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200TOPMECHANICALEngineering
InterviewQuestionsandAnswers
MECHANICALEngineeringInterviewQuestionsandAnswers:
1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenscavengingandsupercharging?
2.Whatarethenamesgiventoconstanttemperature,constantpressure,constantvolume,
constantinternalenergy,constantenthalpy,andconstantentropyprocesses.
3.InaRankinecycleifmaximumsteampressureisincreasedkeepingsteamtemperature
andcondenserpressuresame,whatwillhappentodrynessfractionofsteamafter
expansion?
4.Whyentropychangeforareversibleadiabaticprocessiszero?
5.Whataretwoessentialconditionsofperfectgas?
6.Enthalpyandentropyarefunctionsofonesingleparameter.Whichisthat?
7.Whyrateofcondensationishigheronapolishedsurfacecomparedtorustysurface?
8.Howmuchresistanceisofferedtoheatflowbydropwisecondensation?
9.WhatistherelationshipbetweenCOPofheatingandcooling?
10.Howmuchistheworkdoneinisochoricprocess?
11.Whenmaximumdischargeisobtainedinnozzle?
12.Underwhatconditiontheworkdoneinreciprocatingcompressorwillbeleast?
13.Whatisthedifferencebetweenstallingandsurginginrotarycompressions?
EngineeringQuestions
14.Whytheelectricmotorofafanwithbackwardcurvedbladesisnevergotoverloaded Facebook
underanycondition?
15.Whytheworkperkgofairflowinaxialflowcompressorislesscomparedtocentrifugal
compressorforsamepressureratio?
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16.Whatisthenamegiventoportionofthermalenergytobenecessarilyrejectedto
environment? Follow
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17.Whatispitting?Howitiscaused?
18.Whatiscausticembrittlement?
19.Whichimpuritiesformhardscaleandwhichimpuritiessoftscale?
20.Whatisthedifferencebetweenhardwaterandsoftwater?
21.Whichtwoelementsinfeedwatercancausecorrosionoftubesandplatesinboiler?
Ans:Acidandoxygeninfeedwaterleadtocorrosion.
22.Whatshouldbedonetopreventasafetyvalvetosticktoitsseat?
Ans:Safetyvalveshouldbeblownoffperiodicallysothatnocorrosioncantakeplaceon
valveandvalveseat.
23.Whylargeboilersarewatertubetype?
Ans:Watertubeboilersraisesteamfastbecauseoflargeheattransferareaandpositive
watercirculation.Thustheyrespondfastertofluctuationsindemand.Furthersingletube
failuredoesnotleadtocatastrophy.
24.Whattypeofboilerdoesnotneedasteamdrum?
Ans:Supercriticalpressureboiler.
25.Whymanholesinvesselsareusuallyellipticalinshape?
Ans:Ellipticalshapehasminimumareaofopeningandthusplateisweakenedtheleast.
Furtheritisveryconvenienttoinsertandtakeoutthecoverplatefromellipticalopening.
26.Lowwaterinboilerdrumisunsafebecauseitmayresultinoverheatingofwatertubes
infurnace.Whyitisunsafetohavehighwaterconditioninboilerdrum?
Ans:Highdrumleveldoesnotallowsteamseparationtobeeffectiveandsomewatercanbe
carriedoverwithsteamwhichisnotdesirableforsteamturbine.
27.Whyboilerispurgedeverytimebeforestartingfiringoffuel?
Ans:Purgingensuresthatanyunburntfuelinfurnaceisremoved,otherwiseitmayleadto
explosion.
28.Whatistheprincipleofmechanicalrefrigeration?
Axis.Avolatileliquidwillboilundertheproperconditionsandinsodoingwillabsorbheat
fromsurroundingobjects.
29.Whyhighlatentheatofvaporisationisdesirableinarefrigerant?
Ans:Ahighlatentheatofvaporisationofrefrigerantresultsinsmallamountofrefrigerant
andthuslessercirculationsystemofrefrigerantforsametonnage.
30.Whatisthecriticaltemperatureofarefrigerant?
Ans:Criticaltemperatureisthemaximumtemperatureofarefrigerantratwhichitcanbe
condensedintoliquidandbeyondthisitremainsgasirrespectiveofpressureapplied.
31.Maximumcombustiontemperatureingasturbinesisoftheorderof1100to10C
whereassameisaround00CinI.C.engine?Why?
Ans:HightemperatureinI.C.enginecanbetoleratedbecauseitlastsforafractionof
secondbutgasturbineshavetofaceitcontinuouslywhichmetalscantwithstand.
32.WhyefficiencyofgasturbinesislowercomparedtoI.C.engines?
Ans:Ingasturbines,70%oftheoutputofgasturbineisconsumedbycompressor.I.C.
engineshavemuchlowerauxiliaryconsumption.FurthercombustiontemperatureofI.C.
enginesismuchhighercomparedtogasturbine.
33.Whatdoyouunderstandbytimedcylinderlubrication?
Ans:Foreffectivelubrication,luboilneedstobeinjectedbetweentwopistonringswhen
pistonisatbottomofstrokesothatpistonridesinoiduringupwardmovement.Thisway
lotofluboilcanbesavedandusedproperly.
34.WhatisIIUCRinrelationtopetrolengine?
Ans:HUCRishighestusefulcompressionratioatwhichthefuelcanbeusedinaspecific
testengine,underspecifiedoperatingconditions,withoutknocking.
35.Insomeenginesglycerineisusedinplaceofwaterforcoolingofengine.Why?
Ans:Glycerinehasboilingpointof90Cwhichincreasesitsheatcarryingcapacity.Thus
weightofcoolantgetsreducedandsmallerriadiatorcanbeused.
36.Whyconsumptionoflubricatingoilismoreintwostrokecyclepetrolenginethanfour
strokecyclepetrolengine?
Ans:Intwostrokeengineluboilismixedwithpetrolandthussomeluboilisblownout
throughtheexhaustvalvesbyscavengingandchargingair.Thereisnosuchwastageinfour
strokepetrolengine.
37.Ascompressionratioincreases,thermalnincreases.Howisthermalnaffectedbyweak
andrichmixturestrength?
Ans:Thermalnishighforweakmixtureanditdecreasesasmixturestrengthbecomesrich.
38.Howenginedesignneedstobechangedtoburnleanmixture?
Ans:Enginetoburnleanmixtureuseshighcompressionratioandthehighlyturbulent
movementofthechargeisproducedbythegeometryofthecombustionchamber.
39.HorsepowerofI.C.enginescanbeexpressedasRACrating,SAErating,orDINrating.
Towhichcountriesthesestandardsbelong?
Ans:U.K.,USAandGermanyrespectively.
40.Whatistheuseofflashchamberinavapourcompressionrefrigerationcycletoimprove
theCOPofrefrigerationcycle?
