User’s Guide to AMSFonts Version 2.

2d
January 2002

Standard distributions of TEX ordinarily come with all the fonts specified in
plain.tex, and they may also come with a number of additional fonts intended
for use with LATEX. Additional fonts designed for use in mathematics and defined
in AMS-TEX are not always included among such font collections. For this
reason, the American Mathematical Society has compiled a collection, known as
AMSFonts, which contains fonts of symbols and several alphabets corresponding
to symbols and alphabets used in AMS publications, including electronic journals
and the MathSci online database.

Contents of this document

1. Contents of the AMSFonts collection . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. History of these fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. How to use AMSFonts with AMS-TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. How to use AMSFonts with plain TEX or other macro packages 12
6. Using cyrillic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7. Using the extra symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Appendix A. Installation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix B. Using the PostScript (Type 1) AMSFonts . . . . . 29
Appendix C. For further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Appendix D. Font charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

1. Contents of the AMSFonts collection

The AMSFonts collection contains the METAFONT sources, .tfm files and bitmaps
for the following fonts, in the sizes indicated:
The Euler family, all but euex in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point:
– Fraktur (German), medium-weight and bold (eufm and eufb)
– “roman” cursive, medium-weight and bold (eurm and eurb)
– script, medium-weight and bold (eusm and eusb)
– Euler-compatible extension font (euex), in 7, 8, 9, and 10 point
Additional sizes of some Computer Modern math fonts (the 10-point fonts
are included in standard TEX distributions):
– bold math italic (cmmib), in 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 point
– bold math symbols (cmbsy), in 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 point
– math extension font (cmex), in 7, 8, and 9 point
2 1. Contents of the AMSFonts collection

Extra math symbols, in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point:

– first series, medium-weight (msam)
– second series, including Blackboard Bold, medium-weight (msbm)
Cyrillic, developed at the University of Washington
– lightface (wncyr), in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point
– bold (wncyb), in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point
– italic (wncyi), in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point
– caps and small caps (wncysc), in 10 point
– sans serif (wncyss), in 8, 9, and 10 point
– virtual font property list (.vpl) files to enable the use of these fonts
with alternate encodings and transliteration schemes
Computer Modern caps and small caps (cmcsc), in 8 and 9 point (the
10-point font is included in standard TEX distributions)
The “dummy font”, used in AMS-TEX for syntax checking, which consists
only of metrics (dummy.tfm), no character shapes
Packages for using these fonts with LATEX:
– amsfonts, a package for using the fonts msam, msbm, and eufm in LATEX
– amssymb, a package for defining en masse (instead of selectively)
command names for all the math symbols in the fonts msam and msbm
– eucal, a package for using the Euler script font eusm
– cmmib57, a package for adapting the font definitions for cmmib and
cmbsy to scale from sizes 5,7,10 instead of sizes 5,6,7,8,9,10 when the
Y&Y/Blue Sky PostScript outline fonts are used
– *.fd, font definition files
For details, see Section 3 on using AMSFonts with LATEX.
Macro files for using these fonts with plain TEX:
– amssym.tex, a file defining names for the symbols in fonts msam and
msbm
– amssym.def, a file that loads the fonts msam, msbm and eufm and defines
some control sequences required by amssym.tex
– cyracc.def, a file containing definitions needed for proper access to
characters in the cyrillic fonts
Documentation files:
– amsfndoc.tex, the source file for this User’s Guide
– amsfndoc.cyr, the source file for the table showing cyrillic input
conventions, input by amsfndoc.tex
– amsfndoc.fnt, the source file for the tables of the principal 10-point
fonts in the AMSFonts collection, input by amsfndoc.tex; this file may
also be TEXed by itself
– amsfndoc.def, the macros used to format this User’s Guide
– amsfndoc.ins, the source file for the appendixes to this User’s Guide,
input by amsfndoc.tex; this file may also be TEXed by itself
– amsfonts.faq, a file of Frequently Asked Questions about AMSFonts
– amsfonts.bug, a chronicle of bug fixes and list of known bugs still
outstanding
 2. History of these fonts 3

Each font at a particular size is provided in seven standard TEX magnifications,

magsteps 0 through 5, including magstephalf (except the Textures/Macintosh pack-
age, which includes only magnifications 0 and 1; see the installation instructions).
The philosophy under which the Euler fonts were implemented was different
from that used for Computer Modern, and the result is a lower degree of “meta-
ness”. For that reason, the appearance of these fonts is not very good at small
sizes when output on low-resolution devices, in particular on screens. Even so,
the fonts are included in AMSFonts in all the sizes and magnifications offered, on
the assumption that the printed output will be prepared on a device of higher
resolution (at least 300dpi) where this effect will not be noticeable.
Font charts are given in Appendix D.

1.1. Font naming conventions

Developers of fonts for use with TEX, at least those using METAFONT, generally
try to make the names distinctive, so that a user will know the origin of the font
by the font name. For most of the fonts in the AMSFonts collection, the first two
letters identify the font source, as follows:
“cm”: These fonts are based directly on the specifications for Knuth’s
Computer Modern fonts, as described in Volume E of Computers &
Typesetting [DEK86E].
“eu”: These are members of the Euler family, described below.
“ms”: These fonts of math symbols were developed by or under the direction
of the AMS staff.
“wn”: These cyrillic fonts were developed at or under the direction of the
University of Washington Humanities and Arts Computing Center, and are
distributed with their permission.
The font called dummy is a special case; it was developed as part of the Stanford
University TEX Project, and follows no particular naming convention.
For information on Computer Modern fonts other than those specifically
named here, and on other fonts in general, the newsgroup comp.text.tex is
a good source. For some other suggestions, see Appendix C, For further
information.

2. History of these fonts

When the AMS began using TEX to produce its publications, the available
complement of symbols was found to be inadequate. Several alphabets used
extensively as symbols were not available either. While development of the
symbols could be undertaken by in-house personnel, using the existing TEX symbol
font as a model, the creation of new Fraktur and script alphabets required the
assistance of someone with experience in font design.
4 2. History of these fonts

2.1. Euler
With Donald Knuth’s assistance and encouragement, Hermann Zapf, one of the
premier font designers of this century, was commissioned to create designs for
Fraktur and script, and for a somewhat experimental, upright cursive alphabet that
would represent a mathematician’s handwriting on a blackboard and that could
be used in place of italic. The designs that resulted were named Euler, in honor
of Leonhard Euler, a prominent mathematician of the eighteenth century. Zapf’s
designs were rendered in METAFONT code by graduate students at Stanford,
working under Knuth’s direction; the process by which the METAFONT fonts were
implemented is described in a report by David Siegel [DRS85]. The Euler fonts
were designed to be used as math symbols; they are not intended for setting
running text.
The Fraktur face of the Euler family has been used in production by the AMS
since it became available. However, no extensive test or use had been made of
the script or cursive until Knuth decided that they should be used in a textbook,
Concrete Mathematics, written by him and two co-authors [GKP88]. During
the course of preparing that book, a number of errors, particularly in spacing
parameters affecting the placement of sub- and superscripts, were discovered. All
these errors have been corrected in the medium-weight versions of the Euler fonts
(almost no boldface symbols were used in Concrete Mathematics). Knuth also
noticed that the style of some symbols in the Computer Modern extension font,
in particular the integral sign, was too slanted to be attractive with Euler, and
consequently he prepared a new (partial) extension font for use with Euler. Knuth
described his experience with the Euler fonts in a TUGboat article [DEK89]. In
the article he also identified the macros he used and where they can be obtained.
The Euler fonts are sparsely populated; only the alphabetic locations are filled
in most instances (see the font charts in Appendix D for specifics). For this reason,
when processing the file for this User’s Guide, and in particular the font charts,
warnings about “Missing characters” are not a cause for concern.

2.2. Additional Computer Modern fonts for use in math

Only the 10-point size of the Computer Modern bold math italic (which includes
Greek), symbol, and math extension fonts are included in standard distributions
of TEX. Since these symbols are often needed in mathematics, other sizes have
been constructed, using the principles demonstrated in Knuth’s Computer Modern
Typefaces [DEK86E], and included in the AMSFonts collection.

