposite to the right
angle is called hypotenuse.
Hypotenuse is also the longest Z
Y
side of the right triangle. XZ is the
hypotenuse.
X
3. Obtuse triangle: A
triangle whose one
internal angle is obtuse
or more than 90, is
called an obtuse triangle. Z
Y
POINTS, LINES AND CIRCLES ASSOCIATED WITH A

TRIANGLE
1. Altitude: An altitude of a triangle is a straight line
through a vertex which is perpendicular to (i.e. forming
a right angle with) the opposite side. This opposite side
is called the base of the altitude, and the point where
the altitude intersects the base (or its extension) is
called the foot of the altitude. The length of the Altitude
is the distance between the base and the vertex.
Alchemist.
X
A C
Y Z
B
In the above figure, XB, YC and ZA are the altitudes of
the triangle XYZ. The three altitude of any triangle are
concurrent.
Orthocentre: The point at which the three altitudes of the
triangle intersect is called the Orthocentre.
The angle made by any side at the orthocenter
= 180 the opposite angle of the side
In the above figure, m YOZ = 180 YXZ.
The orthocenter lies inside the triangle if and only if
the triangle is Acute.
2. Median: A median of a triangle is a straight line through
a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side, and
divides the triangle into two triangle which have equal
areas.
Alchemist.
X
A C
Y Z
B
In the above fig, XB,YC and ZA are the three medians

of XYZ
Also, area (XYB) = area (XZB) = area (XYZ)
The three median of any triangle are concurrent.
Centroid: The point at which the three medians of the
triangle intersect is called the centroid.
This is also the triangles center of gravity: if the
triangle were made out of wood, say, you could
balance it on its centroid.
Centroid divides each median in the ratio of 2:1 i.e.
the distance between a vertex and the centroid is
twice as large as the distance between the centroid
and the midpoint of the opposite side.
Alchemist.
In above fig, O is the centroid of the triangle and
XO YO ZO 2

OB OC OA 1
3. Perpendicular bisector: A perpendicular bisector is a
straight line passing through the midpoint of a side and
being perpendicular to it, i.e. forming a right angle with
it
X
A C
Y Z
B
In the above fig, AO, BO and CO are the

perpendicular bisectors of the sides XY, YZ and ZX
respectively.
The three Perpendicular Bisector of any triangle are
concurrent.
Alchemist.
Circumcentre: The point at which three perpendicular
bisector of a triangle intersect is called as circumcentre.
The circumcenter is the centre of a circle passing through
the three vertices of the triangle.
If the circumcenter is located on one side of the
triangle, then the opposite angle is a right one.
If the circumcenter is located inside the triangle,
then the triangle is acute.
If the circumcenter is located outside the triangle,
then the triangle is obtuse
In the above fig, O is the circumcentre of XYZ.
Circumradius: The distance of the circumcentre from the
vertex is called the circumradius and is generally denoted
as R.
In the above fig, XO, YO, ZO are the circumradius of
XYZ.
Alchemist.
4. Angle bisector: The line segments which bisect the
interior angles of a triangle are called the angle
bisectors.
X
A C
Y Z
B
In the above fig, XO, YO, ZO are the angle bisector