Ans:Whenliquidrefrigerantasobtainedfromcondenseristhrottled,therearesome
vapours.Thesevapoursifcarriedthroughtheevaporatorwillnotcontributetorefrigerating
effect.Usingaflashchamberatsomeintermediatepressure,theflashvapouratthis
pressurecanbebledoffandfedbacktothecompressionprocess.Thethrottlingprocessis
thencarriedoutinstages.Similarlycompressionprocessisalsodoneintwoseparate
compressorstages.
41.Whypistonsareusuallydishedattop?
Ans:Pistonsareusuallyhollowedattopto(i)providegreaterspaeforcombustion,(ii)
increasesurfaceforfluegasestoactupon,and(iii)betterdistributionofstresses.
42.Whatisthefunctionofthermostatincoolingsystemofanengine?
Ans:Thermostatensuresoptimumcoolingbecauseexcessivecoolingdecreasestheoverall
efficiency.Itallowscoolingwatertogotoradiatorbeyondapredeterminedtemperature.
43.Whatarethecausesoffailureofboilertubes?
Ans:Boilertubes,usuallyaremadefromcarbonsteelandaresubjectto(a)highratesof
heattransfer,(b).bendingstressesduetounevenheating,especiallyatexpandedorwelded
jointsintoheadersordrums,externalerosionfromburnersandfluegas,(d)possible
corrosionontheboilerside,and(e)occasionalmanufacturingdefects.
Failuremayoccurduetofollowingreasons:
(a)Highthermalratingsmayleadtorapidfailureiftheinternalfluidflowisreducedforany
reason.Theresultantoverheatingleadstoafailurebycreep,characterisedbythebulgingof
thetubewiththeeventualdevelopmentofalongitudinalsplit.
(b)Fatiguecrackingduetobendingstressesoccur.Theseareassociatedwithchangeof
sectionand/orweldundercut,wheretubesareexpandedorweldedintoheaders.
Failuremayariseduetooverstressingofareducedsectionofmetal.
(d)Suddenfailureoftheboilertubeduetocorrosionarisesfromembrittlementofthe
carbonsteelduetointeractionbetweenatomichydrogenfromthecorrosionprocessandthe
ironcarbidepresentinthesteel.
(e)Defectsintubemanufacture,althoughfarfrombeingaregularoccurrence,canbea
causeofserioustrouble.Laminationinboilertubesorscoremarksarisingfromthecold
drawingoftubes,giverisetoprematurefailureandmaypromotecorrosionattheseregions.
44.Whatarethecausesoffailureofsuperheatertubes?
Ans:Superheatertubesaresubjectedtothemostseverecombinationofstress,temperature
andcorrosiveenvironment.Inadditiontohightemperaturestrength,resistanceto
corrosionisalsoimportant.Forexample,lowalloyferriticsteelsuchas1/%Cr,1%Mo
wouldnotbeusedatmetaltemperaturesabove580Cbecauseofinadequateresistanceto
corrosionandoxidationoverafullservicelifeof100,000/150,000hr.
Failuresinsuperheatertubesmayarisefrom:
(a)Priorfabricationhistory(b)Faultyheattreatment
Consequencesofwelding(d)Overheatingofthetubemetal
(e)Gassidecorrosion(f)Stresscorrosion(austeniticsteels).
45.Whysupercriticalboilersuselessamountofsteelcomparedtononsupercriticalboilers
?
Ans:Supercriticalboilersdonotheadheavydrumforseparationofsteamfrommixtureof
waterandsteam.
46.Outofelectricheaterandheatpump,whichiseconomicalinoperation?
Ans:Heatpump.
47.Whichfurnaceburnslowashfusioncoalandretainsmostofthecoalashintheslag?
Ans:Cyclonefurnace.
48.Howthethicknessofthermalboundarylayerandthicknessofhydrodynamicboundary
layerrelated?
Ans:Ratiooftheirthickness=(Prandtlnumber)1/3.
49.Whatistheeffectoffrictiononflowofsteamthroughanozzle?
Ans:Todecreasebothmassflowrateandwetnessofsteam.
50.Whygasturbinepowerplantneedsefficientcompressor?
Ans:Becausealargeportionofturbineworkiseatenawaybycompressorandits
inefficiencywillaffectnetpoweroutputandcostofgeneration.
51.Whyrocketsusingliquidhydrogenhavehigherspecificimpulsecomparedtoliquid
hydrocarbon?
Ans:Liquidhydrogenhashigherburningvelocity.
52.Whyaxialflowcompressorispreferredforgasturbinesforaeroplanes?
Ans:Becauseithaslowfrontalarea.
53.Whatistheeffectofintercoolingingasturbines?
Ans:Itdecreasesthermalefficiencybutincreasesnetoutput.
54.WhyisooctaneischosenasreferencefuelforS.I.enginesandallotted100valueforits
octanenumber?
Ans:Isooctanepermitshighestcompressionwithoutcausingknocking.
55.WhythermalefficiencyofI.C.enginesismorethanthatofgasturbineplant?
Ans:InI.C.enginemaximumtemperatureattainedishigherthaningasturbine.
56.WhicharethereferencefuelsforknockratingofS.I.engines?
Ans:nheptaneandISOoctane.
57.Wheneffectofvariationsinspecificheatsisconsideredthenhowdomaximum
temperatureandpressurevarycomparedtoairstandardcycle?
Ans:Temperatureincreasesandpressuredecreases.
58.Quantitieslikepressure,temperature,density,viscosity,etc.areindependentofmass.
Whatarethesecalled?
Ans:Intensiveproperties.
59.Theamountofradiationemittedperscmperseciscalled.?
Ans:Emissivepower.
60.Inconvectionheattransfer,ifheatfluxintensityisdoubledthentemperature
differencebetweensolidsurfaceandfluidwill?
Ans:Getdoubled.
61.Howyoucandefinecoal?
Ans:Coalisanaturallyoccurringhydrocarbonthatconsistsofthefossilisedremainsof
buriedplantdebristhathaveundergoneprogressivephysicalandchemicalalteration,called
coalification,inthecourseofgeologictime.
62.Whichpollutantismajorgreenhousegasandwhatisitseffect?
Ans:COismajorgreenhousegasandittrapstheradiationofheatfromthesunwithin
earthsatmosphere.
63.InordertoincreaseefficiencyandreduceCOemissionsandotheremissions,clearcoal
technologiesarereceivingmajorattention.Whatarethese?
Ans:(i)Advancedpulverisedandpressurisedpulverisedfuelcombustion.
(ii)Atmosphericfluidisedbedcombustionandpressurisedfluidisedbedcombustion.
(iii)Supercriticalboilers.
(iv)Integratedgasificationcombinedcyclesystems.
(v)Advancedintegratedgasification,includingfuelcellsystems.
