One Minute Thermo:

Freeway Driving
A car drives down the freeway at 110 km/h. What is the specific kinetic
energy of the car (i.e. kinetic energy per kilogram) in units of kJ/kg?

ke = v2
= (110km/h 1000m/km 1h/3600s)2
= 470 m2/s2
= 470 J/kg = 0.47 kJ/kg

Propane Cylinder
A gas cylinder contains Propane at a temperature of 23 C, under a pressure of
2 MPa. Can the propane be reasonably treated as an ideal gas?

Need to find Z: Pr = 2MPa / 4.26Mpa 0.47

Tr = 296K / 370K = 0.8

From Generalised Compressibility Chart: Z = 0.69

Indicates Ideal Gas would be bad approx.

Water Pump
Water from a heavy-duty pump exits at a temperature of 25C, and a pressure
of 0.5MPa.
What is the specific volume of the water, and by how much must the internal
energy increase before the water starts to boil (if pressure remains constant)?

Compressed liquid, so read v from Saturated Water Tables at 25C:

v = 0.001003 m3/kg.
u = internal energy for sat. liq. at 0.5MPa initial internal energy.
u = 639.54 104.83 = 534.71 kJ/kg

Hot Air
Air in a piston-cylinder device is heated at constant pressure (1 atmosphere)
from 25C to 100C. What is the change in internal energy per kilogram of
air?

u = cvT = 0.721 kJ/kgK * 75K = 54 kJ/kg

Note that the value of cv used is at 350K, which is close to the average
temperature during this process (although slightly biased).
True or False
Water at a pressure of 0.15MPa and temperature of 60C is subcooled.
T (P > 1atm, T < 100C)
A liquid-vapour mixture with quality x=0.65 is 65% liquid and 35% gas by
volume.
F (65% gas by mass)
The specific kinetic energy of a cricket ball travelling at 20 m/s is 200 J/kg.
T (200 m2/s2 = 200 J/kg)
Work is defined as energy per unit time.
F (Work is just an amount of energy
transferred during a process, Power is energy/time)
If I double the temperature of a fixed volume of ideal gas from 100C to
200C then I double the pressure.
F (T only increases from 373K to 473K)

Nitrogen Turbine
Nitrogen flows through a well-insulated turbine at a rate of 5kg/s. At the
turbine output, the specific enthalpy of the fluid has dropped from its input
value by 50kJ/kg. What is the power output from this turbine in MW? (assume
changes in KE & PE are not significant)

q-w=h+ke+pe
-w = -50kJ/kg, so w=50 kJ/kg.
P = mass flow rate*w = 5kg/s * 50 kJ/kg = 250 kJ/s
= 0.25 MW

Warm Shower
The water from a warm shower with a flow rate of 12L/minute exits the
shower head at 45C. If ambient temperature is 20C, what power input is
needed to maintain the water temperature? An approximate value of cp for
water is 4 kJ/kgK.

Power = Rate of Energy input = energy/kg * kg/s

= 4kJ/kgK * 25K * 12kg/minute
= 100kJ/kg * 0.2kg/s = 20kW

Supersonic Nozzle?
Steam enters a nozzle at a velocity of 100m/s, and exits with 200kJ/kg less
specific enthalpy than it enters with. The exit steam is at 200C. Is it
supersonic? (the speed of sound in steam at 200C is 530m/s)
Assume only significant changes are in ke and h:
Output ke =Input ke + h = (100m/s)2 + 200kJ/kg
(vout)2 = 5000m2/s2 + 200 000m2/s2
vout = 640m/s
This is faster than the speed of sound, so the steam is supersonic at the nozzle outlet.
Boiling Water
What is the change in entropy for 1kg of water as it boils from saturated liquid
to saturated vapour at 95C?