2.3. Symbols
Two fonts of “extra” symbols are included in the AMSFonts collection. These
are named msam and msbm, and have been implemented in “new” METAFONT
(MF84); they replace earlier fonts (named msxm and msym) that were defined in
old METAFONT (MF79). These fonts contain symbols needed in the publishing
program of the AMS, including the MathSci online database, and include the
uppercase letters of an alphabet known as Blackboard Bold (A, . . . , Z).
 2. History of these fonts 5

2.4. Cyrillic
Titles of books reviewed in Mathematical Reviews are traditionally rendered in
their original language. For books published in Russian or other Slavic languages,
this frequently requires use of the cyrillic alphabet. A cyrillic font was developed at
AMS using METAFONT79 with the am fonts as a model. This font was organized in
a manner suitable for use with the transliteration scheme adopted by MR in 1980,
and contained only those letters which appear in current mathematical literature.
In particular, this meant that the letters dropped from the Russian alphabet
after the Revolution of 1917, and some letters used in non-Slavic languages now
rendered in cyrillic (such as Azerbaijani, from which no mathematical literature is
currently reviewed in MR) were absent.
In 1988, the Humanities and Arts Computing Center of the University of
Washington undertook a font development project for support of scholars in Slavic
languages. The fonts developed through this project include several different font
layouts. One layout is based on that of the original AMS cyrillic augmented with
‘$
i’ (cyrillic short ‘i’), ‘ë’ (umlauted ‘e’), and several pre-Revolutionary letters.
The fonts with the AMS layout are included in the AMSFonts collection with the
permission of the University of Washington developers. “Virtual property list”
(.vpl) files are also included in the collection to support several other layouts;
these can be found in the cyr-alt area, and are accomanied by a README file with
further information.
The cyrillic fonts are based on Computer Modern letter shapes. Type styles
include ordinary upright, bold (based on CM bold extended), caps and small caps,
italic, and upright sans serif. The principal text fonts (upright, italic and boldface)
are present in sizes from 5 through 10 point; sans serif is in sizes 8, 9 and 10 point;
caps and small caps are in 10 point only. See also Appendix B for information
on a PostScript (Type 1) version of the cyrillic fonts, in particular concerning the
sizes provided in that format.

2.5. Caps/small caps

The font cmcsc10 is referenced in plain.tex and should be included in all standard
TEX distributions. However, Knuth did not generate this font in any other sizes.
The AMSFonts collection includes 8 and 9-point sizes, generated according to the
same principles as other CM fonts of these sizes.

2.6. Dummy font

The dummy font contains no ligature or kerning information, and all dimensions
and parameter values are set to zero. This is a pseudo-font, which has only general
font metrics and no characters. No .pk or .gf files are needed for this font; it is
provided only in .tfm and .mf form.
The dummy font is used in AMS-TEX to implement “syntax checking”.
(Syntax checking is activated by the \printoptions command as described in
The Joy of TEX [MDS86].) In this mode, the dummy font replaces all the usual
“printing” fonts, so that TEX never accumulates any text to be set, and never tries
6 3. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX

to write out a page, but in the process of reading the input file, checks all control
sequences for syntactic correctness. In this mode, an input file will be processed
perhaps 30 percent faster than if it were actually being set. However, some errors
and conditions are not detected during a syntax check; in particular, overfull boxes
cannot be detected until setting actually occurs.

2.6. PostScript (Type 1) implementation of AMSFonts

The AMSFonts are available in Type 1 outline form as an alternative to the bitmap
images generated by METAFONT. The Type 1 files are not part of the regular
AMSFonts distribution, but can be obtained at no charge from the AMS server.
For details, see Appendix B.

3. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX

3.1. General
These instructions are for current LATEX (version 2ε, dated January 1995 or later).
If you have version 2.09 of LATEX, dated 1993 or earlier, you must upgrade to
current LATEX. Earlier versions of LATEX are no longer supported for AMSFonts;
however, the LATEX compatibility mode will usually allow documents prepared for
version 2.09 to be processed with the current version.
To use the AMSFonts collection with LATEX you choose from an assortment
of LATEX “packages” that provide various kinds of access to the fonts, calling the
packages that you need in a given document through standard LATEX \usepackage
statements. For example, the statement
\usepackage{amsfonts}
calls in the amsfonts package, which provides blackboard bold and Fraktur letters
and selective access to the math symbol fonts msam and msbm.
These packages are currently available:
amsfonts – for blackboard bold letters, Fraktur letters, and miscellaneous
symbols
amssymb – superset of the amsfonts package, defines the full set of symbol
names for the msam and msbm fonts
eufrak – for Fraktur letters; redundant if amsfonts is used
eucal – Makes \mathcal use Euler script instead of the usual Computer
Modern calligraphic alphabet
euscript – old name of the eucal package, now obsolete but included for
convenience in printing pre-existing documents
All of the above packages have a ‘psamsfonts’ option that should be used if
and only if your copy of the AMSFonts collection is the Y&Y/Blue Sky Research
PostScript version. In that version, the font files are not provided in all the sizes
(5,6,7,8,9,10), but only in sizes 5,7,10, with sizes 6,8,9 produced by interpolation.
In practice it’s easy to tell if you need to use the psamsfonts option: you’ll get an
error message about a missing .tfm file:
! Font \U/AMSa/m/n/9=msam9 not loadable: Metric (TFM) file not found.
 3. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX 7

where the mentioned font name is one of the AMS font names (msam, msbm,
eufm, etc.), and the font size is 6, 8, or 9. If this happens to you, look at your
\usepackage statements and change
\usepackage{amssymb} to \usepackage[psamsfonts]{amssymb}
or
\usepackage{eucal} to \usepackage[psamsfonts]{eucal}
and so forth.
If you are using an AMS document class (amsart, amsbook, amsproc) or an
AMS author package, apply the option [psamsfonts] to \documentclass as well.

Warning: Adding the option [psamsfonts] to an existing file

may result in changed line and page breaks, owing to the fact that
sizes 6, 8, and 9 are produced by interpolation.

Use of the PostScript AMSFonts is explicitly marked in individual documents

because the interpolation process used produces character metrics that are not
identical with those of the noninterpolated font files for the corresponding sizes. If
these discrepancies were simply ignored, there would be no warning of unexpected
changes in line or page breaks that might occur in documents exchanged between
colleagues. As it is, if you find it necessary to add or remove the psamsfonts
option in order to print a colleague’s document, you are free to go ahead and do so,
but the fact that you must make that change should be understood as a reminder
that a small possibility of changed line breaks or page breaks does exist.
A package cmmib57 provides analogous font definitions for the fonts cmmib and
cmbsy (yes, both in the same package, despite the name), for those users who have
the Y&Y/Blue Sky Research PostScript versions of those fonts. Typical usage is:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{cmmib57}

3.2. Computer Modern bold math italic and symbols

The package amsbsy (part of the AMS-LATEX distribution) defines two commands
to obtain bold symbols:
\boldsymbol – for bold numbers and other nonalphabetic symbols, as well as
bold Greek letters, which cannot be made bold via the \mathbf command,
and bold math italic letters
\pmb – “poor man’s bold”, which overlays multiple copies of the same symbol
with slight offsets, for cases where \boldsymbol does not work, e.g., a bold
font is not available
\boldsymbol can also be used to obtain bold letters from the Euler fonts.
These commands are valid in math mode only. For example,
$$\boldsymbol{\beta} \pmb{\boxdot}
\boldsymbol{\Omega} \boldsymbol+ \pmb{\mathbb{R}}$$
(Since this User’s Guide is not prepared with LATEX, getting output for this
expression is left as an exercise to the user.)
8 3. How to use AMSFonts with LATEX

3.3. Blackboard bold letters (uppercase only)

The amsfonts package defines a “math alphabet” command \mathbb for printing
letters of the blackboard bold alphabet that resides in the msbm font. This alphabet
is restricted to uppercase only (no lowercase, no numerals). The suggested method
for defining a \R command to print a blackboard bold R is as follows:
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}

3.4. Extra math symbols

The amssymb package defines math symbol commands for all the extra math
symbols in the msam and msbm fonts, as listed in the table in Section 7. Thus if you
want to use the \blacktriangle N and \nsubseteq * symbols, the easiest way is
to put the statement
\usepackage{amssymb}
in the preamble of your document.
If you want more selective access to the math symbols in those fonts you can
use the amsfonts package instead and define math symbol commands individually
using LATEX’s \DeclareMathSymbol (cf. [LFG] or [GMS94]):
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\blacktriangle}{\mathord}{AMSa}{"4E}
\DeclareMathSymbol{\nsubseteq}{\mathrel}{AMSb}{"2A}
This alternative might be useful to you if adding the amssymb package to your
document leads to an error message of the form
! TeX capacity exceeded, sorry (hash size=3000)
This could happen if you have an older version of TEX with a relatively low limit
on the number of commands that can be defined in a single document. (But in
that case, note that there may be configuration options for increasing that limit;
check the documentation for your TEX system.)
Since \DeclareMathSymbol is used in the amssymb package, the definitions for
particular symbols can be borrowed from there (file amssymb.sty). Alternatively,
the values can be obtained from the tables in Section 7.2, as follows:
First digit identifies font:
1 AMSa
2 AMSb
Second digit identifies class:
0 \mathord
2 \mathbin
3 \mathrel
Third and fourth digits identify (hex) location in font.
 4. How to use AMSFonts with AMS-TEX 9

3.5. Euler Fraktur letters

A math alphabet command \mathfrak for using Fraktur letters such as A m g H
in math can be obtained by using any of the packages amssymb, amsfonts, or
eufrak.