(vi)Magnetohydrodynamicelectricitygeneration.
64.Whataretheimportantoperationalperformanceparametersindesignoffuelfiring
equipment?
Ans:Fuelflexibility,electricalloadfollowingcapability,reliability,availability,and
maintenanceease.
65.Whatisthedifferencbetweentotalmoistureandinherentmoistureincoal?
Ans:Themoisturecontentofthebulkassampledisreferredtoastotalmoisture,andthat
oftheairdriedsampleiscalledinherentmoisture.
66.Proximityanalysisofcoalprovidesdataforafirst,generalassessmentofacoalsquality
andtype.Whatelementsitreports?
Ans:Moisture,volatilematter,ashandfixedcarbon.
67.Ultimateanalysisofcoaliselementaryanalysis.Whatitisconcernedwith?
Ans:Carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,andsulphurincoalonaweightpercentagebasis.
68.ExplainthedifferencebetweenAFBC,BFBC,PFBCandPCFBinregardtofluidisedbed
technologies.
Ans:AFBC(Atmosphericfluidisedbedcombustion)processconsistsofformingabedof
inertmaterialslikefinelysizedashorashmixedwithsand,limestone(forsulphurremoval),
andsolidfuelparticlesinacombustorandfluidisingitbyforcingcombustionairup
throughthebedmixture.Thegasflowsthorughbedwithoutdisturbingparticles
significantlybutgasvelocityishighenoughtosupportthetotalweightofbed(fluidisation).
Atslightlyhighervelocityexcessgaspassesthroughthebedasbubbles(fluidisedbed)and
givesthebedtheappearanceofaboilingliquid.
Bubblingfluidisedbedcombustion(BFBC)hasadefinedheightofbedmaterialand
operatesatornearatmosphericpressureinthefurnace.
Pressurisedfluidisedbedcombustion(PFBC)systemoperatesthebedatelevatedpressure.
Exhaustgaseshavesufficientenergytopoweragasturbine,ofcourse,gasesneedtobe
cleaned.
Influidisedcombustion,asashisremovedsomeunburnedcarbonisalsoremovedresulting
inlowerefficiency.Incirculatingfluidisedbedcombustion(CFBC)system,bedisoperated
athigherpressureleadingtohighheattransfer,highercombustionefficiency,andbetter
fuelfeed.Circulatingfluidisedbedsoperatewithrelativelyhighgasvelocitiesandfine
particlesizes.Themaintenanceofsteadystateconditionsinafastfluidisedbedrequiresthe
continuousrecycleofparticlesremovedbythegasstream(circulatingbed).Theterm
circulatingbedisoftenusedtoincludefluidisedbedsystemscontainingmultiple
conventionalbubblingbedsbetweenwhichbedmaterialisexchanged.
69.WhatforSchmidtplotforisusedinheattransferproblems?
Ans:Schmidtplotisagraphicalmethodfordeterminingthetemperatureatanypointina
bodyataspecifiedtimeduringthetransientheatingorcoolingperiod.
70.Inwhichreactorthecoolantandmoderatorarethesame?
Ans:Pressurisedwaterreactor.
71.Whichreactorhasnomoderator?
Ans:Fastbreederreactor.
72.Whatarethermalneutrons?
Ans:Thermalneutronsareslowneutrons(havingenergybelow1eV)whichareinthermal
equilibriumwiththeirsurroundings.
73.Whatisbigadvantageoffastbreederreactor?
Ans:Ithasrapidselfbreedingoffissilefuelduringtheoperationofthereactor,andthus,it
offersaboutsixtytimestheoutputwithsamenaturaluraniumresourcesthroughordinary
nonbreedernuclearreactor.
74.Whatisthepurposeofbiologicalshieldinnuclearplants?
Ans:Biologicalshieldofheavyconcretepreventsexposuretoneutrons,betaraysand
gammarayswhichkilllivingthings.
75.Whichtwoelementshavesamepercentageinproximateandultimateanalysisofcoal?
Ans:Moistureandash.
76.OnwhichanalysisisbasedtheDulongsformulafortheheatingvalueoffuel?
Ans:Onultimateanalysis.
77.Whichelementcausesdifferenceinhigherandlowerheatingvaluesoffuel?
Ans:Hydrogen.
78.Whichheatingvalueisindicatedbyacalorimeterandwhy?
Ans:Grossheatingvaluebecausesteamiscondensedandheatofvapourformedis
recovered.
79.Statethedifferencebetweenultimateandproximateanalysisofcoal?
Ans:Inultimateanalysis,chemicaldeterminationoffollowingelementsismadebyweight:
Fixedandcombinedcarbon,H,O,N,S,waterandash.HeatingvalueisduetoC,HandS.
Inproximateanalysisfollowingconstituentsaremechanicallydeterminedbyweight.
Moisture,volatilematter,fixedcarbonandash.Heatingvalueisduetofixedcarbonand
volatilematter.
80.Whatisfuelratio?
Ans:Fuelratioistheratioofits%ageoffixedcarbontovolatilematter.
81.Howtheanalysesandcalorificvaluesoffuelscanbereported?
Ans:Itmaybereportedas
(a)asreceivedorfired(wet)basis
(b)dryormoisturefreebasis
combustibleorashandmoisturefreebasis
82.Whatisthedifferencebetweennuclearfissionandfissionchainreaction.
Ans:Theprocessofsplittingofnucleusintotwoalmostequalfragmentsaccompaniedby
releaseofheatisnuclearfission.Selfsustained,continuing,sequenceoffissionreactions
inacontrolledmannerisfissionchainreaction.
83.Explaindifferencebetweenfissileandfertilematerials.
Ans:Thematerialswhichcangivenuclearfissione.g.U35,Pu39,U33arefissile
materials.Fertilematerialitselfisnotfissionable,butitcanbeconvertedtoafissionable
materialbyirradiationofneutronsinanuclearreactor.
84.Whatdoyouunderstandbyfuelcycleinnuclearplants?
Ans:Fuelcycleaseriesofsequentialstepsinvolvedinsupplyingfueltoanuclearpower
reactor.Thestepsinclude:Mining,refininguranium,fabricationoffuelelements,theiruse
innuclearreactor,chemicalprocessingtorecoverremainingfissionablematerial,re
enrichmentoffuelfromrecoveredmaterial,refabricationofnewfuelelements,waste
storageetc.
85.Whatisheavywaterandwhatisitsuseinnuclearplants?
Ans:Watercontainingheavyisotopesofhydrogen(Deuterium)isknownasheavywater.
Heavywaterisusedasamoderator.Heavywaterhaslowcrosssectionforabsorptionof
neutronsthanordinarywater.Heavywaterslowsdownthefastneutronsandthus
moderatesthechainreaction.
86.Whatisaconverterreactor?