X, Y, Z respectively.
The three Angle Bisector of any triangle are concurrent.
Incentre: The point at which the three angle bisectors
intersect is called as incentre.
In the above fig, O is the incentre of XYZ.
Inradius: The perpendicular distance of incentre from the
sides of the triangle is called as inradius and is generally
denoted as r.
In the above fig, AO, BO, CO are the inradius of XYZ.
Incenter is equidistant from the sides of a triangle.
Alchemist.
We have earlier discussed that any point on the angle
bisector is equidistant from the two sides of the respective
angle. In a triangle, incentre is the common point of all the
three angle bisectors. So we can prove that incentre is
equidistant from any side of the triangle.
PERIMETER AND AREA
The perimeter is the distance around a given
two-dimensional object. For a polygon it is calculated by
adding the lengths of all of the sides. The sum of all the
sides of a triangle is called the perimeter.
Semi perimeter: Half of perimeter is called semi
perimeter.
If x, y, z are the sides of a triangle then (semi perimeter)
xyz
s=
2
The region within the triangle is called the area of the
triangle. It is denoted by Area (). It is measured in square
units. Calculating the area of a triangle is an elementary
problem encountered often in many different situations.
Various approaches exist, depending on what is known
about the triangle. What follows is a selection of frequently
used results for calculating the area of a triangle.
Alchemist.
1
1. Area of a triangle = base height.
2
xyz
2. Area of triangle = = r s = s(sx)(sy)(xz)
4R
where, x, y, z are the sides, s is the semi perimeter,
r is the inradius, R is the circumradius of the
triangle.
3. In XYZ (fig given below) XY = XZ, that is XYZ is
an isosceles triangle.
q
Area of isosceles triangle = 4p 2 q2
4
The altitudes to the equal sides are also equal.
In the fig below, YB = ZA
X
P P
A B
Y Z
C
q
Alchemist.
In the above fig, Angle bisector XC is also the
perpendicular bisector and the median of YZ
4. In XYZ (fig below), XY = YZ = ZX, that is XYZ is an
equilateral triangle.
X
Y Z
C
3
Height of an equilateral triangle : side
2
height
Inradius of an equilateral triangle :
3
2height
Circumradius of an equilateral triangle :
3
Perimeter of an equilateral triangle : 3 side
3 (side)2
Area of an equilateral triangle :
4
Alchemist.
X
Y Z
5. In XYZ (fig above) XYZ = 90 i.e., XYZ is a right
triangle. The median to the hypotenuse is also the
circumradius of the triangle. In the above fig, YA is
the median to the hypotenuse.
1
Thus, YA = hypotenuse.
2
1
Area of right triangle = product of
2
perpendicular sides.
Alchemist.
SOME IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE
A C
E F
Y Z
B
D
1. The sum of three interior angles of a triangle is

180.
In XYZ, XYZ + YZX + ZXY = 180.
2. The measure of exterior angle is equal to the sum of
the measure of the two interior opposite angles.
In above fig, AXD = XYZ + XZY
3. The sum of any two sides of the triangle is greater
than the third side.
4. A triangle will have at least two acute angles.
Alchemist.
THEOREMS OF TRIANGLE
1. Pythagoras Theorem: In a right triangle, the square of
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of other
two sides.
Y Z
In the above fig,
2 2 2
(XZ) = (XY) + (YZ)
Conversely, if the square of one side of a triangle is
equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides then
the triangle is a right triangle.
The numbers, which satisfies pythagoras theorem, are
called Pythagorean triplets.
Eg, (3, 4, 5) (5, 12, 13) (7, 24, 25) (8, 15, 17) (9, 40, 41)
(11, 60, 61) (12, 35, 37) (16, 63, 65) (20, 21, 29)
Alchemist.
2. 45-90-45 theorem: If the measure of three angles of
a triangle are 45, 90, 45 then, the perpendicular
1
sides are times the hypotenuse.
2
1
In XYZ (fig above) XY =YZ = XZ
2
X
45
45
Y Z
Or the sides are in the ratio 1:1: 2 .
3. 30-90-60 theorem: If the measure of three angles of

a triangle are 30, 90, 60 then the side opposite to
30 is half of the hypotenuse and the side opposite to
3
60 is times the hypotenuse.
2
Alchemist.
X
60
30
Y Z
1 3
In the above fig, XYZ, XY = XZ and YZ = XZ
2 2
The ratio of the three sides are 1: 3 :2.
4. Interior angle bisector theorem: The angle bisector of

any interior angle of a triangle divides the side opposite
that angle in the ratio of the other two sides.
Y Z
Alchemist.
In the fig above, if YO is the angle bisector of XYZ
XY XO
then =
YZ ZO
5. Exterior angle bisector theorem: The angle bisector

of any exterior angle of a triangle divides the side
opposite that angle, (externally) in the ratio of the other
two sides.
Y P
Z
In XYZ, QXZ is an exterior angle and XP is the