3.6. Euler script letters (uppercase only)

The main purpose of the eucal package is to change LATEX’s \mathcal command
so that it produces Euler script instead of Computer Modern calligraphic letters:
CM calligraphic: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Euler script: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
There is also an option mathscr for the eucal package that causes Euler script to
be associated to a \mathscr command, leaving the \mathcal command unaffected.
This imitates the behavior of the predecessor package euscript.

3.7. University of Washington Cyrillic fonts

There is no AMS package for LATEX at the present time to support the use of
Cyrillic languages in LATEX documents with the wncy* fonts. Producing a proper
Cyrillic package involves rather difficult questions of input and output encodings,
for which it would be useful to rely on general mechanisms provided by LATEX.
If you require these fonts, you can consult the LATEX documentation [LFG],
[L94] and use directly the commands described there, such as \DeclareFontFamily,
\DeclareFontShape, and \symbol. A scheme for accessing letters that don’t
correspond to the 26-letter Latin alphabet will be needed; the file cyracc.def can
be used as a starting point.

4. How to use AMSFonts with AMS-TEX

In The Joy of TEX, Michael Spivak describes various fonts that are used in
mathematics in addition to the fonts provided with the standard distributions of
TEX. Two references in particular are of interest with respect to AMSFonts: the
section Fonts in math mode in Chapter 19, and Appendix G, Further fonts.
The first describes the use of letters from alphabets, including Fraktur, and the
second, mostly nonalphabetic symbols.
Instructions for using the fonts of the AMSFonts collection with AMS-TEX
are also given in the User’s Guide to AMS-TEX Version 2.2 [AMS01] and in
Appendix G of editions of The Joy of TEX [MDS90] dated 1990 or later.
Additional fonts to be used with AMS-TEX should be specified at the top of
the document input file, in what is known as the “preamble”. The arrangement of
commands at the top of an input file is the following:
\input amstex
\documentstyle{...}
hpreamble commandsi
10 4. How to use AMSFonts with AMS-TEX

AMS-TEX provides a simple method for accessing most of the fonts in the
AMSFonts collection. The two extra symbol fonts and Euler Fraktur are loaded
automatically by the preprint style (amsppt.sty). If you are using AMS-TEX,
but not the preprint style, the method used to load these fonts and define the
associated symbol names depends on how many symbols will be needed. If a lot
of the symbols will be needed, or you aren’t worried about memory space and just
want to do what is easiest, all three fonts will be loaded and the symbol names
defined if you type the command \UseAMSsymbols in the preamble. This will
load the file amssym.tex, in which all the symbol names (more than 200 of them)
are defined. If only a few symbols from these fonts are needed, the commands
\loadmsam, \loadmsbm, and \loadeufm will load the medium-weight versions
of the two extra symbol fonts and Euler Fraktur respectively. The command
\newsymbol can then be used to define just those symbols that are needed; its use
is described in Section 7, Using the extra symbols.*
Two sizes of fonts, suitable for body text and for passages requiring
smaller type (e.g. abstracts and footnotes), are incorporated in the preprint style
amsppt.sty. These are accessed through the control sequences \tenpoint and
\eightpoint, which are ordinarily referred to only by higher-level commands that
identify the kind of text being input (e.g. \title, \abstract, \footnote). Most
fonts in the AMSFonts collection have \load... instructions defined in AMS-TEX
and will be accessed properly for use with the preprint style when the \load
instructions are included in the preamble of the document input. If you are not
using the preprint style, you can use the font definitions in amsppt.sty as a model.
If you are using the PostScript version of the AMSFonts developed by
Y&Y/Blue Sky Research, only selected sizes (5, 7 and 10) are provided, and
the other sizes are produced by interpolation. With the AMS-TEX preprint
style, use the command \PSAMSFonts, placed after the \documentstyle line
and before \topmatter and \document, to access these fonts correctly. Papers
and monographs submitted to the AMS for publication are required to use this
command.

Warning: Adding the command \PSAMSFonts to an existing file

may result in changed line and page breaks, owing to the fact that
sizes 6, 8, and 9 are produced by interpolation.

4.1. Euler
The Euler fonts are defined only in math mode, in sizes appropriate for text and
two orders of sub- and superscripts. They can be activated by invoking the proper
\load instructions before the \documentstyle command, in the preamble of a

* Additional fonts from the AMSFonts collection can be accessed easily in

AMS-TEX. However, users should be aware that TEX limits the number of math
mode font families to 16, of which 11 are predefined in AMS-TEX. Only those
additional families should be activated that will actually be used in a document,
to avoid exceeding the limit.
 4. How to use AMSFonts with AMS-TEX 11

paper in which the fonts are to be used. (The medium-weight Fraktur font is
activated automatically by the preprint style.) The Euler fonts can be activated
by the following commands:
\loadeufm Euler Fraktur medium (automatic with the preprint style)
\loadeufb Euler Fraktur bold
\loadeurm Euler cursive medium
\loadeurb Euler cursive bold
\loadeusm Euler script medium
\loadeusb Euler script bold
After the eufm font has been loaded, the medium-weight Fraktur letters can
be produced by typing \frak followed by the desired letter. For example, $\frak
g \frak A$ yields gA. AMS-TEX 2.1 also defines \eufm, \eufb, \eurm, \eurb,
\eusm and \eusb.

4.2. Computer Modern bold math italic and symbols

The Computer Modern bold math italic (cmmib) and bold math symbol (cmbsy)
fonts can both be loaded in AMS-TEX by the command \loadbold; there are no
predefined commands to load them separately. \loadbold must be invoked in the
preamble of the document input file.
A rather elaborate mechanism has been defined in AMS-TEX to simplify
access to bold letters and symbols, in math mode only. Three control sequences
are available, each of which affects a particular class of characters:
\bold for a single letter or numeral
\boldkey for other symbols that appear on the keyboard
\boldsymbol for a symbol specified by a single control sequence
These facilities are described in more detail in the User’s Guide to AMS-TEX
Version 2.2 [AMS01] and editions of Joy published in 1990 or later [MDS90].

4.3. Computer Modern math extension font

Smaller sizes of the math extension font are appropriate for use in text smaller
than ten-point and in sub- and superscripts. They are provided automatically
for these environments in the preprint style. If you are not using the preprint
style, you can use the font definitions in either amsppt.sty or Appendix E of The
TEXbook [DEK86A] as a model.

4.4. Extra symbols

The medium-weight versions of the two extra symbol fonts are available automat-
ically, including all the symbol names, if you are using the preprint style or if
you have specified \input amssym. If you wish to load these fonts separately,
use the appropriate control sequence \loadmsam or \loadmsbm in the preamble of
your document. If you load the fonts separately, a few symbols will be defined
when one of the fonts is loaded, but most must be defined using the \newsymbol
command before they can be used. See Section 7, Using the extra symbols, for
information on both the symbol names and on using \newsymbol to define them.
12 5. How to use AMSFonts with plain TEX or other macro packages

4.5. Cyrillic
Cyrillic is not referred to in the AMS-TEX files as distributed. The cyrillic fonts
included in AMSFonts are intended for use mainly in text, not as symbols in
math. Detailed instructions for loading and using cyrillic appear below in Section
6, Using cyrillic.

4.6. Caps/small caps

Caps/small caps are loaded automatically by the AMS-TEX preprint style for use
in ten-point and eight-point text. If you are not using the preprint style, you
can use the font definitions in either amsppt.sty or Appendix E of The TEXbook
[DEK86A] as a model.

4.7. Dummy font

No special action is needed to use the dummy font with AMS-TEX. It is already
built into the syntax checking procedure.