S = ms = msfg = 1kg * 6.1647 kJ/kgK

= 6.1647 kJ/K

Nitrogen Balloon
What is the change in entropy of 1kg of nitrogen in a balloon as its Kelvin
temperature halves from 600K to 300 K at constant pressure, P (P < 0.05 Pc)?
Assume cp is constant.

Ideal gas, so

S = 1kg * 1.049 kJ/kgK * ln (0.5)

= -0.727 kJ/K

Isentropic Nozzle
Is it possible to construct a nozzle with lower output specific entropy than an
isentropic nozzle with the same input state, and output pressure?

The lower specific entropy would also indicate a lower output specific enthalpy
than the isentropic nozzle: and if the entire -h were converted into ke, the output ke
would be greater than an isentropic nozzle (i.e. impossible). However, it may be
possible to construct the nozzle if it had significant heat loss
Example Problems:
Outline solutions only. Note that these do not include diagrams, but where at possible,
every good answer to a problem would include a diagram.

3-75. A 400-L rigid tank contains 5kg of air at 25C. Determine the reading on
the pressure gauge if the atmospheric pressure is 97kPa.

v = 400L * 10-3m3/L 5kg = 0.08 m3/kg

Using ideal gas Eqn:

P = RT/v = 0.2870kJ/kg.K * 298K 0.08 m3/kg = 1069.1 kPa

But this is absolute pressure:

Pg = P Pa = 1069.1 97 = 972 kPa.

3-82. Determine the specific volume of refrigerant-134a vapor at 0.9MPa and

70C based on (a) the ideal gas equation, (b) the generalised compressibility
chart, and (c) data from tables. Also, determine the error involved in the first
two cases.

a) v = RT/P = 0.08149 kJ/kg.K * 343K 900kPa = 0.03106 m3/kg

b) Need to find Z: PR = P/PC = 0.9MPa/4.059 0.22
TR = T/TC = 343K/374.2K 0.92

From Gen. Compressibility Charts Z 0.895

v = ZRT/P = 0.03106 * 0.895 = 0.02780 m3/kg

c) v = 0.027413 m3/kg
so, the error involved in a) is about 13%, and in b) is 1.4%.

4-8. A mass of 5kg of saturated water vapor at 300kPa is heated at constant

pressure until the temperature reaches 200C. Calculate the work done by the
steam during this process.

Pressure is constant, so
W = PV = Pmv = 300kPa * 5kg * (0.71643-0.60582)m3/kg = 166 kJ
4-35. A piston-cylinder device contains steam initially at 1MPa, 450C, and
2.5m3. Steam is allowed to cool at constant pressure until it first starts
condensing. Show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturation lines
and determine (a) the mass of the steam, (b) the final temperature. And (c) the
amount of heat transfer.

a) m = V/v = 2.5 m3 0.33 m3/kg = 7.5kg

b) Final Temp is that for Sat vapour at 1MPa = 179.88C
c) Q = W + U (as changes in KE & PE would be negligible)
Q = P.mv + mu
= 1000kPa*7.5kg*(0.194 0.33)m3/kg + 7.5kg*(2582.8 3041.5) kJ/kg
= -1020 kJ - 3440 kJ

Q = -4460 kJ

The T-v diagram would show a curve that drops from high temperature and specific
volume to finally meet the saturated vapour side of the saturated liquid-vapour
envelope. Note that in terms of absolute (Kelvin) temperature, the drops in both
temperature and specific volume are both approximately 40%.