exterior angle bisector.
XY YP
So =
XZ ZP
Alchemist.
6. Basic proportionality theorem: If a line is drawn
parallel to one side of a triangle and it intersects the
other two sides, then the two sides are divided in the
same ratio.
S T
Y Z
XS XT
In XYZ (above fig) if ST || YZ then = =
SY TZ
7. Midpoint theorem: The line segment joining the
mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side and is half of the third side.
Alchemist.
X
S T
Y Z
In the fig above, if XS = SY and XT = TZ then, ST || YZ
1
Also, ST = YZ
2
This is a special case of Basic Proportionality theorem.
8. Appollonius theorem: It relates the length of the three
sides and the median of the triangle. According to this
theorem, the sum of the squares of any two sides of a
triangle is equal to twice the sum of squares of the
median to the third side and half of the third side.
Alchemist.
X
Y Z
O
In the above fig, XO is the median of XYZ.
2 2 2 2)
Then, XY + XZ = 2 (XO + YO
9. Right triangle altitude theorem: In a right triangle, the
altitude from the right angle to the hypotenuse is the
geometric mean of the segments into which the
hypotenuse is divided.
In the below fig, YO is the altitude,
Alchemist.
X
Z
Y
2
So (YO) = XO OZ
Congruence of triangles: Two triangles can be
congruent if they satisfy any one of the following
conditions. Congruence is denoted by .
1. SSS : If three sides of one triangle are
congruent to the corresponding three
sides of other triangle.
2. SAS : If two sides and the angle between them
of one triangle is congruent to the
corresponding sides and angle of the
other triangle.
3. ASA : If two angles and the side between them
of one triangle is congruent to the
corresponding angles and side of the
other triangle.
Alchemist.
4. AAS : If two angles and the side other than the
included side of one triangle is congruent
to the corresponding angles and side of
the other triangle.
5. RHS : If the hypotenuse and any other side of
one right triangle is congruent to the
corresponding hypotenuse and side of the
other triangle.
Similarity of triangles: Two triangles can be similar if
they satisfy any one of the following conditions. Similarity
is denoted by ~.
1. AA : If two angles of one triangle are equal to
the two angles of the other triangle. The
third is automatically equal
2. SSS : If three sides of one triangle are
proportional to the corresponding three
sides of the other triangle.
3. SAS : If any two sides of a triangle are
proportional to the corresponding sides of
the other triangle, and the angle included
by them is equal.
Alchemist.
Facts regarding similarity
1. If two triangles are similar then the ratio between
their corresponding sides, heights, medians, angle
bisector, inradius, circumradius will be equal.
2. If two triangles are similar then the ratio between
their areas will be equal to the ratio of the squares
of the corresponding sides.
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. An angle is 1.5 times its complement. Find the angle.
Solution: If the complement is X
The angle = 1.5 X
1.5x + x = 90
2.5x = 90
90
x = = 36
2.5
Angle = 54
Alchemist.
2. If the triangle ABC is right angled at B, find its
circumradius, if sides AB and BC are 8 cm and 6 cm
respectively.
Solution: In a right angled triangle,
1
circum radius = (Hypotenuse)
2
2 2 2
AC = AB + BC
(Pythagoras theorem)
AC = 82 62 = 10cm
1
Circumradius =
10 = 5
2
2 2
3. In a triangle ABC, AB +AC = 200cm and median
AD=10cm. Find BC.
Solution: Using the formula for the length of median
2 2 2 2
AB +AC = 2 (AD + DC )
(Appollonius Theorem)
2
200 = 2 (100 + DC )
2
DC = 0 DC = 0
The triangle does not exist under given condition (!)
Alchemist.
4. Two isosceles triangles, have equal vertical angles
and their areas are in the ratio of 25: 49. Find the ratio
of their proportional heights.
1
Solution: Area = 2 base height
Please prove that the triangles are similar. For

similar triangles
Ratio of areas = ratio of squares of
proportional height
Area1 25
=
Area2 49
height1 5
=
height 2 7
5. In the figure below, DF || BE, DE || BC and F is

Area(DFEB)
midpoint of AE, then is?
Area(DECB)
Alchemist.
A
D E
B C
AD AF
Solution: In ABE, DF || BE
DB FE
(basic proportionality theorem)
AD AF
Since F is midpoint of AE, =1
DB FE
AB = 2AD
AD AE
Again in ABC, DE || BC (basic
DB EC
proportionality theorem)
CE = AE = 2AF
Also, BC = 2DE and BE = 2DF
Alchemist.
Area of AFD = area of DFE (height and
base are the same) or DF
is the median of ADE
Area of AEB = area of BEC = 2 area
of ADE
= 4 area of AFD
Area of DFEB area (DEF+BDE)

=
DECB area (BDE+BEC)
6. G is the centroid of ABC, GD = 4, GE = 5, AB = 16.