5. How to use AMSFonts with plain TEX or other macro packages

If you are not using LATEX or AMS-TEX then there are too many variables for us
to provide much specific guidance. It will be necessary to assume that you either
have some experience with TEX macros or have a TEXnician available to help you.
However, some general guidelines may be helpful.
Two models for defining fonts should be accessible to most users:
Appendix E of The TEXbook contains size-specific font definitions for
\tenpoint, \ninepoint and \eightpoint that permit size-switching, in-
cluding support of mathematics.
amsppt.sty, the file of macros supporting the AMS-TEX preprint style,
contains similar font definitions, \tenpoint and \eightpoint.
The font-size-switching facilities of LATEX are not recommended as a model
because they include many features (such as loading fonts on demand) that make
them too complex to be copied easily for uses outside of LATEX except by someone
with substantial TEX expertise.
Before attempting to load all available fonts into every TEX job, determine (if
you can) how many fonts can be accommodated by the implementation of TEX
you are using. It is generally a good idea to load seldom-used fonts selectively.

5.1. Euler
The following commands will load the medium-weight Euler Fraktur font, and can
be used as a model for accessing the other Euler fonts.
\font\teneufm=eufm10
\font\seveneufm=eufm7
\font\fiveeufm=eufm5
 5. How to use AMSFonts with plain TEX or other macro packages 13

\newfam\eufmfam
\textfont\eufmfam=\teneufm
\scriptfont\eufmfam=\seveneufm
\scriptscriptfont\eufmfam=\fiveeufm
\def\eufm#1{{\fam\eufmfam\relax#1}}
Individual letters in the Euler fonts are accessible by the ordinary letters on
your keyboard, once the font has been loaded and named by a control sequence
equivalent to \eufm.
The medium-weight Fraktur font, eufm, can also be loaded by \input
amssym.def; this loads the two extra symbol fonts as well.

5.2. Computer Modern bold math italic and symbols

The cmmib and cmbsy fonts can be loaded and made accessible to math in ten-point
environments by the following code:
\font\tencmmib=cmmib10 \skewchar\tencmmib=’177
\font\sevencmmib=cmmib7 \skewchar\sevencmmib=’177
\font\fivecmmib=cmmib5 \skewchar\fivecmmib=’177
\newfam\cmmibfam
\textfont\cmmibfam=\tencmmib \scriptfont\cmmibfam=\sevencmmib
\scriptscriptfont\cmmibfam=\fivecmmib

\font\tencmbsy=cmbsy10 \skewchar\tencmbsy=’60
\font\sevencmbsy=cmbsy7 \skewchar\sevencmbsy=’60
\font\fivecmbsy=cmbsy5 \skewchar\fivecmbsy=’60
\newfam\cmbsyfam
\textfont\cmbsyfam=\tencmbsy \scriptfont\cmbsyfam=\sevencmbsy
\scriptscriptfont\cmbsyfam=\fivecmbsy
The TEX primitive \mathchar must be used to access individual characters from a
font in math mode. \mathchar, like the \char primitive, requires that you know
the position in the font of the character you are accessing. However, \mathchar
also requires that you specify the “class” and the family of the math character
being accessed. See Chapter 17 of The TEXbook for more details on the use of
\mathchar, as well as \mathchardef, which will allow you to define your own
macro names for individual characters in these fonts.

Note: The file amssym.def contains a convenient macro,

\hexnumber@, to determine the family number of the font being
accessed through \mathchar. For example, the \mathchar
statement to properly access the bold alpha in the cmmib font
would be:
\mathchar"0\hexnumber@\cmmibfam0B
14 6. Using cyrillic

5.3. Computer Modern math extension font

The 10-point cmex font is loaded by plain.tex. To install the 7-point size
appropriate for sub- and superscripts in a ten-point math environment, include
the following code in your file:
\font\sevenex=cmex7
\scriptfont3=\sevenex \scriptscriptfont3=\sevenex
To use other sizes implies the use of switchable-size fonts, which may be
implemented according to the models cited at the beginning of this section.

5.4. Extra symbols

Detailed instructions for accessing the msam and msbm fonts are given in Section 7,
Using the extra symbols.

5.5. Cyrillic
See Section 6, Using cyrillic, for instructions.

5.6. Caps/small caps

The 10-point cmcsc font is loaded by plain.tex. To use the smaller versions
implies the use of switchable-size fonts, which may be implemented according to
the models cited at the beginning of this section.

5.7. Dummy font

The dummy font was designed to be used for syntax checking. The general
technique is described in Appendix D of The TEXbook, p. 401. This has been
implemented in the file amstex.tex, which can be used as a model.

6. Using cyrillic

The cyrillic fonts in the AMSFonts collection have been designed so that input
using the transliteration conventions of Mathematical Reviews will be converted
directly to cyrillic text. Other transliteration schemes exist, as well as methods for
keying directly from the keyboard to access cyrillic characters. We have included
two sets of virtual fonts in this distribution, which provide access to the characters
of the cyrillic fonts through the KOI-8 or Alternativnyj Variant (AV) encodings.
At the present time macro support is provided only for the Mathematical Reviews
transliteration scheme; to use one of the other encodings, you must seek support
from other sources. Also, the instructions in this section are unsuitable for LATEX;
they apply only to AMS-TEX, plain TEX, and other macro packages that use plain
TEX font loading methods.
The following cyrillic fonts are included:
wncyr (upright), in sizes 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 point
wncyb (bold), in the same range of sizes as wncyr
 6. Using cyrillic 15

wncyi (italic), in the same range of sizes as wncyr

wncysc (caps and small caps), in size 10 point
wncyss (upright sans serif), in sizes 8, 9, and 10 point
(The Y&Y/Blue Sky PostScript collection contains only 10-point outlines. Other
sizes must be obtained by scaling.)
The file cyracc.def, which is included in the AMSFonts collection, must be
input to any document using the cyrillic fonts as defined with the AMS layout.
Since the cyrillic alphabet contains more letters than the roman alphabet, some
cyrillic letters are accessed by combinations of roman letters, accented letters, or
control sequences. cyracc.def contains the definitions of these accents and control
sequences. If this file is not input, some cyrillic letters will be inaccessible.

6.1. Making cyrillic available to a document

If you are using plain TEX, include the following instructions near the top of the
document input file to make the 10-point cyrillic font available for use in text (see
below for cyrillic in math):
\input cyracc.def
\font\tencyr=wncyr10
\def\cyr{\tencyr\cyracc}
If you require cyrillic text in more than one size, you must take a different approach
in defining \cyr. An appropriate model appears in Appendix E of The TEXbook
[DEK86A], pages 414–15. The definition of \cyr should be incorporated into
size-specific macros such as \tenpoint and \eightpoint similarly to what is done
there for \bf. Don’t forget to include the command \cyracc in the definition.
If you are using AMS-TEX and the preprint style, include the following
instructions in the preamble of your document input file to make cyrillic available
in 10-point and 8-point text:
\input cyracc.def
\catcode‘\@=11
\font@\tencyr=wncyr10
\font@\eightcyr=wncyr8
\catcode‘\@=13
\addto\tenpoint{\def\cyr{\tencyr\cyracc}}
\addto\eightpoint{\def\cyr{\eightcyr\cyracc}}
(The \font@ command not only loads the fonts, but also makes them behave
properly during syntax checking.) If you are not using the preprint style, you can
use the font definitions in either amsppt.sty or The TEXbook Appendix E as a
model.
The macro definitions in cyracc.def govern the behavior of cyrillic-specific
control sequences, including accents, in cyrillic and noncyrillic text. Definitions
governing noncyrillic text are activated as soon as cyracc.def is \input. This
will permit text input according to the scheme shown in Figure 1 to be typeset in
transliterated form, according to the MR conventions. To produce actual cyrillic
16 6. Using cyrillic

text, enclose the cyrillic input in a group that begins with the instruction \cyr
inside the group, as
... {\cyr ...} ...
Enclosing in braces both the \cyr and the text to be set in cyrillic type (in the
same way that an italic phrase would be indicated in a roman text) is particularly
important for two reasons. First, like \it, \cyr must be explicitly terminated to
return to roman text. And second, unlike \it, the special cyrillic control sequences
invoked by \cyracc are interpreted differently by TEX depending on whether they
are in a cyrillic or a noncyrillic environment. The “cyrillic” interpretation is
not turned off simply by invoking \rm. Failure to follow this practice will yield
gibberish.