5-178. Steam enters a turbine steadily at 10 MPa and 550C with a velocity of
60m/s and leaves at 25 kPa with a quality of 95%. A heat loss of 30 kJ/kg occurs
during the process. The inlet area of the turbine is 150cm2, and the exit area is
1400cm2. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam, (b) the exit velocity, and
(c) the power output.

a) The mass flow rate will be the same at the input and the exit. More
information is supplied about the input, so this would be the most likely
starting point:

m = volume flow rate / specific volume = in Ain / vin

= 60m.s 1 150cm 2 / 0.035655m3 .kg 1 ( from A 6)
= 252000kg.s 1cm 2 / m 2 1m 2 /10000cm 2
= 25.2kg.s 1

b) The trick here is to realise that once we know the mass flow rate, it should be
possible to find the exit velocity just using the reverse of the process in part a).
At the output:

m = out Aout / vout

out = mv
 out / Aout

We dont yet have a value for the output specific volume, so we need to find
this from the value for x, and data in Table A-5:
 vout = 0.95vg + 0.05vf = 0.95*6.2034m3/kg + 0.05*0.001020m3/kg
= 5.89m3/kg

out = mv
 out / Aout = 25.2kg .s 1 5.89m3 .kg 1 / 0.14m 2
= 1060m.s 1

This value does seem very high, but given that the volume of the steam at the
output increases by a much greater factor than the increase in area, the speed
would be expected to be much larger than the input speed.

c) Power is the rate of energy transfer (usually due to output or input work), so
the only plausible approach to this part of the problem is to apply the First
Law (for open systems we use enthalpy to account for flow work as well as
internal energy of the substance entering the control volume):

Power output is given by the mass flow rate multiplied by the work/kg (power
is work/time, and mass flow rate is kg/time), so we need to first calculate by
work/kg, then multiply by the known mass flow rate from a).

q w = h + ke + pe (but assume pe doesn ' t change significantly )

30kJ / kg w = hout hin + keout kein
1 1
w = 30kJ / kg + 2500kJ / kg 3502kJ / kg + (1060m / s ) 2 (60m / s ) 2
2 2
= 972kJ / kg + 562000 J / kg 1800 J / kg
= 412kJ / kg
w = 412kJ / kg
Powerout = mw
 = 25.2kg / s 412kJ / kg = 10400kJ / s = 10.4 MW

5-32 Steam at 3 MPa and 400C enters an adiabatic nozzle steadily with a
velocity of 40m/s and leaves at 2.5 MPa and 300m/s. Determine (a) the exit
temperature, and (b) the ratio of the inlet to exit area A1/A2.

a) We need to know one more intensive property to find exit temperature, so use 1st
Law to find output h.
q w = h + ke + pe (but q = 0, w = 0, pe 0)
0 = hout hin + keout kein
hout = hin keout + kein
1 1
= 3231.7 kJ / kg (300m / s ) 2 + (40m / s ) 2
2 2
= 3231.7 kJ / kg 45000 J / kg + 800 J / kg
= 3187.5kJ / kg
For 2.5 MPa, this is between h(350C)=3127.0kJ/kg and h(400C)=3240.1kJ/kg.
Interpolation: T = 350C + 50C*(3187.5-3127)/(3240.1-3127) = 376.7C
b) Already used 1st Law, so only remaining information is that mass flow rate in and
out is the same:

v2 = 0.10979 + (0.12012 0.10979) *(26.7C / 50C )

= 0.1153m3 / kg

m in = m out
1 A1 / v1 = 2 A2 / v2
A1 2 v1 300m / s 0.09938m3 / kg
= = = 6.46
A2 1 v2 40m / s 0.1153m3 / kg

5-62 Refrigerant-134a is throttled from the saturated liquid state at 700kPa to a

pressure of 160kPa. Determine the temperature drop during this process and the
final specific volume of the refrigerant.

No energy transfers occur in a throttling valve, so h doesnt change:

h at input = 88.82kJ/kg (from Table A-12)
At 160kPa, saturated 134a has hf=31.21kJ/kg, and hg=241.11kJ/kg, so the output is a
saturated mixture, so T is the saturation temperature at 160kPa = -15.60C. The
temperature drop is the initial temperature minus this value, i.e. drop in temperature =
26.69-(-15.60) = 42.3C.