Find GF?
A
F E
G
B C
D
Here AG = 2 GD = 8
BG = 2 GE = 10
(property of centroid)
Alchemist.
1
Also, AF = AB = 8
2
(F is the midpoint of AB)
2 2 2 2
AG + BG = 2 (FG + AF )
(appollonius theorem)
FG = 3 2
7. In the figure below, PQR is an equilateral triangle.

PS = QT = RU. Then what type of triangle VWX is
P
S
V
U
W X
Q T R
Solution: In PQT, QRU and RPS

QT = RU = PS, PQ = QR
= PR and Q = R = P
Alchemist.
PQT QRU RPS (SAS)
PT = QU = SR .(i)
Similarly,
QPT = RQU = PRS

[Since, DPQTDQRUDRPS]
PSR = QTP = QUR

[Same as above]
PS = QT = UR [Given]
PSV QTW DRUX [ASA]

PV = QW = XR .(ii)
SV = TW = UX .(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
SRSVXR = QUQWXU = PTPVTW
Thus VX = WX = VW
Hence VWX is an equilateral triangle.
Alchemist.
EXERCISE
2
1. If the two roots of the equation x 7x + 3 from the
base and the perpendicular of a right triangle, what will
be the length of the hypotenuse?
(1) 7
(2) 43
(3) 55
(4) 37
2. In a right triangle XYZ, a perpendicular is drawn from