6.2. Cyrillic input

The table in Figure 1 follows the alphabetical order of the table published in the
1983 MR author index. The three paired columns contain: (1) Cyrillic; (2) Input;
(3) Transliteration.
The letters in the Cyrillic columns will appear in the typeset output when the
corresponding codes from the Input columns are used in the {\cyr ...} context
described above. The roman letters in the Transliteration columns will appear in
the output when the corresponding codes from the Input columns are used in a
noncyrillic environment, i.e., have not been preceded by \cyr.
Several points should be noted here.
Input codes for uppercase cyrillic which consist of more than one letter, e.g.
Zh 7→ , can also be input in all caps, e.g. ZH 7→ , if the context is entirely
in caps.
Particular care is necessary when the letter t 7→ t is followed by s 7→ s. The
control sequence \cydot (“cyrillic dot”) is provided as a separator to keep
those letters distinct: t\cydot s (t·s) 7→ ts. Otherwise, they will be combined
as ts 7→ c.
The t·s pair appears, for example, in the word sovet\cydot ski\u\i
(sovet·skiı̆) 7→ sovetski$ i and is not uncommon in the suffix of reflexive verbs,
e.g. nakhodyat\cydot sya (nakhodyat·sya) 7→ nahodts.
Because there is not a one-to-one correspondence between cyrillic and roman
letters, some cyrillic letters have been placed in locations where a roman letter
does not have a cyrillic counterpart. A user who is aware of this fact may be
able to detect input keying that does not conform to the recommendations
shown in Figure 1, and correct it more easily than otherwise. The following
nonstandard assignments have been made:
c 7→ c; h 7→ h; q 7→ q; w 7→ w; x 7→ x.
Some very strange effects can occur in cyrillic text hyphenated by the default
English hyphenation rules; in particular, a cyrillic letter input as a group of
letters can be decomposed. (Most multiple-letter input groups are converted
to a single cyrillic letter by way of TEX’s ligaturing mechanism.) For example,
shch 7→ w might, in especially unlucky circumstances, be decomposed as s-hq,
 6. Using cyrillic 17

Figure 1. Input conventions for AMS cyrillic

Cyrillic Input Translit. Cyrillic Input Translit.
A a A a A a R r R r R r
B b B b B b S s S s S s
V v V v V v T t T t T t
G g G g G g   \’C \’c Ć ć
D d D d D d Ḱ ḱ \’K \’k Ḱ ḱ
  Dj dj Dj dj U u U u U u
Ǵ ǵ \’G \’g Ǵ ǵ $ u
U $ \u U \u u Ŭ ŭ
E e E e E e F f F f F f
Ë ë \"E \"e Ë ë H h Kh kh Kh kh
 \=E \=e Ē ē C c Ts ts Ts ts
  Zh zh Zh zh Q q Ch ch Ch ch
Z z Z z Z z 
\Dzh \dzh Dzh· dzh·
I i I i I i Xx Sh sh Sh sh
  \=I \=\i Ī ı̄ Ww Shch shch Shch shch
¨ 00 00
ı̈ \"I \"\i Ï ı̈ _  \Cdprime \cdprime
¯
J j J j J j Y y Y y Y y
$ 0 0
I i
$ \u I \u\i Ĭ ı̆ ^ ~ \Cprime \cprime
K k K k K k   \‘E \‘e È è
L l L l L l  Yu yu Yu yu
Lj lj Lj lj Lj lj   Ya ya Ya ya
M m M m M m   \Dz \dz Dz dz
N n N n N n } N0 N0
Nj nj Nj nj Nj nj « < ¡
O o O o O o » > ¿
P p P p P p \cydot ·

x-q or 7-h. In other words, if there is any chance that cyrillic text might fall
into a position where hyphenation could occur, the results should be checked
very carefully, and discretionary hyphens used as appropriate.
Hyphenation patterns do not exist for the AMS cyrillic font when the input
conventions shown here are used. Furthermore, it is probably impracticable to
attempt to develop such rules, since the rules to recognize control sequences
and complicated ligatures, both used extensively by the AMS cyrillic input
conventions, are not easily specified to TEX’s hyphenation mechanism. Another
approach to hyphenation, requiring some changes to the cyrillic .tfm files, has
been described by Dimitri Vulis in a TUGboat article [DLV89].
18 7. Using the extra symbols

6.3. Cyrillic in math

Although the cyrillic fonts are intended for use as text, individual letters are
sometimes requested in math; for example, X may be used to represent the
Shafarevich group. When cyrillic is needed in math mode, replace the definition of
\cyr shown previously (which will work only for text) by the following instructions
(which will support the use of cyrillic in both text and math):
\newfam\cyrfam
\font\tencyr=wncyr10
\font\sevencyr=wncyr7
\font\fivecyr=wncyr5
\def\cyr{\fam\cyrfam\tencyr\cyracc}
\textfont\cyrfam=\tencyr \scriptfont\cyrfam=\sevencyr
\scriptscriptfont\cyrfam=\fivecyr
If only the 10-point cyrillic font has been accessed, the references to \sevencyr
and \fivecyr can be changed to \tencyr to save memory. When using AMS-TEX
and the preprint style, use \font@ instead of \font, remembering to change the
\catcode of the @ appropriately, and embed the font family specifications in
\addto\tenpoint, as shown above.
If other base text sizes are used besides ten point, the suggestions given above
in Section 6.1, Making cyrillic available, apply here as well.

7. Using the extra symbols

Most users of the extra symbol fonts will probably want to make them accessible
to their TEX jobs with the least possible fuss. For AMS-TEX users, these fonts
are available automatically with the preprint style, and other methods of loading
them for use with AMS-TEX are described above. To load these fonts with LATEX
or AMS-LATEX, see Section 3.4, Extra math symbols.
If you are not using AMS-TEX or LATEX, the easiest method of loading these
fonts and defining the control sequences for accessing the symbols is to place the
command
\input amssym.tex
at the top of your input file. This will load the fonts msam, msbm, and eufm in sizes
10, 7, and 5 point, suitable for use in ordinary ten-point math environments, and
define the names of all the symbols in these fonts. However, this assigns more than
200 control sequence names, so if you are limited for space, an alternative method
may be preferred.
If you type just \input amssym.def (or \usepackage{amsfonts} for LATEX),
the fonts will be loaded, but only the names of the few special symbols listed below
will be defined.
First there are four symbols that are normally used outside of math mode:
X \checkmark r \circledR
z \maltese U \yen
 7. Using the extra symbols 19

These symbols, like ¶, §, †, and ‡, can also be used in math mode; they will change
sizes correctly in subscripts and superscripts.
Next are four symbols that are “delimiters” (although there are no larger
versions obtainable with \left and \right), so they must be used in math mode:
p \ulcorner q \urcorner
x \llcorner y \lrcorner
Finally, two dashed arrows are constructed from symbols in this family (note
that one of them has two names; it can be accessed by either one):
99K \dashrightarrow, \dasharrow L99 \dashleftarrow
The Blackboard Bold letters A, . . . , Z can be accessed by typing (in math mode)
\Bbb A, . . . ,\Bbb Z in plain TEX or AMS-TEX, or \mathbb{A}, . . . ,\mathbb{Z} in
LATEX.
Wider versions of the plain.tex \widehat and \widetilde are now available.
Letters in the eufm font can be accessed (in math mode) by typing, for
example, \frak A \frak g to get Ag (\mathfrak{Ag} in LATEX). For the other
Euler fonts, see the various “Euler” subsections under the sections for different
macro packages (LATEX, AMS-TEX, plain TEX).

7.1. The \newsymbol command (AMS-TEX or plain TEX)

All other symbols of the msam and msbm fonts must be named by control sequences
so that they can be used (in math mode only) when the fonts are loaded. If you
are very short on space for control sequence names, and need only a few of these
symbols, you can omit the loading of amssym.tex and instead assign only the
names you will need by using the command \newsymbol for each symbol you need,
to create a control sequence that will properly produce that symbol. The control
sequence can be either the “standard” name, as listed below, or one of your own
choosing.
The list of symbols below shows for each symbol the symbol itself, a four-
character “ID”, and the “standard” name of the symbol. (The first character of
the ID identifies the font family in which a symbol resides. Symbols from the msam
family have 1 as the first character; symbols from the msbm family have 2 as the
first character.) For example, the symbol
appears as

230A \nleqslant

To produce a control sequence with this name, the instruction

\newsymbol\nleqslant 230A
appears in the file amssym.tex. This same instruction can be typed by a user
who is not using the AMS-TEX preprint style and has chosen not to load all the
symbols, and thereafter the control sequence \nleqslant will produce the symbol

(in math mode), and will act properly as a “binary relation”.

