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Science Asolenoidismadeoutofacurrentcarryingwirewhichiscoiledintoaseriesofturns(withtheturnspreferablyas
Antarctica closetogetheraspossible).ThemagneticfieldduetoastraightlengthofwireisshowninFigure1thefieldcircles
Penguins thewireanditsmagnitude(orstrength)decreaseswithradialdistancefromthewire.
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Figure1:Magneticfieldduetoastraightwire
Inasolenoid,alargefieldisproducedparalleltotheaxisofthesolenoid(inthezdirectioninfigure2).Components
ofthemagneticfieldinotherdirectionsarecancelledbyopposingfieldsfromneighbouringcoils.Outsidethe
solenoidthefieldisalsoveryweakduetothiscancellationeffectandforasolenoidwhichislongincomparisonto
itsdiameter,thefieldisveryclosetozero.Insidethesolenoidthefieldsfromindividualcoilsaddtogethertoforma
verystrongfieldalongthecenterofthesolenoid.
Figure2:Magneticfieldinasolenoid
Tocalculatethemagnitudeofthefieldinthesolenoid,weusedAmpere'slaw.Ampere'slawrelatesthecirculationof
Baroundaclosedlooptothecurrentfluxthroughtheloopxo.
Thisgivesthefieldinthecentreofthesolenoid.
Figure3:UsingAmpere'slawtocalculateBo
Notethatsincethemagnitudeofthecurrentchangesintime,soalsodoesBo,i.e.,forasinusoidallyvaryingcurrent
SeeFigure4.|Bo|=oioN/Listheamplitude(maximumvalue)ofthefield.Youcanalsorefertoan"average"
valueof|Bo|called,therootmeansquare(RMS)value.BRMS=|Bo|/sqrt(2).
Figure4:Timevariationofthemagneticfieldinthesolenoid,alsoshowingBRMS.
However,thisdoesn'ttellyouwhatthefieldoutsidethesolenoidis.TocalculatethisyouneedtousetheBiotSavart
law.Fromsymmetry,alongthezaxisallthecomponentsofthefieldduetoacurrentloopcancel,exceptthe
componentinthezdirection.SoBatapositionzalongtheaxisofthesolenoidisgivenby
BiotSavartLaw
whereR=radiusoftheloop.The3rdequationshowsBasafunctionofzwhenz>>R.NotethatBdecreases
rapidlyaszincreases.
Figure5:variationofBalongthezaxis
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