Ans:Areactorplantwhichisdesignedtoproducemorefuelthanitconsumes.Thebreeding
isobtainedbyconvertingfertilematerialtofissilematerial.
87.Explainnuclearreactorinbrief.
Ans:Aplantwhichinitiates,sustains,controlsandmaintainsnuclearfissionchainreaction
andprovidesshieldingagainstradioactiveradiationisnuclearreactor.
88.Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandenrichment?
Ans:TheprocessofconvertingthenonfissileU38tofissileU35isalsocalled
Conversion.ThemateriallikeU38whichcanbeconvertedtoafissilematerialbythe
neutronfluxiscalledfertilematerial.Theconversionisobtainedwithinthenuclear
reactorduringthechainreaction.
Enrichmentistheprocessbywhichtheproportionoffissileuraniumisotope(U35)is
increasedabove0.7%(original%innaturaluranium).
TheconcentrationofU35intheuraniumhexafluorideisincreasedfromthe0.7%in
naturaluraniumtoto4%.Thisiscalledenrichmentandisaccomplishedinanenrichment
plant.
89.Disposalofradioactivewastematerialsandspentfuelisamajorandimportant
technology.Howthewasteradioactivematerialisdisposedoff?
Ans:Nonusablefissionproductsareradioactiveandtakeshort/medium/longtimefor
radioactivedecaytoreachsafelevelofradioactivity.Accordinglythreemethodsofdisposal
are:
(a)Zeroorlowradioactivitymaterialisdispersedorstoredwithoutelaborateshielding.
(b)Mediumradioactivitymaterialisstoredforshortdurationofabout5yearstoallow
decayofradioactivity.
Highradioactivematerial.Theyarestoredinwaterforseveralmonthstopermit
radioactivedecaytoanaccepetablelowlevel.
90.Whichnuclearreactoruseswaterasacoolant,moderatorandreflector?
Ans:Pressurisedwaterreactor.
91.Whichreactorproducesmorefissionablematerialthanitconsumes?
Ans:Breederreactor.
92.Whichreactorusesnaturaluraniumasfuel?
Ans:Gascooledreacator.
93.Whichreactorusesheavywaterasmoderator?
Ans:CANDU.
94.Whichreactorrequiresnomoderator?
Ans:Breederreactor.
95.Whichreactorusesprimarycoolantasfluoridesaltsoflithium,beryllium,thoriumand
uranium?
Ans:Moltensaltbreederreactor.
96.Whyanincreaseinareaisrequiredtoproduceanincreaseofvelocityincaseof
supersonicflow?
Ans:Increaseinareaforincreaseinvelocityforsupersonicflowisrequiredbecausethe
densitydecreasesfasterthanvelocityincreasesatsupersonicspeedsandtomaintain
continuityofmass,areamustincrease.
97.Underwhatcircumstanceswouldtherebeanincreaseinpressureinadivergentnozzle
?
Ans:Forsubsonicflowatinletsectionofadiffuseralowervelocityandhigherpressurewill
existattheexitsection.Forsupersonicisentropicflowattheinletsectionahighervelocity
andlowerpressurewillexistattheexitbutifashockwaveoccursinthediffuserthena
higherpressurewillexistattheexit.
98.Whywatercantbeusedasrefrigerantforsmallrefrigeratingequipment?
Ans:Therefrigerantshouldbesuchthatvapourvolumeislowsothatpumpingworkwillbe
low.Watervapourvolumeisaround4000timescomparedtoRforagivenmass.
99.Whichparameterremainsconstantinathrottlingprocess?
Ans:Enthalpy.
100.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisentropicprocessandthrottlinglprocess?
Ans:Inisentropicprocess,heattransfertakesplaceandinthrottlingprocess,enthalpy
beforeandaftertheprocessissame.
MECHANICALInterviewQuestionswithAnswersbook:
1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisotropicandanisotropicmaterials?
Ans:Ifamaterialexhibitssamemechanicalpropertiesregardlessofloadingdirection,itis
isotropic,e.g.,homogeneouscastmaterials.Materialslackingthispropertyareanisotropic.
2.Whatareorthotropicmaterials?
Ans:Itisaspecialclassofanisotropicmaterialswhichcanbedescribedbygivingtheir
propertiesinthreeperpendiculardirectionse.g.woodcomposites.
3.Whatisviewfactor?
Ans:Viewfactorisdependentupongeometryofthetwosurfacesexchangingradiation.
4.Whatpropertiesneedtobeconsideredforapplicationscallingforfollowing
requirements:
(i)rigidity
(ii)strengthfornoplasticdeformationunderstaticload
(iii)strengthtowithstandoverloadwithoutfracture.
(iv)wearresistance
(v)reliabilityandsafety.
Ans:(i)RigidityElasticmodulusandyieldstrength
(ii)Strength(fornoplasticdeformationunderstaticloading)yieldpoint
(iii)Strength(overload)Toughnessandimpactresistance
(iv)WearresistanceHardness
(v)ReliabilityandsafetyEndurancelimitandyieldpoint.
5.Explaintheeffectsofalloyingchromiumandnickelinstainlesssteel.
Ans:Additionofnickelandchromiumincreasesthetensilestrengthandincreasein
resistancetocorrosiontakesplace.
6.Mentiontwotypesofdislocations.
Ans:Dislocationreferstoabreakinthecontinuityofthelattice.Inedgedislocation,one
planeofatomsgetssqueezedout.Inscrewdislocationthelatticeatomsmovefomtheir
regularidealpositions.
7.Whataretheprincipalconstituentsofbrass?
Ans:Principalconstituentsofbrassarecopperandzinc.
8.WhatisCuriepoint?
Ans:Curiepointisthetemperatureatwhichferromagneticmaterialscannolongerbe
magnetisedbyoutsideforces.
9.Specificstrengthofmaterialsisveryhighwhentheyareinfibresizebutlowerwhenthey
areinbarformWhy?
Ans:Crystalstructurehasordered,repeatingarrangementofatoms.Fibresareliableto
maintainthisandthushavehighspecificstrength.Assizeincreases,theconditionof
orderedandrepeatingarrangementscantbeguaranteedbecauseofseveraltypesofdefects
anddislocationsandthusthespecificstrengthgetslower.
10.Whatisthepercentageofcarbonincastiron?
Ans:2.5%.
11.Whichelementisaddedinsteeltoincreaseresistancetocorrosion?
Ans:Chromium.
12.Whetherindividualcomponentsincompositematerialsretaintheircharacteristicsor
not?
Ans:yes.
13.Anelastomerisapolymerwhenitspercentageelongationrateis?
Ans:Greaterthan100%.
14.Ifpercentageelongationofamaterialismorethan200%,itisclassedas?
Ans:Rubber.