A few symbols in these fonts replace symbols defined in plain.tex by
combinations of symbols available in the Computer Modern fonts. These
are \angle (∠) and \hbar (~) from the group “Miscellaneous symbols”, and
20 7. Using the extra symbols

\rightleftharpoons (
) from the group “Arrows” below. The new symbols
will change sizes correctly in subscripts and superscripts, provided that you are
using appropriate redefinitions. In order to use \newsymbol to replace an existing
definition, the name must first be “undefined”. Here are the lines you must put
in your file if you are not using the AMS-TEX preprint style or \input amssym
(which perform the redefinition automatically):
\undefine\angle
\newsymbol\angle 105C
\undefine\hbar
\newsymbol\hbar 207E
\undefine\rightleftharpoons
\newsymbol\rightleftharpoons 130A
These symbols are flagged in the tables below with a “(U)”, as a reminder that
they must be undefined.

7.2. The extra symbols

Note in the tables that some symbols are shown with two names; in such a case,
either one can be used to access the symbol.

• Lowercase Greek letters

z 207A \digamma κ 207B \varkappa

• Hebrew letters
i 2069 \beth ‫ג‬ 206A \gimel
k 206B \daleth

• Miscellaneous symbols
~ 207E \hbar (U) 8 1038 \backprime
} 207D \hslash ∅ 203F \varnothing
M 134D \vartriangle N 104E \blacktriangle
O 104F \triangledown H 1048 \blacktriangledown
 1003 \square  1004 \blacksquare
♦ 1006 \lozenge  1007 \blacklozenge
s 1073 \circledS F 1046 \bigstar
∠ 105C \angle (U) ^ 105E \sphericalangle
] 105D \measuredangle
@ 2040 \nexists { 107B \complement
f 2066 \mho ð 2067 \eth
` 2060 \Finv  201E \diagup
a 2061 \Game  201F \diagdown
k 207C \Bbbk
 7. Using the extra symbols 21

• Binary operators
u 1275 \dotplus n 226E \ltimes
r 2272 \smallsetminus o 226F \rtimes
e 1265 \Cap, \doublecap h 1268 \leftthreetimes
d 1264 \Cup, \doublecup i 1269 \rightthreetimes
Z 125A \barwedge f 1266 \curlywedge
Y 1259 \veebar g 1267 \curlyvee
[ 125B \doublebarwedge
 120C \boxminus  127F \circleddash
 1202 \boxtimes ~ 127E \circledast
1200 \boxdot } 127D \circledcirc

1201 \boxplus  1205 \centerdot
> 223E \divideontimes | 127C \intercal

• Binary relations
5 1335 \leqq = 133D \geqq
6 1336 \leqslant > 133E \geqslant
0 1330 \eqslantless 1 1331 \eqslantgtr
. 132E \lesssim & 1326 \gtrsim
/ 132F \lessapprox ' 1327 \gtrapprox
u 2375 \approxeq h 2368 \eqsim
l 236C \lessdot m 236D \gtrdot
≪ 136E \lll, \llless ≫ 136F \ggg, \gggtr
≶ 1337 \lessgtr ≷ 133F \gtrless
Q 1351 \lesseqgtr R 1352 \gtreqless
S 1353 \lesseqqgtr T 1354 \gtreqqless
+ 132B \doteqdot, \Doteq P 1350 \eqcirc
: 133A \risingdotseq $ 1324 \circeq
; 133B \fallingdotseq , 132C \triangleq
v 1376 \backsim ∼ 2373 \thicksim
w 1377 \backsimeq ≈ 2374 \thickapprox
j 136A \subseteqq k 136B \supseteqq
b 1362 \Subset c 1363 \Supset
@ 1340 \sqsubset A 1341 \sqsupset
4 1334 \preccurlyeq < 133C \succcurlyeq
2 1332 \curlyeqprec 3 1333 \curlyeqsucc
- 132D \precsim % 1325 \succsim
w 2377 \precapprox v 2376 \succapprox
C 1343 \vartriangleleft B 1342 \vartriangleright
E 1345 \trianglelefteq D 1344 \trianglerighteq
 130F \vDash 130D \Vdash
 130E \Vvdash
` 1360 \smallsmile p 2370 \shortmid
a 1361 \smallfrown q 2371 \shortparallel
l 136C \bumpeq G 1347 \between
m 136D \Bumpeq t 1374 \pitchfork
22 7. Using the extra symbols

∝ 135F \varpropto  237F \backepsilon

J 134A \blacktriangleleft I 1349 \blacktriangleright
∴ 1329 \therefore ∵ 132A \because

• Negated relations
≮ 2304 \nless ≯ 2305 \ngtr
 2302 \nleq  2303 \ngeq

230A \nleqslant  230B \ngeqslant

 2314 \nleqq  2315 \ngeqq
 230C \lneq 230D \gneq
 2308 \lneqq 2309 \gneqq
2300 \lvertneqq
2301 \gvertneqq
 2312 \lnsim  2313 \gnsim
 231A \lnapprox  231B \gnapprox
⊀ 2306 \nprec  2307 \nsucc
 230E \npreceq  230F \nsucceq
 2316 \precneqq  2317 \succneqq
 2310 \precnsim  2311 \succnsim
 2318 \precnapprox  2319 \succnapprox
 231C \nsim  231D \ncong
. 232E \nshortmid / 232F \nshortparallel
- 232D \nmid ∦ 232C \nparallel
0 2330 \nvdash 2 2332 \nvDash
1 2331 \nVdash 3 2333 \nVDash
6 2336 \ntriangleleft 7 2337 \ntriangleright
5 2335 \ntrianglelefteq 4 2334 \ntrianglerighteq
* 232A \nsubseteq + 232B \nsupseteq
" 2322 \nsubseteqq # 2323 \nsupseteqq
( 2328 \subsetneq ) 2329 \supsetneq
2320 \varsubsetneq ! 2321 \varsupsetneq
$ 2324 \subsetneqq % 2325 \supsetneqq
& 2326 \varsubsetneqq ' 2327 \varsupsetneqq

• Arrows
⇔ 1312 \leftleftarrows ⇒ 1313 \rightrightarrows
 131C \leftrightarrows  131D \rightleftarrows
W 1357 \Lleftarrow V 1356 \Rrightarrow
 1311 \twoheadleftarrow  1310 \twoheadrightarrow
 131B \leftarrowtail  131A \rightarrowtail
" 1322 \looparrowleft # 1323 \looparrowright
 130B \leftrightharpoons
130A \rightleftharpoons (U)
x 2378 \curvearrowleft y 2379 \curvearrowright
1309 \circlearrowleft  1308 \circlearrowright
 131E \Lsh  131F \Rsh
 1314 \upuparrows  1315 \downdownarrows
 1318 \upharpoonleft  1316 \upharpoonright, \restriction
 References 23

 1319 \downharpoonleft  1317 \downharpoonright

( 1328 \multimap 1320 \rightsquigarrow
! 1321 \leftrightsquigarrow

• Negated arrows
8 2338 \nleftarrow 9 2339 \nrightarrow
: 233A \nLeftarrow ; 233B \nRightarrow
= 233D \nleftrightarrow < 233C \nLeftrightarrow

References

[AMS01] User’s Guide to AMS-TEX Version 2.2, August 2001, American

Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2001; distributed with
AMS-TEX Version 2.2.
[AMSPS] AMSFonts in Type 1 (PostScript) form, AMS web server, URL:
http://www.ams.org/tex/type1-fonts.html.
[DEK86A] Donald E. Knuth, The TEXbook, Volume A of Computers &
Typesetting, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA, 1986.
[DEK86E] , Computer Modern Typefaces, Volume E of Computers &
Typesetting, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA, 1986.
[DEK89] , “Typesetting Concrete Mathematics”, TUGboat 10 (1989),
no. 1, 31–36; erratum, TUGboat 10 (1989), no. 3, 342.
[DLV89] Dimitri Vulis, “Notes on Russian TEX”, TUGboat 10 (1989), no. 3,
332–36.
[DRS86] David R Siegel, The Euler Project at Stanford, Computer Science
Department, Stanford University, 1985.
[GKP88] Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth, and Oren Patashnik, Concrete
Mathematics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA, 1988.
[GMS94] The LATEX companion, Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and
Alexander Samarin, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading,
MA, 1994. Chapter 8 describing AMS-LATEX is obsolete; a
replacement chapter is available in PDF form from
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/companion-rev/ch8.pdf.
[L94] LATEX: A document preparation system, Second edition, Leslie
Lamport, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA, 1994.
[LFG] “LATEX2e font selection”, fntguide.tex in the LATEX distribution.
[MDS86] M. D. Spivak, The Joy of TEX, American Mathematical Society,
Providence, RI, 1986.
[MDS90] , The Joy of TEX, 2nd (revised) edition, American
Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1990.
 Appendix A
Installation Procedures

A.1. Introduction

“AMSFonts” is a collection of fonts that supplement the basic Computer Modern

fonts, for use with the TEX typesetting system. These fonts were originally
intended for use with the AMS-TEX or AMS-LATEX macro packages, but they
can also be used with plain TEX or LATEX, independently of the AMS formatting
packages.
AMSFonts can be used with any full implementation of TEX. Many TEX
distributions include the AMSFonts; check the documentation that came with the
TEX distribution you are using. When a new version of AMSFonts is released, all
distributors are notified, so if your TEX system is up to date, it is likely that you
don’t need to do anything at all.
Most current TEX installations are organized according to the TEX Directory
Structure (TDS). This is a tree structure whose root is identified as something like
/usr/local/share/texmf or c:\sw\texmf. In the following instructions, we will
use the name TEXMF to identify the root directory of a TDS or similar structure.
(For detailed documentation of the TDS, see the report at
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/tds/standard/tds/
for a browsable version, or the file tds.pdf in the same area if you prefer a copy
formatted for printing.)
When installing a new release of the AMSFonts, you may want to first back
up your old version, if you have existing documents that use it. Although new
releases are intended to be backward compatible, a backup provides insurance in
case something goes wrong.