To find the specific volume, we need x:

h = xhg + (1 x)h f = h f + x(hg h f )
x = (h h f ) /(hg h f ) = (88.82 31.21) /(241.11 31.21) = 0.274

v = xvg + (1 x)v f = 0.274 0.12348 + 0.726 0.0007437

= 0.0344m3 / kg

5-78 Refrigerant-134a at 700kPa, 70C and 8kg/min is cooled by water in a

condenser until it exists as a saturated liquid at the same pressure. The cooling
water enters the condenser at 300kPa and 15C and leaves at 25C at the same
pressure. Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water required to cool the
refrigerant.

There should be no significant changes in ke, or pe, nor work input for either 134a or
water. Assuming no net heat is lost from the condenser, heat transfer from one
substance to the other should result only in changes in enthalpy: i.e. the rate of
enthalpy increase of the water must be equivalent to the rate of enthalpy drop for the
134a:

m 134 a h134 a = m water hwater

m water = m 134 a h134 a / cwater Twater
= 8kg / min (88.82 308.33kJ / kg ) /(4.18kJ / kgK 10 K )
= 42.0kg / min
5-113 Steam enters a long, horizontal pipe with an inlet diameter of D1 = 12 cm
at 1MPa and 300C with a velocity of 2m/s. Farther downstream, the conditions
are 800kPa and 250C, and the diameter is D2=10 cm. Determine (a) the mass
flow rate of the steam and (b) the rate of heat transfer.

a) The input state is completely defined, so it should be possible to directly calculate

the mass flow rate from this information:

m = A / v = 2m / s (0.06m) 2 / 0.25799m3 / kg = 0.0877kg / s

b) Rate of heat transfer = mass flow rate * q, so this suggests that the 1st Law should
be helpful:
q w = h + ke + pe
Assuming a rigid pipe, w=0, and its horizontal so no change in pe. Well need to find
the output speed to determine the change in ke, and hence q:
m = A / v
out = mv
 / A = 0.0877kg / s 0.29321m3 / kg ( 0.05m 2 ) = 3.274m / s

1 1
q = h + ke = 2950.4 3051.6 + 3.27 2 22 103
2 2
q = 101.2kJ / kg

Q loss = mq
 = 0.0877 *101.2 = 8.87kJ / s

Notice that the change in ke was so small that ignoring it would not have changed the
answer at all (i.e. values of h would have to be known to at least three decimal places
for it to have any influence).

5-55 Air enters the compressor of a gas-turbine plant at ambient conditions or

100kPa and 25C with a low velocity, and exits at 1MPa and 347C with a
velocity of 90m/s. The compressor is cooled at a rate of 1500 kJ/min, and the
power input to the compressor is 250kW. Determine the mass flow rate of air
through the compressor.

Much of the data given involved energy per time (i.e. Power input and rate of
cooling), so this suggests we use the first law, but in the form of rates of energy
transfer, i.e.:
 mw
mq  = m (h + ke + pe)
Q W = m (h + ke + pe)
The change in pe should be small, so can be approximated as zero.
Q W
m =
h + ke
Converting all values to kJ/s, etc.:
 Q = 1500kJ / min = 25kJ / s
W = 250kJ / s
1 1 1
ke = out 2 in 2 = (90m / s ) 2 = 4050m 2 / s 2 = 4.05kJ / kg
2 2 2
620 K
h =
298 K
c p .dT

Assuming cp doesnt change too much, we can just use an average value (e.g. at
around 450K) and approximate cp as constant:
kJ
h = c p T = 1.020 322 K = 328.44kJ / kg
kg.K

Q W 25kJ / s + 250kJ / s
m = = = 0.68kg / s
h + ke 328.44kJ / kg + 4.05kJ / kg

An alternative approach is to use the Ideal gas properties of Air data in table A-17
(if available) to calculate the change in h:
h = h620 K h298 K = 628.07 298.18 = 329.89kJ / kg

Q W 25kJ / s + 250kJ / s
m = = = 0.67kg / s
h + ke 329.89kJ / kg + 4.05kJ / kg
3. (a) Hydrogen gas is confined by a piston in a cylinder. The initial temperature
and pressure of the gas are 27C, and 300 kPa absolute, respectively.