15.Whyisitthatthemaximumvaluewhichtheresidualstresscanreachistheelasticlimit
ofthematerial?
Ans:Astressinexcessofelasticlimit,withnoexternalforcetoopposeit,willrelieveitself
byplasticdeformationuntilitreachesthevalueoftheyieldstress.
16.Whyfatiguestrengthdecreasesassizeofapartincreasesbeyondaround10mm?
Ans:Perfectionofmaterialconditionsispossibleatlowersizesandassizeincreases,itis
notpossibletoattainuniformstructureofthematerial.
17.Distinguishbetweencreepandfatigue.
Ans:Creepislowandprogressivedeformationofamaterialwithtimeunderaconstant
stressathightemperatureapplications.Fatigueisthereducedtendencyofmaterialtooffer
resistancetoappliedstressunderrepeatedorfluctuatingloadingcondition.
18.Whilenormalcarburisingandnitridingsurfacetreatmentsincreasefatiguestrength,
excessivetreatmentmaydecreasethefatiguestrength.Why?
.Ans:Normalcarburising/nitridingtreatmentsincreasevolumeduetophase
transformationatSurfaceandintroduceresidualcompressivesurfacestressandthus
increasethefatiguestrength.Byexcessivetreatmentthehighcompressivestressesare
introducedbutthesearebalancedbyhighinternaltensilestressesofequalvalueandthe
subsurfacefatiguecracksmaydevelopintheregionsofhightensilestressandleadtoearly
fatiguefailure.
19.Listatleasttwofactorsthatpromotetransitionfromductiletobrittlefracture.
Ans:Mannerofloading,andtherateofloadingpromotetransitionfromductiletobrittle
fracture.Amachinemembermayhaveductilefailureunderstaticloadingbutmayfailin
brittlefashionwhentheloadisfluctuating.Similarlyamaterialmayevidenceductilefailure
undertensileloadingatordinarytestingspeedbutifloadisappliedatahighvelocitythen
failuremaybebrittle.
20.Whichtheoriesoffailureareusedfor(a)ductilematerials,and(B)brittlematerials?
Ans:Forductilematerials,theoriesoffailureusedaremaximumshearstresstheory,and
maximumenergyofdistortiontheorywhileforbrittlematerials,theoryofmaximum
principalstress,andmaximumstrainareused.
21.Whatdoesthermaldiffusivityofmetalssignify.
Ans:Thermaldiffusivityisassociatedwiththespeedofpropagationofheatintosolids
duringchangesintemperaturewithtime.
22.Forconductionofheat,theinstantaneousrateofheatflowisproductofthreefactors.
Whatarethese?
Ans:(i)Areaofthesectionoftheheatflowpath,perpendiculartothedirectionofheatflow.
(ii)temperaturegradient,i.e.changeoftemperaturew.r.t.lengthofpath.
(ii)Thermalconductivityofmaterial.
23.Howconvectiveheattransferiseffectedandonwhatfactorsitdepends?
Ans:Convectiveheattransferiseffectedbetweenasolidandfluidbyacombinationof
molecularconductionwithinthefluidincombinationwithenergytransportresultingfrom
themotionoffluidparticles.Itdependsonboundarylayerconfiguration,fluidproperties
andtemperaturedifference.
24.Whichisthecommonelementbetweenbrassandbronze?
Ans:Copper.
25.WhatdoesfollowingalloydesignationindicateFG250?
Ans:Greycastironwithtensilestrengthof250MPa.
26.Howisceramicdefined?
Ans:Itisasolidformedbycombinationofmetallicandnonmetallicelements.
27.GiveoneexampleofmetalclassifiedasperstructureasBCC,FCC,HCPandCCP.
Ans:BCC(bodycentredcubic)structureMolybdenum
FCC(facecentredcubic)structureAluminium
HCP(hexagonalclosedpacked)structureZinc
CCP(cubicdosedpacked)structureCopper.
28.Whatisthenameofsolidsolutionofcarboninalphaironanddeltairon?
Ans:Ferriteandausteniterespectively.
29.Explainthedifferencebetweenpearliteandcementile?
Ans:Pearliteiseutectoidmixtureofferriteandcementile.Cementiteischemicalcompound
ofironandcarbon.
30.Giveoneexampleeachofthefollowingproportionofmaterialsdimensional,physical,
technologicalandmechanical.
Ans:Roughness,enthalpy,toughness,andhardnessrespectively.
31.ForwhichpartstheWahlfactorandLewisformfactorused?
Ans:Forspringsandgearsrespectively.
32.Howoxygencanberemovedfromsteelduringmelting?Whatarefullykilledsteels?
Ans:Oxygencanberemovedbyaddingelementssuchasmanganese,siliconoraluminium
which,becauseoftheirhighaffinityforoxygen,reactwithittoformnonmetallicoxides
whichriseintotheslag.Steelswhichhavehadmostoftheirdissolvedoxygenremovedare
calledfullykilledsteels.
33.Hydrogencannotberemovedeasilyfrommoltensteel.Whatharmhydrogenhason
propertyofsteel?
Ans:Execessivehydrogenresultsintheformationofsmallfissuresoftendescribedas
hairlinecracksorflakesinthesteel.Largeforgingsinalloysteelareparticularlysensitiveto
thisphenomenon.
34.Whatisallotrope?Inwhatformsofcubicpattern,ironexists?
Ans:Someelementsexistinmorethanonecrystallineform.Eachformisknownas
allotrope.Ironexistsintwoformsofcubicpattern,namelybodycenteredcubic(bcc)and
facecenteredcubic(fee).
35.Whatisthedifferencebetweenalphairon,deltaironandgammairon?
Ans:Thebccformofironexistsbetweenroomtemperatureand910C,andbetween
1400Candthemeltingpointat1539C.Thelowertemperatureformisknownasalpha
ironandthehighertemperatureformasdeltairon.Thefacecenteredcubicformexisting
between910Cand1400Cisreferredtoasgammairon.
36.Metals,ingeneralareoflowstrengthanddonotpossessrequiredphysiochemicaland
technologicalpropertiesforadefinitepurpose.Alloysarethereforemorethanmetalsalone.
Discussthearrangementofatomsandstructuresofalloys.
Ans:Alloysareproducedbymeltingorsinteringtwooremoremetals,ormetalsandanon
metal,together.Alloyspossesstypicalpropertiesinherentinthemetallicstate.The
chemicalelementsthatmakeupanalloyarecalleditscomponents.Analloycanconsistof
twoormorecomponents.Thephaseandstructuresofalloysdescribetheconstitution,
transformationsandpropertiesofmetalsandalloys.Acombinationofphasesinastateof
equilibriumiscalledasystem.Aphaseisahomogeneousportionofasystemhavingthe
samecompositionandthesamestateofaggregationthroughoutitsvolume,andseparated
fromtheotherportionsofthesystembyinterfaces.Forinstance,ahomogeneouspure
metaloralloyisasinglephasesystem.Astateinwhichaliquidalloy(ormetal)coexists
withitscrystalsisatwophasesystem.Structurereferstotheshape,sizeorthemutual
arrangementofthecorrespondingphasesinmetalsoralloys.Thestructuralcomponentsof
analloyareitsindividualportions,eachhavingasinglestructurewithitscharacteristic
features.