A.2. Location of AMSFonts files in a TDS tree

Files in the AMSFonts distribution fall into several categories: .tfm (metric) files,
macro files for use with TEX, source files, documentation, and raster image (.pk)
files. The following list shows the files in the current distribution, along with their
recommended locations in a TDS tree.
TEXMF/
fonts/source/
ams/
README
amsfonts.lst
cmextra/
cmbsy*.mf (5 files)
cmcsc*.mf (2 files)
cmex*.mf (3 files)
cmmib*.mf (5 files)
 Appendix A. Installation Procedures 25

cyrillic/ cyr-alt/
cyr*.mf (9 files) README
serb*.mf (2 files) wkcy*.vpl (5 files)
wncy*.mf (22 files) wlcy*.vpl (5 files)
wvcy*.vpl (5 files)
euler/ symbols/
ebigop.mf amsy*.mf (2 files)
eubase.mf *symbols.mf (2 files)
euex*.mf (4 files) msam*.mf (6 files)
eufb*.mf (7 files) msbm*.mf (6 files)
eufm*.mf (7 files) xb*.mf (3 files)
eurb*.mf (7 files)
eurm*.mf (7 files)
eusb*.mf (7 files)
eusm*.mf (7 files)
public/misc/
dummy.mf
fonts/pk/
hdevice resolutioni/ (not included in bundled collection)
fonts/tfm/
ams/
cmextra/
cyrillic/
euler/
symbols/
public/misc/
dummy.tfm
tex/latex/amsfonts/
amsdtx.cls eucal.sty
amsfonts.sty eufrak.sty
amssymb.sty euscript.sty
cmmib7.sty ueu*.fd (8 files)
ums*.fd (4 files)
tex/plain/amsfonts/ doc/ams/amsfonts/
amssym.def amsfndoc.ps
amssym.tex amsfonts.bug
cyracc.def amsfonts.faq
source/fonts/amsfonts/ source/latex/amsfonts/
amsfndoc.tex amsfonts.dtx
amsfndoc.def amsfonts.fdd
amsfndoc.cyr amsfonts.ins
amsfndoc.fnt amssymb.dtx
amsfndoc.ins cmmib57.dtx
eufrak.dtx
euscript.dtx
26 Appendix A. Installation Procedures

The AMSFonts distribution can be retrieved in bundled form from the AMS web
site, e.g., as a .zip, .tar or .hqx file. In this form, the files are already arranged
according to the TDS structure. The .pk files are not included in the main bundle;
they are bundled separately, by output device resolution or by platform. To install
the main bundle, place the bundled file into a convenient directory and unpack it
using the TEXMF directory as the “Extract to” target. Some examples:
WinZip: Click on “Extract” and then in the “Extract to” box, enter
\sw\texmf (or whatever TEXMF is on your system)
gzip: gzip -dc amsfonts-all-but-pk-files.tgz | (cd TEXMF; tar xvf -)
unzip: unzip amsfonts-all-but-pk-files.zip -d TEXMF
The bundled file may be deleted after unpacking.

A.3. Installing the .pk files

Many modern TEX installations incorporate a feature called MakeTeXPk that

creates a .pk file only when it has actually been requested by a job. Check
the documentation that came with your system; if MakeTeXPk is available, you
may choose to omit installing any .pk files, but let the system generate them on
demand.
Alternatively, if you are using a PostScript output device, you will probably
want to use Postscript (Type 1) outline files rather than .pk files. Type 1 versions
of the AMSFonts are available separately from the AMS web site,
http://www.ams.org/tex/amsfonts.html
The fonts in the Type 1 collection do not include all sizes; for details, see the
appropriate section of the AMSFonts 2.2d User’s Guide and the documentation
that comes with the collection.
If you do decide you want to install the .pk files from the AMS server, consult
the TDS tree shown above to identify the proper location.
The amount of disk space required for installation of the AMSFonts depends
on the resolution of your output device and on which families of fonts you choose
to install. There are five families of fonts, and you may choose to install any
or all of these families. Also, you may choose to install all magnifications or
only magnifications 100%, 109.5% and 120% (TEX magsteps 0, 12 and 1). For
a more complete description of these families and magnifications, please see the
appropriate sections of the AMSFonts 2.2d User’s Guide.
The following table lists all the families and the disk space required for their
installation. Before you begin the installation, decide which fonts and which
magnifications you will choose, and make sure that you have enough disk space
available.
 Appendix A. Installation Procedures 27

Approximate Disk Space Required for AMSFonts Installation

Extra Euler Other Extra All

CM Fraktur Euler Symbols Cyrillic Fonts
100% thru 120% 200K 150K 350K 150K 250K 1100K
118dpi
all mags 550K 350K 850K 450K 750K 2950K
100% thru 120% 250K 150K 350K 200K 300K 1250K
180dpi
all mags 750K 450K 950K 650K 1000K 3800K
100% thru 120% 300K 150K 350K 250K 400K 1450K
240dpi
all mags 900K 500K 1000K 800K 1200K 4400K
100% thru 120% 350K 200K 450K 350K 500K 1850K
300dpi
all mags 1100K 700K 1300K 1000K 1500K 5600K
100% thru 120% 450K 250K 500K 400K 550K 2150K
400dpi
all mags 1450K 825K 1625K 1250K 1850K 7000K
100% thru 120% 650K 325K 600K 500K 725K 2800K
600dpi
all mags 2000K 1150K 2150K 1750K 2650K 9700K

A.4. What if your TEX system isn’t in a TDS tree?

If your TEX system is arranged in some other way, you must consult the user
documentation for guidance. The hints that follow are just that—hints. If your
TEX system documentation recommends something different, you should follow
that procedure.
We recommend placing AMSFonts files into distinct subdirectories or folders,
to simplify installation of future versions.
First, determine where TEX will look for its files. The AMSFonts collection
contains not only fonts, but also support for their use with plain TEX and LATEX.
Look first for files listed in the tree above; if you find them, you should simply
install the new versions in the same areas. If you don’t find them, some more
specific hints follow.
To install plain TEX support files, look on your system for the file plain.tex;
the files listed above under tex/plain/amsfonts/ should go into (a subarea of)
that area.
To install LATEX support files, look for the file article.sty; the files listed
above under tex/latex/amsfonts/ should go into (a subarea of) that area.
To install the .tfm files, look for the file cmr10.tfm.
Raster image files may or may not have pk in the file extension, depending on
the system. These files are used by the output device drivers, not by TEX itself.
Consult the documentation for your drivers to see where they look for .pk files. In
the AMSFonts distribution, the directories are labeled \amsfonts\dpiXXX, where
XXX is the resolution of the output device multiplied by the magnification (for
example, for a 300dpi printer, XXX would be 300 for a font at 100% or 360 for a
font at 120%). Unix users will have to rename the .pk files in each directory to
the extension .XXXpk, where XXX is the number in the directory dpiXXX in which
28 Appendix A. Installation Procedures

the file is located. Once all the files have been renamed, they can be placed all
together in the directory where your drivers will find them.

A.5. Font definition files for LATEX

Warning: If your version of LATEX 2ε is earlier than December 1996, and if

your operating system and TEX implementation both refer to filenames in a case-
sensitive manner, the .fd files you need are not included in the bundled AMSFonts
distribution; you will need to retrieve them explicitly from the AMS FTP server, at
ftp://ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/amsfonts/latex/obsolete/
This warning may apply to users of Unix systems; it does not generally apply to
users of Windows or DOS.
A better option, which we recommend strongly, is to update your version of
LATEX; the case-sensitive .fd filenames were made obsolete with the December
1996 release of LATEX, so if you are still using an older version, it is overdue for
update.