Z to S on the hypotenuse. The angle bisector of Z meet
the hypotenuse at T.
XT 2
If = and SY = 6. Find the length of ZS.
TY 3
(1) 13
(2) 2 13
(3) 13 13
(4) 4
Alchemist.
3. A rope has to be wound around a cylindrical concrete
pillar in a helical manner. The height of the pillar is
540cm and the circumference is 48cm. If the wire
covers a vertical distance of 20cm in one complete twist
around the pillar, find the length of wire needed.
(1) 1296
(2) 432
(3) 378
(4) 1404
4. Two sides of an isosceles triangle are 16cm and 7cm.
How many integral values the length of the third side of
this triangle can take?
(1) 16
(2) 2
(3) 1
(4) Data insufficient
Alchemist.
5. PQR is a triangle, P = 30, Q = 60 and PQ = 10 cm.
Find the length of the shorter trisector of R.
Q
P
R
(1) 2.5
(2) 2
(3) 2 3
5 3
(4)
2
6. An equilateral triangle is enlarged such that it still
remains an equilateral triangle but its area increases by
75%. By what percentage (approx) will the side
increase?
(1) 75%
(2) 37.5%
(3) 32.3%
(4) 20.5%
Alchemist.
7. What is the distance between the centers of the largest
and the smallest circle that are drawn touching all the
three sides of the equilateral triangle of side 30 cm?
(1) 20 3
(2) 15 3
(3) 15 + 15 3
(4) None
8. The radius of an incircle of a triangle is 24cm and the
segments in which one side is divided by the point of
contact are 36cm and 48cm. Find the lengths of the
smaller of two sides of the triangle.
(1) 78
(2) 90
(3) 42
(4) None
9. What is the ratio of the sum of the squares of the
lengths of the medians of a triangle to the sum of the
squares of the lengths of its sides?
(1) 2 : 3
(2) 3 : 4
(3) 1 : 2
(4) 2 : 1
Alchemist.
10. One of the angles of a triangle is 60 and the length of
its two sides are 6cm and 7cm. Find the length of the
third side of the triangle.
(1) 43
(2) 3 + 22
(3) Either (a) or (b)
(4) Data insufficient
11. PQR is a right angled triangle with Q = 90, S is the
midpoint of PR, and QS = 117 . Sum of the lengths of
sides PQ and QR is 30cm. Find the area of PQR.
(1) 72 3
(2) 54 3
(3) 216
(4) 108
12. In PQR, the incircle touches the sides QR, RP and PQ
at T, U and S respectively. If the radius of the incircle is
4 units and QT, RU and PS are consecutive integers,
find the area of the triangle.
(1) 84
(2) 7
(3) 91
(4) 45.5
Alchemist.
13. If in triangle ABC with a, b, and c denoting sides
opposite to angles A, B and C respectively, a = 2b and
A = 3 B, find the type of the triangle.
(1) Isosceles
(2) Acute
(3) Right angle
(4) Obtuse
14. A triangle has sides 10, 17, and 21. A square is
inscribed in the triangle such that one side of the
square lies on the longest side of the triangle. The other
two vertices of the square touch the two shorter sides of
the triangle. What is the length of the side of the
square?
168
(1)
29
188
(2)
29
168
(3)
59
153
(4)
47
Alchemist.
15. The diagram given below shows a rectangle ABCD
divided into four equal rectangles. AE and BD intersect
FG at Q and R respectively.
If AB = 8 and BC = 4, then the length of QR is
D F E C
P
R
A G B
1
(1)
2
1
(2)
3
2
(3)
3
3
(4)
4
Alchemist.
2
16. The sides of a triangle are given to be x + x + 1, 2x + 1
2
and x - 1. Then the largest of the three angles of the
triangle is
(1) 75
x
(2)
x+1
(3) 120
(4) 135
17. A ladder AB rests against a wall such that OB = OA = 5
metres. If the end B falls down to D such that BD = 1
metre and if end A moves to C, then AC is equal to
B
O
C A
(1) 2 metre
(2) 5 2 metres
(3) < 1 metre
(4)
34 5 metres
Alchemist.
18. A boy was supposed to start at C and go at a uniform
speed all around the righttriangular field shown above.
Instead, he cut across from B to D, the midpoint of AC,
before returning to C, and saved a distance of 70
metres. If he saved onesixth of the time, what fraction
of the total distance that he was initially supposed to
cover, did he cover when he started on his shortcut?
A
B C
3
(1)
7
2
(2)
5
1
(3)
5
(4) None of these
Alchemist.
19. A network of roads is shown in the figure. The lengths
(in km) of roads AB, BC and CA are indicated. Two
friends Ashok and Bhanu are at the point B initially.
Ashok starts walking on the road BA towards (and
beyond) A while Bhanu walks on the same road in the
opposite direction. When Ashok is at P, 12 km from C,
Bhanu is at Q, 20 km from C. Find the ratio of the
speed of Ashok to that of Bhanu.
P
A
13
4
B 15
C
Q
(1) 5:4
(2) 3:5
(3) 4:3
(4) 9:7
Alchemist.
20. ABC is a triangle with BC = 6 cm and AC = 8 cm. A
circle with centre O is inscribed in ACB right-angled at
C. The radius of the circle is
(1) 1 cm
(2) 2 cm
(3) 3 cm
(4) 4 cm
Alchemist.
Alchemist.
ANSWERS KEY
1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (4)
6. (3) 7. (1) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (3)
11. (4) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (1) 15. (3)
16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (4) 20. (2)
Alchemist.

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QA:Geometry:Triangle

A triangle is one of the basic shapes of geometry: a

same line: which is

POINTS, LINES AND CIRCLES ASSOCIATED WITH A

In the above fig, XB,YC and ZA are the three medians

In the above fig, AO, BO and CO are the

In the above fig, XO, YO, ZO are the angle bisector

1. The sum of three interior angles of a triangle is

Or the sides are in the ratio 1:1: 2 .

3. 30-90-60 theorem: If the measure of three angles of

The ratio of the three sides are 1: 3 :2.

4. Interior angle bisector theorem: The angle bisector of

5. Exterior angle bisector theorem: The angle bisector

In XYZ, QXZ is an exterior angle and XP is the

Please prove that the triangles are similar. For

5. In the figure below, DF || BE, DE || BC and F is

(basic proportionality theorem)

Area of DFEB area (DEF+BDE)

6. G is the centroid of ABC, GD = 4, GE = 5, AB = 16.

7. In the figure below, PQR is an equilateral triangle.

Solution: In PQT, QRU and RPS

QPT = RQU = PRS

PSR = QTP = QUR

PSV QTW DRUX [ASA]

Hence VWX is an equilateral triangle.

2. In a right triangle XYZ, a perpendicular is drawn from

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