The piston is allowed to move and the gas expands at constant pressure
until its volume has doubled. Assume that the expansion occurs
sufficiently slowly that it is a quasi-equilibrium reversible process. The
average value of cv for hydrogen at the temperatures involved is about
10.3 kJ.kg-1.K-1.

(i) Using the attached graph of compressibility factors and table of

critical properties of gases, argue that under these conditions it is
reasonable to treat hydrogen as an ideal gas. (3 marks)

(ii) Define the initial and final equilibrium states of the system, giving
the specific volume, temperature and pressure values. (4 marks)

(iii) Calculate the work done by the system in the expansion per
kilogram of hydrogen. (3 marks)

(iv) Calculate the heat transferred into the system during the
expansion per kilogram of hydrogen. (5 marks)

(b) Steam (at 200 kPa, 200C) enters an adiabatic turbine at a rate of 10
kg/s. The output steam is at 100kPa and 140C.

(i) Draw a diagram of the turbine showing all energy inputs/outputs.

(5 marks)

(ii) Determine the power output of the turbine. (5 marks)

Show your working below

a) i) PR=P/Pc=300kPa/1.30MPa = 0.231; TR=T/Tc=300K/33.3K=9

To find Z from compressibility charts, estimate that TR=9 is about half way
between TR=5 (Z1.06) and TR=15 (same as TR=3, Z=1.00), so Z1.03, and the
ideal gas approximation is reasonable (i.e. to better than 5%).

ii) Pv=RT, so initial v=RT/P=4.124 kJ/kgK * 300K/300kPa = 4.124 m3/kg

v = 4.12 m3/kg

Final state: P=300kPa

v=8.248 m3/kg = 8.25 m3/kg
T=600K
v2

iii) w = P.dv = Pv = 300kPa 4.124m3 / kg = 1237kJ / kg = 1240kJ / kg

v1
 iv) Assuming changes in ke and pe are insignificant:
q w = u, and u = cv T
q = w + cv T = 1237 kJ / kg + 10.3kJ / kgK 300 K = 4327 kJ / kg = 4330kJ / kg

b) i) Its important to show input and output h, ke & pe, as well as output w, and
input q (unless this is explicitly assumed to be 0).

ii)
Powerout = mw
 and q w = h + pe + ke
so, w = h if pe 0, ke 0, q = 0
Powerout = m (h) = 10kg / s (2756.4 + 2870.7)kJ / kg = 1143kW = 1.1MW

Output enthalpy is determined using interpolation between the values at 100C

(2675.8 kJ/kg) and 150C (2776.6 kJ/kg).

QUESTION 2
A turbine is to be designed to the following specifications: the mass flow rate of
steam into the (well-insulated) turbine will be 5.0 kg/s. Steam is to enter the turbine
at 2.0MPa, 500C and leave as a saturated vapour at 0.60MPa.

(a) Determine the specific enthalpy of the input refrigerant. (1

marks)

(b) Determine the specific entropy of the input refrigerant. (1

marks)

(c) Determine the specific enthalpy of the output refrigerant. (1

marks)

(d) Determine the power output of the turbine in MW. State clearly all
assumptions made.
(6 marks)

(e) Determine the isentropic efficiency of this turbine by considering an

isentropic turbine with the same input state and output pressure.
(4 marks)

(f) Based on the result in e), comment on the feasibility of constructing a

turbine which meets the given specifications.
(2 marks)

Total = 15 marks
Diagrams arent included, but theyre likely to help most people solve this problem

a) h(in) = 3468.3 kJ/kg

b) s(in) = 7.4337 kJ/kgK
c) h(out) = 2756.2 kJ/kg

d) Power = mass flow rate * w

1st Law: q w = h + ke + pe (q=0, and assume changes in ke &

pe are not significant)