A.6. Additional note for all users of AMSFonts

The device driver with which you are using these fonts may have a font table that
needs to be updated in order for the driver to recognize the fonts. In order to use
AMSFonts with any software that uses such a table, you must enter the names of
each of the fonts in the AMSFonts package and the effective resolutions at which
you have them installed. The file amsfonts.lst, which appears at the same level
in the TDS tree as the README file, contains a list of all of the font names and all
of the resolutions contained in the distribution. You may have to alter the format
of this file to make it conform to your driver’s needs or to reflect installation of
only some of the fonts, but it provides you with the necessary data. See the
documentation for your device driver to see what format is required. If your device
driver does not depend on such a table, this step is not necessary.

A.7. Note for users of Textures on Macintosh

The AMSFonts distribution for Textures is different from what has been described
above; the fonts are distributed in several different suitcase files rather than in a
TDS tree. This distribution is bundled in the file
/pub/macintosh/amsfonts2-2.hqx
which is available from the AMS FTP server or web site.
 Appendix B
Using the PostScript (Type 1) AMSFonts

The AMSFonts were reimplemented in Type 1 outline form jointly by Blue Sky
Research and Y&Y, and made freely available for general use through a consortium
of scientific publishers. These Type 1 fonts are not part of the main AMSFonts
distribution, but are available separately from the AMS web site:
http://www.ams.org/tex/type1-fonts.html
The web page contains a more detailed history of these fonts than is given here.
This collection can also be found on CTAN (the Comprehensive TEX Archive
Network), at
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/amsfonts/ps-type1/
The CTAN entry is mirrored directly from the AMS server.
The symbols and fonts of mathematical alphabets in the Type 1 collection
are provided only in sizes 5, 7, and 10 point, with additional sizes produced by
interpolation. To accommodate this reduced set of sizes, a “PS AMS fonts” option
is provided with both LATEX and AMS-TEX; see the relevant sections of this guide
for details. Papers and monographs submitted to the AMS for publication are
required to use this option.

Warning: Adding the “PS AMS fonts” option to an existing

file may result in changed line and page breaks, owing to the fact
that sizes 6, 8, and 9 are produced by interpolation.

The Type 1 cyrillic fonts are provided only in 10 point. The “PS AMS fonts”
option does not apply to cyrillic at the present time.
Some output device drivers (e.g., dvips) require a “map” file to identify
Type 1 fonts; for details, see the documentation for your device driver.
If you are using the Type 1 AMSFonts, you may wish to rename the .tfm files
for the intermediate sizes—6, 8, and 9 point for the math fonts and all sizes but
10 point for the cyrillic—so that TEX won’t find them. This will insure that the
bitmaps aren’t used inadvertently, or created on demand by systems that use the
MakeTeXPk facility.
 Appendix C
For further information

The AMSFonts collection was implemented and packaged by the Society’s

Publications Technical Group. Questions or suggestions for improvements should
be directed to that group at the following address:
Publications Technical Group
American Mathematical Society
P. O. Box 6248
Providence, RI 02940
Phone: 800-321-4AMS (4267) or 401-455-4080
Internet: tech-support@ams.org
Questions or comments concerning Textures can be directed to:
Blue Sky Research
516 Southeast Morrison
Portland, OR 97204
Phone: 800-622-8398 or 503-222-9571
Internet: help@bluesky.com
The Internet newsgroup comp.text.tex is an excellent source of general informa-
tion about anything related to TEX, and fonts are no exception. The newsgroup
and its archives can be accessed at http://groups.google.com/.
The TEX Resources pages at the AMS web site (http://www.ams.org/tex/)
contain pointers to additional sources of TEX-related information, including answers
to Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ).
 Appendix D
Font charts

Note: Row and column numbers are hexadecimal.

Extra symbols, group 1, medium weight – msam10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0
    ♦  
    0
1   ⇔ ⇒             1
2 ! " # $ % & ' ( ∴ ∵ + , - . / 2
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ≶ 8 9 : ; < = > ≷ 3
4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ∠ ] ^ ∝ 5
6 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m ≪ ≫ 6
7 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~  7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Extra symbols, group 2, medium weight – msbm10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0
  ≮ ≯ ⊀  
    0
1                 1
2 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + ∦ - . / 2
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ∅ 3
4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \]^ 5
6 ` a f ð h i ‫ ג‬k l m n o 6
7 p q r ∼ ≈ u v w x y z κ k } ~  7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Euler Fraktur medium weight – eufm10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0
      0
1 ‘ ’ 1
2 ! & ' ( ) * + , − . / 2
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; = ? 3
4 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] ^ 5
6 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 6
7 p q r s t u v w x y z "  7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
32 Appendix D. Font charts

Euler cursive (roman) medium weight – eurm10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 Γ ∆ Θ Λ Ξ Π Σ Υ Φ Ψ Ω α β γ δ  0
1 ζ η θ ι κ λ µ ν ξ π ρ σ τ υ φ χ 1
2 ψ ω ε ϑ $ ϕ 2
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . , < / > 3
4 ∂ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 5
6 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 6
7 p q r s t u v w x y z ı  ℘  7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Euler script medium weight – eusm10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 − 0
1 ∼ 1
2 2
3 0 ¬ < = 3
4 ℵ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ∧ ∨ 5
6 { } | \ 6
7 § 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Euler-compatible extension font – euex10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
  


0 0

1     1
2 ← → ↑ ↓ ↔ % & ⇐ ⇒ ⇑ ⇓ ⇔
 -
 . 2
    
3 ∞ 3
I
H
4 4
X Y Z
P Q R
5 5
` a
6 l m 6
7 z { | } 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
 Appendix D. Font charts 33

Cyrillic, medium weight – wncyr10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 Nj Lj       nj lj
    0
1                 1
2 ¨ ! ” # $ % ´ ’ ( ) * + , - . / 2
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; « ı » ? 3
4 ˘ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ “ ] ^ _ 5
6 ‘ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 6
7 p q r s t u v w x y z – — } ~  7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Italic Cyrillic, medium weight – wncyi10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 Nj Lj       nj lj
    0
1                 1
2 ¨ ! ” # $ % ´ ’ ( ) * + , - . / 2
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; « ı » ? 3
4 ˘ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ “ ] ^ _ 5
6 ‘ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 6
7 p q r s t u v w x y z – — } ~  7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Computer Modern caps and small caps – cmcsc10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 Γ ∆ Θ Λ Ξ Π Σ Υ Φ Ψ Ω ↑ ↓ ' ¡ ¿ 0
1 ı  ` ´ ˇ ˘ ¯ ˚ ¸ ß æ œ ø Æ Œ Ø 1
2 ! ” # $ % & ’ ( ) * + , - . / 2
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 3
4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ “ ] ˆ ˙ 5
6 ‘ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 6
7 p q r s t u v w x y z – — ˝ ˜ ¨ 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Computer Modern bold math italic – cmmib10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 Γ ∆ Θ Λ Ξ Π Σ Υ Φ Ψ Ω α β γ δ  0
1 ζ η θ ι κ λ µ ν ξ π ρ σ τ υ φ χ 1
2 ψ ω ε ϑ $ % ς ϕ ( ) * + , - . / 2
3           . , < / > ? 3
4 ∂ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ 5
6 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 6
7 p q r s t u v w x y z ı  ℘ ~  7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
34 Appendix D. Font charts

Computer Modern bold math symbols – cmbsy10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 − · × ∗ ÷  ± ∓ ⊕ ⊗   ◦ • 0
1  ≡ ⊆ ⊇ ≤ ≥   ∼ ≈ ⊂ ⊃   ≺  1
2 ← → ↑ ↓ ↔ % & ' ⇐ ⇒ ⇑ ⇓ ⇔ - . ∝ 2
3 0 ∞ ∈ 3 4 5 6 7 ∀ ∃ ¬ ∅ < = > ⊥ 3
4 ℵ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ∪ ∩ ] ∧ ∨ 5
6 ` a b c d e { } h i | k l m \ o 6
√
7 q ∇ ∫ t u v w § † ‡ ¶ ♣ ♦ ♥ ♠ 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
Computer Modern math extension font – cmex10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

      
   
0 0
               
1 1
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , -
. /
2 2
           
   
3 3
  D E G I
  F H J K L M N O
4 4
X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
P Q R S T U V W
5 5
` a h i j k l m n o
6 b c d e f g 6
r s
p q t
u v w x y ~ 
7 z { | } 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F