Liquefaction

Yuamar I. Basarah

19 November 2014
 Mechanism of Liquefaction
Very loose sand: Very Dense sand:
Void 1/2 Void 1/3
s s

Solid 1/2 Solid 2/3

Saturation
Air =0 Compaction

Solid
Dry loose sand
Water
table
Saturated
loose sand

Wate Saturation PWP increase

= 100 % in undrained condition
r
(teq<tdiss)
Solid
 Excess Pore Water Pressure Generation

Settlement

Before During After

liquefaction liquefaction liquefaction

Initial Effective overburden stress, vo' One of criteria the

Excess soil is liquefied:
Pore water
pressure, u

Time
 Step for Evaluation of Liquefaction (NSPT procedure)
1. Determine the (N1)60 value for
every depth of sand layer

Nm = measured NSPT
CE = energy ratio correction factor
CB = borehole diameter corr. factor
CR = rod length corr. factor
CS = sampler corr. factor
CN = overburden corr. factor
 Evaluation of Liquefaction (NSPT procedure)
2. Find Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR)
Source:
Kramer (1996)

cyc = cyclic shear stress

a max = acc. max at ground surface
v = total overburden stress
v = effective overburden stress
rd = stress reduction factor

Idriss (1999), Golesorkhi (1989):

depth in meter

Source: Idriss-Boulanger (2014)

 Evaluation of Liquefaction (NSPT procedure)
3. Find Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR)

(Boulanger and Idriss, 2004)

(Idriss, 1999)

(Boulanger and Idriss, 2004) 37

MSF = Magnitude scaling factor

(N1)60cs = equiv. clean-sand SPT
K = Overburden correction factor
Pa = 1 atm 100 kPa Source:
Kramer (1996)
 Evaluation of Liquefaction (NSPT procedure)
Magnitude Scaling Factor (MSF)

Source: Kramer (1996)

Source: Idriss-Boulanger (2014) Source: Kramer (1996)

Spreadsheet (NSPT procedure)

Spreadsheet of Liquefaction Evaluation

using NSPT procedure
 Step for Evaluation of Liquefaction (CPT procedure)
1. Determine the (qc1) value for every
depth of sand layer

Dimensionless

qc = measured cone resistance (kPa or Mpa)

qc1 = corr. cone resistance (kPa or Mpa)
qc1N = normalized corr. Cone resistance
Pa = atmospheric pressure = 1 atm = 101 kPa
CN = overburden corr. Factor (Liao and Whitman, 1986)

2. Find Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR)

 Evaluation of Liquefaction (CPT procedure)
3. Find Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR)

(Boulanger and Idriss, 2004)

(Idriss, 1999)

(Boulanger and Idriss, 2004)

211

Source: Kramer (1996)

 Settlement

Liquefiable
Soil

Data:
a max ground = 0.2g
sand = 18 kN/m3
Prevent level-ground liquefaction
 Home Work

From Das 1993:

10.2, 10.6, 10.8, 10.10

From Kramer:
9.5, 9.9, 9.13, 9.14