-w = h = 2756.2 3468.3

w = 712.1 kJ/kg

Power = 5.0kg/s * 712.1 kJ/kg = 3560 kW = 3.56 MW.

e) Isentropic efficiency for a turbine is actual work output divided by

isentropic work output, so we need to find the output enthalpy of an
isentropic turbine with the same output pressure:

The output state where P=0.6MPa, and s=7.4337 is superheated, and between
temperatures of 300 and 350 Celcius. By interpolation, h = 3097.7 kJ/kgK

Isentropic work output = 3097.7 2756.2 = 370.6 kJ/kg

s = 712.1 kJ/kg / 370.6 kJ/kg = 1.92

f) A turbine with isentropic efficiency > 1 cannot be constructed.

7-103 Steam enters and adiabatic turbine at 7 MPa, 600 C, and 80m/s and
leaves at 50 kPa, 150C, and 140m/s. If the power output of the turbine is 6 MW,
determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam flowing through the turbine, and
(b) the isentropic efficiency of the turbine.

a) we dont know anything about input/output areas, so the only way to find mass
flow rate is using the output power: Power = mass flow rate * w
Use 1st Law to find w: q w = h + ke + pe (q=0, and assume pe = 0).

-w = h + ke = 2780.2 kJ/kg 3650.6 kJ/kg + (1402)/1000 - (802)/1000

= -870.4 + 6.6 kJ/kg

w = 863.8 kJ/kg

mass flow rate = 6000 kJ/s / 863.8 kJ/kg = 6.95 kg/s

b) We have the actual work output from a), so only need the work output of an
isentropic turbine: find h for a pressure of 50kPa, s = s(in) = 7.0910 kJ/kgK.

sg = 7.5931 kJ/kgK; sf = 1.0912 kJ/kgK

s = x*sg + (1-x)*sf, so x=0.923

h2s = x*hg + (1-x)*hf = 0.923*2645.2 + 0.077*340.54 = 2467.7 kJ/kg

ws = h1 h2s - ke = 3650.6 2467.7 6.6 = 1176.3 kJ/kg

s = 863.8 kJ/kg / 1182.9 kJ/kg = 0.734

7-104 Argon gas enters a turbine at 800C and 1.5 MPa at a rate of 80 kg/min
and exhausts at 200 kPa. If the output power of the turbine is 370 kW, determine
the isentropic efficiency of the turbine.

Very little data is available in the textbook on argon, so we will probably need to treat
it as an ideal gas. The pressures involved are all well below the critical value (Pc =
4.86 MPa, Tc = 151 K), and temperature is much above the critical temperature, so
ideal gas approx should be good.

To find isentropic efficiency, it is usually necessary to find the output work of the
actual turbine (wa), and compare it with a perfect case isentropic turbine (ws).
Insufficient information is given to determine a second intensive output property
using the 1st law, so the only way to find the actual work output is using power, etc.:

Power = mw
 a wa = Power / m = 370kW / 80kg / min = 4.625kJ .min/ kg.s
wa = 4.625 min/ s *60 s / min* kJ / kg = 277.5kJ / kg

To find the isentropic work, we need to find the work output from an adiabatic and
isentropic turbine with the same input state and output pressure. Q=0, and assuming
changes in ke & pe are insignificant, ws = -h. We also know that the entropy
change per kg for an ideal gas is:

Tf Pf
s = c p ln R ln =0
Ti Pi
Tf R Pf
ln = ln
Ti c p Pi
R
Tf Pf
=
cp
e
Ti Pi
R 0.2081
Pf 200kPa
T f = Ti = 1073K e 0.5203 = 213K
cp
e
Pi 1500kPa
This working assumes specific heats are constant, which is the best we can do for
argon without looking up data tables elsewhere. So, we can find the change in
enthalpy using the same assumption:

ws = hs = c p T = 0.5203kJ / kgK 860 K = 447.5kJ / kg

wa 277.5
For a turbine, s = = = 0.62
ws 447.5
Using the data for a substance with a similar critical point, it can be seen that the
values of specific heat vary by around 10% or so over this temperature range, so its
only reasonable to quote the result to one significant figure, i.e. isentropic efficiency
is about 60%.