37.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisotropicmaterialandhomogeneousmaterial?
Ans:Inhomogeneousmaterialthecompositionissamethroughoutandinisotropic
materialtheelasticconstantsaresameinalldirections.
38.Explainthedifferencebetweenthepointsofinflexionandcontraflexure.
Ans:Atpointsofinflexioninaloadedbeamthebendingmomentiszeroandatpointsof
contraflexureinloadedbeamthebendingmomentchangessignfromincreasingto
decreasing.
39.Whatisthedifferencebetweenproofresilienceandmodulusofresilience?
Ans:Proofresilienceisthemaximumstrainenergythatcanbestoredinamaterialwithout
permanentdeformation.Modulusofresilienceisthemaximumstrainenergystoredina
materialperunitvolume.
40.Whatisthedifferencebetweencolumnandstrut?
Ans:Bothcolumnandstrutcarrycompressiveload.Columnisalwaysverticalbutstrutas
memberofstructurecouldcarryaxialcompressiveloadinanydirection.
41.Explainthedifferencebetweenferrite,austeniteandgraphite?
Ans:Ferriteisthesolidsolutionofcarbonandotherconstituentsinalphairon.Itissoft,
ductileandrelativelyweak.
Austeniteisthesolidsolutionofcarbonandotherconstituentsingammairon.Itexistsin
ordinarysteelsatelevatedtemperatures,butitisalsofoundatordinarytemperaturesin
somestainlesssteels.
Graphitehasahexagonallayerlattice.
42.Explainthetermssolidsolution,eutectic,eutectoidandperitectic.
Ans:SolidSolution.Whenahomogeneousmixtureoftwo(ormore)atomicformsexistsin
solidstate,itisknownassolidsolution.
Eutectic.Amixtureoftwo(ormore)phaseswhichsolidifysimultaneouslyfromtheliquid
alloyiscalledaneutectic.Alloysinwhichthecomponentssolidifysimultaneouslyata
constanttemperaturethelowestforthegivensystem,arecalledeutecticalloys.
Eutectoid.Eutectoidalloysarethealloysforwhichtwosolidphaseswhicharecompletely
solublebecomecompletelyinsolubleoncoolingbeforeacertaintemperaturecalled
eutectoidtemperature.
Peritectic.Aperitectictransformationinvolvesareactionbetweenasolidandliquidthat
formadifferentandnewsolidphase.Thisthreephasetransformationoccursatapoint
calledperitecticpoint.
43.Whatdoyouunderstandbycriticalpointsiniron,ironcarbidediagram?
Ans:Thetemperaturesatwhichthephasechangesoccurarecalledcriticalpoints(or
temperatures).
45.WhyPERTispreferredoverCPMforevaluationofproject?
Ans:PERTisbasedontheapproachofmultipletimeestimatesforeachactivity.
46.Whatisthepercentageofchromiumin18:4:1IISS?
Ans:4%.
47.Whatisstellite?
Ans:Itisanonferrouscastalloycontainingcobalt,chromiumandtungsten.
48.Whichraysareproducedbycobalt60inindustrialradiography?
Ans:Gammarays.
49.Whatarekilledsteelsandwhatfortheseareused?
Ans:Killedsteelsaredeoxidisedintheladlewithsiliconandaluminium.Onsolidification
nogasevolutionoccursinthesesteelsbecausetheyarefreefromoxygen.
50.Whatiscriticaltemperatureinmetals?
Ans:Itisthetemperatureatwhichthephasechangeoccursinmetals.
MECHANICALEngineeringInterviewQuestionsandAnswerspdffor
freshers:
51.Cartyresareusuallymadeof?
Ans:Styrenebutadinerubber.
52.Whatisthestructureofpureironandwhetheritissoftorhard?
Ans:Ferriteanditissoft.
53.Whichelementsincreasethecorrosionresistanceofsteel?
Ans:Chromiumandnickel.
54.Whatcauseshardnessinsteel?Howheattreatmentalterspropertiesofsteel?
Ans:Theshapeanddistributionofthecarbidesintheirondeterminesthehardnessofthe
steel.Carbidescanbedissolvedinausteniteisthebasisoftheheattreatmentofsteel.If
steelisheatedabovetheAcriticaltemperaturetodissolveallthecarbides,andthencooled,
suitablecoolingthroughthecoolingrangewillproducethedesiredsizeanddistributionof
carbidesintheferrite,impartingdifferentproperties.
55.Explaintheformationofmicrostructuresofpearlite,bainiteandmartensiteinsteel.
Ans:Ifaustenitecontainingabout0.80percentcarbonisslowlycooledthroughthecritical
temperature,ferriteandcementitearerejectedsimultaneously,formingalternateplatesor
lamellae.Thismicrostructureiscalledpearlite.AttemperaturesjustbelottheA1,the
transformationfromaustenite.topearlitemaytakeanappreciabletimetoinitiateand
complete,buttheproductwillbelamellerpearlite.Asthetransformationtemperatureis
lowered,thetimetoinitiatetransformationshortensbuttheproductispearliteof
increasingfineness,andattemperaturesapproaching550Citcannotberesolvedintoits
lamellarconstituents.Furtherdeereaseintransformationtemperaturecausesalengthening
ofthencubationperiodandachangeinstructureoftheproducttoaformknownas
bainite.
Ifthetemperatureisloweredsufficiently,thediffusioncontrollednucleationandgrowth
modesoftransformationaresuppressedcompletelyandtheaustenitetransformsbya
diffusionlessprocessinwhichthecrystallatticeeffectivelyshearstoanewcrystallographic
configurationknownasmartensite.Thisphasehasatetragonalcrystalstructureand
containscarboninsupersaturatedsolidsolution.
56.Howwithalloyingofsteelitispossibletoaachievepropertieswhichcannotbe
achievedwithheattreatment?
Ans:Aprerequisitetothehardeningofsteelsisthatmartensiteshouldbeformedon
cooling,butthiscanonlybeachievediftherateofcoolingisgreatenoughtosuppressthe
formationofpearliteorbainiteandinplaincarbonsteelsthiscanbeachievedbyquenching
relativelysmallspecimens
57.Whatarethemajoreffectsofalloyingelements?
Ans:(1)Toalterthetransformationtemperaturesandtimes
(2)Tomodifytheroomtemperatureandelevatedtemperaturestrengthsofgivenstructures
by(a)stiffeningthecrystalsand(B)introducingcomplexprecipitateswhichtendtoharden
thesteel.
(3)Tomodifythetypeofoxidefilmformedonthesurfaceofthesteelandtherebyaffectits
corrosionresistance.
58.Whatisthedifferencebetweenaustenitestabilisersandferritestabilisers?
Ans:Austenitestabilisershavetheeffectofextendingthetemperaturerangeoverwhich
austeniteisformed.Suchelementsarecarbon,manganese,nickel,copperandcobalt.
Ferritestabilisershavetheeffectofextendingthetemperaturerangeoverwhichalphaand
deltaferriteareformed,whichconsequentlyreducestemperaturerangeoverwhich
austeniteisformed.Suchelementsaresilicon,chromium,molybdenum,tungsten,titanium
andniobium.
59.Whataretheeffectsofcarbononthepropertiesofsteel.
Ans:Ingeneral,anincreaseincarboncontentproduceshigherultimatestrengthand
hardnessbutlowersductilityandtoughnessofsteelalloys.Carbonalsoincreasesair
hardeningtendenciesandweldhardness,especiallyinthepresenceofchromium.Inlow
alloysteelforhightemperatureapplications,thecarboncontentisusuallyrestrictedtoa
maximumofabout0.15%inordertoassureoptimumductilityforwelding,expanding,and
bendingoperations.Tominimizeintergranularcorrosioncausedbycarbideprecipitation,
thecarboncontentofaustenitic(188type)alloysislimitedincommercialspecificationsto
amaximumof0.08%,orevenless,i.e.0.03%intheextremelylowcarbongradesusedin
certaincorrosionresistantapplications.
Inplaincarbonsteelsinthenormalisedcondition,theresistancetocreepattemperatures
below440Cappearstoincreasewithcarboncontentupto0.4%carbon,athigher
temperaturesthereis
butlittlevariationofcreeppropertieswithcarboncontent.
Anincreaseincarboncontentlessensthethermalandelectricalconductivitiesofsteeland
increasesitshardnessonquenching.
60.Whatistheroleofsiliconasalloyingelementinsteels?
Ans:Siliconcontributesgreatlytotheproductionofsoundsteelbecauseofitsdeoxidizing
anddegasifyingproperties.Whenaddedinamountsupto2.5%,theultimatestrengthofthe
steelisincreasedwithoutlossinductility.Siliconinexcessof2.5%causesbrittleness,and
amountshigherthan5%makethesteelnonmalleable.
Resistancetooxidationandsurfacestabilityofsteelareincreasedbytheadditionofsilicon.
Thesedesirableeffectspartiallycompensateforthetendencyofsilicontolowerthecreep
propertiesofsteel.Siliconincreasestheelectricalresistivityofsteelanddecreaseshysteresis
losses.
61.Discusstheroleofmanganeseinalloyingsteels.
Ans:Manganeseisanexcellentdeoxidizerandsulfurneutralizer,andimprovesthe
mechanicalpropertiesofsteel,notablytheratioofyieldstrengthtotensilestrengthat
normaltemperatures.Asanalloyingelement,manganeseservesasaninexpensivemeansof
preventinghotshortness.Itimprovesrollingproperties,hardenability,andresistanceto
wear.Howevermanganeseincreasesthecracksensitivityofweldments,particularlywith
steelsofhighercarboncontent.
62.Definebucklingfactor.
Ans:Itistheratiooftheequivalentlengthofcolumntotheminimumradiusofgyration.
63.Whatdoyouunderstandbycatenarycable?
Ans:Acableattachedtothesupportsandcarryingitsownweight.
64.Whatiscoaxing?
Ans:Itistheprocessofimprovingfatiguepropertiesbyfirstunderstressingandthen
increasingthestressinsmallincrements.
65.Whatisdifferencebetweenconjugatebeamandcontinuousbeam?
Ans:Aconjugatebeamisanimaginarybeamofsamesizeasoriginalbeamandcarryinga
distributedloadinaccordancewiththebendingmomentdiagram.
Acontinuousbeamisonewhichisrestingonmorethantwosupports.
66.Whatisisotropicmaterial?
Ans:Itisamaterialhavingsameelasticconstantsinalldirections.
67.Explaindifferencebetweenmodulusofresilienceandmodulusofrigidity?
Ans:Modulusofresilienceisthemaximumstrainenergystoredinamaterialperunit
volumeandmodulusofrigidityistheratioofshearingstresstotheshearingstrainwithin
theelasticlimit.
68.Whatisthedifferencebetweenbasicholeandbasicshaft?
Ans:Abasicholeisonewhoselowerdeviationiszeroandincaseofbasicshafttheupper
deviationiszero.
69.Whatforpyranometerisused?
Ans:Itisusedtomeasurethetotalhemisphericalsolarradiation.
70.Describetransfermachinesinbrief.
Ans:Itisanautomaticmachineinwhichworkpiecealongwithfixtureistransferredfrom
onestationtootherautomaticallyandseveraloperationonworkpieceareperformedat
eachstation.
71.Whatisburntoutpoint?
Ans:Itcorrespondstomaximumheatfluxatwhichtransitionoccursfromnucleateboiling
tofilmboiling.
72.Whatdoyouunderstandbyeutectic?
Ans:Itismechanicalmixtureoftwoormorephaseswhichsolidifysimultaneouslyfromthe
liquidalloy.
72.Explainthedifferencebetweengreyironandwhiteiron.Whatismottlediron?
Ans:Thecarbonincastironcouldexistatroomtemperatureaseitherironcarbide,oras
graphitewhichisthemorestableform.Ironscontainingcarbonasgraphitearesoft,easily
machinableandarecalledgreyirons.Ironswithcarbonpresentasironcarbideare
extremelyhard,difficulttomachineandarecalledwhiteirons.Ironswithfairlyequal
proportionsofgraphiteandironcarbidehaveintermediatehardnessandarecalled
mottledirons.
73.Thegraphiteingreyironsexistsintheformofflakeswhichactasstressraisersunder
tensileloadingandconsequentlygreyironshaverelativelylowtensilestrengthand
ductility.Stillgreyironisextensivelyusedinengineering.Why?
Ans:Greyironisextensivelyusedinengineeringbecauseoffollowingcharacteristics.
(a)Cheapness.
(B)Lowmeltingpointandhighfluiditymakingitsuitableforcastingsofintricateshape.
Relativelygooderosionandcorrosionresistance.
(d)Highdampingcapacity,withrespecttovibration.
(e)Relativelygoodmechanicalpropertiesundercompressiveloading.
74.Underwhatconditionaconvergentdivergentnozzlerequired?
Ans:Whenpressureratioisgreaterthancriticalpressureratio.
75.Whatisendurancelimitandwhatisitsvalueforsteel?