7-123 Cold water (cp = 4.18 kJ/kgK) leading to a shower enters a well-insulated,
thin-walled, double-pipe, counter-flow heat exchanger at 15C at a rate of 0.25
kg/s and is heated to 45C by hot water (cp = 4.19 kJ/kgK) that enters at 100C at
a rate of 3kg/s. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer and (b) the rate of entropy
generation in the heat exchanger.

Part a) should just be a first law problem since no energy leaved the combined
system of pipes making up the heat exchanger, the result is that any heat lost by the
hot water must be transferred to the cold water:

Q cold = m cold ccold Tcold = 0.25kg / s 4.18kJ / kgK 30 K = 31.35kJ / s

Q = Q
hot cold

Thot = Q hot / m hot chot = 31.35kJ / s (3kg / s 4.19kJ / kgK ) = 2.5K

So the rate of heat transfer is 31.35 kJ/s, and the output temperature of the hot water
is 97.5C.

b) To find rate of entropy generation, use Sin Sout + Sgen = dS system / dt

The rate of entropy change of the system is zero (assuming steady flow). For each
flow of water, we can find the rate of change of entropy from S = m s , and
f Tf
dqrev c dT T
s = = p = c p ln f
i
T Ti
T Ti

For cold water:

45 + 273
Sin Sout = m s = 0.25kg / s 4.18kJ / kgK ln = 0.10355kJ / Ks
15 + 273
For hot water:
97.5 + 273
Sin Sout = m s = 3kg / s 4.19kJ / kgK ln = 0.0845kJ / Ks
100 + 273
Finally, the rate of entropy generation can be found:
Sin Sout + Sgen = dS system / dt
Sgen = 0 Sin Sout = (0.1036 + 0.0845)kJ / Ks = 19 J / Ks

QUESTION 2
A compressor is to be designed to the following specifications: the mass flow rate of
Refrigerant-134a into the (well-insulated) compressor will be 3.0 kg/s. Refrigerant is
to enter the compressor at 200kPa, -10.0C and leave at 0.60MPa, 30C.

(a) Determine the specific enthalpy of the input refrigerant. (1 marks)

(b) Determine the specific entropy of the input refrigerant. (1 marks)

(c) Determine the specific enthalpy of the output refrigerant. (1 marks)

(d) Determine the power input required to run this compressor in kW. State
clearly all assumptions made. (6 marks)

(e) Determine the isentropic efficiency of this compressor by considering an

isentropic compressor with the same input state and output pressure.
(4 marks)

(f) Based on the result in e), comment on the feasibility of constructing a

compressor which meets the given specifications. (2 marks)

From tables:
h(in) = 244.54 kJ/kg; s(in) = 0.9380 kJ/kgK; h(out) = 270.81 kJ/kg

d) using 1st Law, q w = h + ke + pe, q=0, and assuming ke=0, and pe=0:

Power in = mass flow rate * -w = mass flow rate * [h(out) h(in)]

= 3.0 kg/s * (270.81 244.54) kJ/kg = 79 kW

e) isentropic compressor has s(out) = s(in) = 0.9380 kJ/kgK, same input h(in), so we
need to find hs(out) using s(out) and output pressure of 0.6MPa:

s(out) is between saturated value, and s at 30C, Interpolate to find hs(out) is

approx 267.2 kJ/kg

ws 267.2 244.54
s = = = 86%
wa 270.81 244.54

f) It is feasible to construct a compressor with this isentropic efficiency it is fairly

high, but less than 1.