Ans:Endurancelimitisthemaximumleveloffluctuatingstresswhichcanbetolerated
indefinitely.Inmoststeelsthisstressisapproximately50%oftheultimatetensilestrength
anditisdefinedasthestresswhichcanbeenduredfortenmillionreversalsofstress.
76.Howthenetworktodriveacompressoranditsvolumetricefficiencybehavewith
increaseinclearancevolume?
Ans:Workremainsunalteredandvolumetricefficiencydecreases.
77.Whatdoyouunderstandbysulphurprint?
Ans:Sulphides,whenattachedwithdiluteacid,evolvehydrogensulphidegaswhichstains
bromidepaperandthereforecanbereadilydetectedinordinarysteelsandcastirons.While
sulphurisnotalwaysasharmfulasissometimessupposed,asulphurprintisareadyguide
tothedistributionofsegregatedimpuritiesingeneral.
78.Whatisthedifferentbetweenbrassandbronze?
Ans:Brassisanalloyofcopperwithzincandbronzeisalloyofcopperwithtin.
79.Whatistheeffectofadditionofzincincopper?Whatistheuseof70/30brass?
Ans:Byadditionofzincincopper,bothtensilestrengthandelongationincreases.The
70/30brasshasexcellentdeepdrawingpropertyandisusedformakingradiatorfins.
80,Whatforadmiralitybrassused?
Ans:Admiralitybrasswith29%zincand1%tinhasgoodcorrosionresistanceandisused
forcondenserandfeedheatertubes.Aluminiumisalsoaddedtobrasstoimprovecorrosion
resistance.
81.Whatisthemaximumuseofmagnesium?
Ans:MagnesiumisusedtoalloywithaluminiumandasanadditiveformakingSG
(SpheroidalGraphite)iron.
82.Whatforzincfindsapplications?
Ans:Galvanizingconsumesthelargestproportionofzinc.Zincisresistanttocorrosionbut
isattackedbyacidsandalkalies.Zincalloy.saresuitedformakingdiecastingsincethe
meltingpointisreasonablylow.
83.Whichfactorsinfluencethetypeoffractureinfailureofamaterial?
Ans:Sevenfactorsinfluencingtypeoffailureare:
(i)Typeofmaterial(inherentstructureproperties),
(ii)Mannerofloading(Staticversusdynamic),
(iii)Rangeofimposedstress,
(iv)Strainrate(static,dynamic,impact),
(v)Stressdistribution(discontinuityinmaterial/shape),
(vi)temperature,and
(vii)surfacetreatment.
84.Whatisthenamegiventoratioofactualcycleefficiencyandidealcycleefficiency.
Ans:Efficiencyratio.
85.Listtwoeffectsofmanganeseinplaincarbonsteels.,
Ans:Manganeseincreasestensilestrengthandhardness.Itdecreasesweldability.
86.Namethestrongestandweakesttypeofatomicbonds.
Ans:MetallicbondisstrongestandmolecularbondalsoknownasVanderWaalsbondis
weakest.
87.Inwhichprocessinternalenergyremainsconstant?
Ans:Isothermalprocess.
88.Whatistemperembrittlementinalloysteelsandwhatareitseffects?
Ans:Embrittlementattackisusuallyintergranularinmetals,i.e.cracksprogressbetween
thegrainsofthepolycrystallinematerial.Itimpartsatendencytofailunderastaticload
afteragivenperiodoftimeinthosealloysteelswhicharesusceptibletoembrittlement.
89.Whatarewhiskers?
Ans:Whiskersareverysmallcrystalswhicharevirtuallyfreefromimperfectionsand
dislocations.
90.WhatisBauschingereffect?
Ans:AccordingtoBauschinger,thelimitofproportionalityofmaterialdoesnotremain
constantbutvariesaccordingtothedirectionofstressundercyclicstresses.
91.Whatisthedifferencebetweenheatcapacityandspecificheatofamaterial?
Ans:Theheatcapacityofamaterialistheamountofheattransformedtoraiseunitmassof
amaterial1degreeintemperature.
Thespecificheatofamaterialistheratiooftheamountofheattransferredtoraiseunit
massofamaterial1degreeintemperaturetothatrequiredtoraiseunitmassofwater1
degreeoftemperatureatsomespecifiedtemperature.
Formostengineeringpurposes,heatcapacitiesmaybeassumednumericallyequal
tospecificheats.
92.Explaintheruletofindspecificheatofaqueoussolutions.
Ans:Foraqueoussolutionsofsalts,thespecificheatcanbeestimatedbyassumingthe
specificheatofthesolutionequaltothatofthewateralone.Thus,fora15%byweight
solutionofsodiumchlorideinwater,thespecificheatwouldbeapproximately0.85.
93.Whatdoyouunderstandbylatentheat?Givefourexamplesoflatentheats.
Ans:Forpuresubstances,theheateffectsaccompanyingchangesinstateatconstant
pressure(notemperaturechangebeingevident)areknownaslatentheats.Examplesof
latentheatsare:heatoffusion,vaporisation,sublimation,andchangeincrystalform.
94.Definethetermsfreeenergyandfreeenthalpy.Whatistheirsignificanceand
importance?
Ans:Freeenergy(orHelmholtzfunction)isdefinedas/=uTs.
Itisequaltotheworkduringaconstantvolumeisothermalreversiblenonflowprocess.
Freeenthalpy(orGibbsfunction)isdefinedasg=hTs
(whereu=internalenergy,h=enthalpy,T=temperature,s=entropy)
Gibbsfunctionisofparticularimportanceinprocesseswherechemicalchangesoccur.For
reversibleisothermalsteadyflowprocessesorforreversibleconstantpressureisothermal
nonflowprocesses,changeinfreeenergyisequaltonetwork.
95.Whichparameterremainsconstantinisochoricprocess?
Ans:Volume.
96.Whatispolytropicprocess?Underwhatconditionsitapproachesisobaric,isothermal,
andisometricprocess?Inwhichreversibleprocessnoworkisdone?
Ans:Apolytropicprocessisonethatfollowstheequationpun=constant(indexnmayhave
valuesfromocto+oo.Thisprocessapproachesisobaricwhenn=0,isothermalwhenn=
1,andisometricwhenn=<x>.Noworkisdoneinisometricprocess.
97.Whethersuperheatedsteamcanbetreatedlikeidealgas?
Ans:Yes.
98.OutofconstantpressureandconstantvolumelinesonTSdiagramwhichlinehashigher
slope?Andwhetherslopeisconstantorvariable?
Ans:Constantvolumeline.Slopeisvariable.
99.Whetherentropyisintensivepropertyorextensiveproperty?
Ans:Entropyisextensiveproperty.
100.Inwhichprocessfluidexpandsbutdoesnowork?
Ans:Throttlingprocess.
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