ENGG1050 - EQUATIONS OF STATE WORKSHEET

Sem 2, 2006
(Complete prior to the lecture on Monday 7 August)

C&B sections 3-6 & 3-8 (4th Ed. 2-6 & 2-8) may be useful in answering these
questions.

1. The pressure of an ideal gas is increased while its temperature is held constant. Its
volume:
a) Increases.
b) Decreases.
c) Stays the same.
d) May either increase or decrease.
e) Volume decreases, but specific volume stays the same.

2. List at least three possible units for R in the formula Pv = RT.

J/kg.K; kJ/kg.K; J/g.K; etc. must be absolute T, so temperature needs to be in K.

3. An ideal gas expands at constant pressure from an initial temperature of 27C. At

what temperature will its volume be twice that at the initial state?

Pv = RT, and Initial T = 27 + 273K = 300K. P stays the same, so v will be

proportional to T, so to double volume, T must also double to 600K (or 327C).
 ENGG1050 - COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR WORKSHEET
Sem 2, 2006
(Complete prior to the lecture on Thursday 10 August)

C&B section 3-7 (4th Ed. 2-7) and Table A-1 may be useful in answering these
questions.

1. Under what conditions can a substance reasonably be treated as an ideal gas?

The usual limits are that reduced Pressure (PR = P/Pc) must be much less than 1 (i.e.
probably < 0.1 is reasonable) OR reduced Temperature (T/Tc) must be greater
than 2.

2. Sketch a rough P-h diagram for water (include the saturation envelope), and
indicate in which region/s an ideal gas approximation is reasonable.

Ideal gas approx is OK at low pressures & high temperatures so pressures well
below the critical point (highest pressure possible in saturated region), and high
temperature which would imply enthalpy much larger than that for saturated vapour.
So, the region on the P-h diagram would be in the lower-right corner, a long way
from the saturation envelope.

3. Nitrogen is compressed in a cylinder to a pressure of 1.7MPa, at a temperature

of 150K. What is the value of the compressibility factor, Z, for nitrogen under
these conditions?

For nitrogen, Tc = 126.2K; Pc = 3.39MPa, so under these conditions:

PR = 1.7MPa/3.39MPA 0.5

TR = 150K/126.2K 1.2

Reading from the first of the Generalised Compressibility Charts (A-15), the
value for Z 0.903.
 ENGG1050 - WORK AND ENERGY TRANSFER
WORKSHEET
Sem 2, 2006
(Complete prior to the lecture on Friday 11 August)

C&B sections 2-4, 2-5 & 4-1 (4th Ed. 3-2 & 3-3) may be useful in answering these
questions.

1. One mole of an ideal gas is heated at constant volume (temperature increases by

T). The work dome by the gas on its surroundings is:
a) Positive
b) RUT
c) Negative
d) 0 J
e) Equal to the amount of heat transferred.

2. An ideal gas is heated and expands at a constant pressure of 100kPa. How much
work is done as the gas expands from 1m3 to 2 m3?

Work = Integral (P.dV) = P * change in V [if pressure is constant]

Work = 100kPa * 1m3 = 100 kPa.m3 = 100 kN/m2 * m3 = 100 kN.m = 100 kJ

3. How much work is needed to compress 1kg of steam at a constant pressure of

1MPa from a temperature of 500C to saturated vapour?

W = PV (at const. P) = 1MPa * 1kg * (0.19437 m3/kg 0.35411 m3/kg)

= - 0.15974 MPa.m3 = -159.74 kJ = -160 kJ (to two significant figures)

The negative sign indicates that this is work input.

4. Consider a cylinder of gas that may expand from state 1 (100kPa, 50C) to state 2
(50kPa, 50C) via one of three processes: A) Isothermal expansion; B) Isochoric
cooling, followed by Isobaric expansion; C) Isobaric expansion, followed by
Isochoric cooling.

Draw Pv diagrams of all three processes. Which process gives the greatest internal
energy at state 2?

On a Pv diagram, A) will be an inverse curve since Pv is constant due to

constant T, B) will be a vertical pressure drop, followed by a horizontal increase
in volume, C) will be a horizontal increase in volume, followed by a vertical drop
in pressure.
Internal energy depends only on the state, so at state 2 the internal energy will be the
same, irrespective of what process is used to get there.
 ENGG1050 - 1st LAW AND HEAT WORKSHEET
Sem 2, 2006
(Complete prior to the lecture on Monday 14 August)

C&B sections 2-6 & 4-2 (4th Ed. 4-1 & 4-2) may be useful in answering these
questions.

1. List a number of situations in which the 1st Law of Thermodynamics CANNOT be

applied to the analysis of engineering systems and processes?

Energy is almost always conserved so the 1st Law can almost always be applied in
analysing engineering systems. The ONLY known exception is for any process that
involves conversion of mass to energy (or the reverse) e.g. nuclear reactions in a
nuclear power plant.

2. For a closed system (either at rest, or moving with constant speed), undergoing any
process, what is the relationship between heat (Q), work (W), and change in internal
energy (U)?

Q W = U + PE (although PE is often negligible)

____________________________________________________

3. Oxygen gas is confined by a piston in a cylinder. The initial temperature and

pressure of the gas are 27C, and 200 kPa absolute, respectively.

The piston is allowed to move so the gas expands at constant pressure until its volume
is three times the original volume. Assume that the expansion occurs sufficiently
slowly that it is a quasi-equilibrium reversible process.

(a) Using a graph of compressibility factors and table of critical properties of

gases, argue that under these conditions it is reasonable to treat oxygen as
an ideal gas.

The reduced temperature is 300K/154.8K 2, and the reduced pressure is

200kPa/5.08MPa 0.04. Z is almost exactly 1 on the Generalised Compressibility
chart (A-15), so this can be treated as an ideal gas.

(b) Define the initial and final equilibrium states of the system, giving the
specific volume, temperature and pressure values.

P is the same at both states (P1 = P2 = 200kPa); Initial temperature is 300K, and final
temperature must be three times this for volume to expand by 3x, i.e. T2 = 900K.
Initial specific volume is v = RT/P = 0.2598 kJ/kg.K * 300K / 200kPa 0.39 m3/kg
Final specific volume is 3x larger 1.2 m3/kg

(c) Calculate the work done by the system in the expansion per kilogram of
oxygen.

Constant P, so work per kilogram w = Pv 200kPa * 0.8 m3/kg = 160 kJ.

ENGG1050 - SPECIFIC HEAT WORKSHEET Sem 2, 2006
(Complete prior to the lecture on Thursday 17 August)

C&B sections 4-3 & 4-4 (4th Ed. 2-9 & 2-10), and Table A-2 may be useful in
answering these questions.

1. Which of the following is almost always true?

a) cv < cp
b) cv > cp
c) cv = cp
d) cv cp
e) cv cp

2. How are cv and cp related for an ideal gas (i.e. give a mathematical relationship
between the two)?

cv = c p - R
____________________________________________________

3. How are cv and cp related for solids & liquids?

cv = c p
_____________________________________________________

4. Air in a piston-cylinder device is heated at constant pressure (1 atmosphere) from

25C to 100C. What is the change in internal energy per kilogram of air?

u = cv T = 0.720 kJ/kg.K * 75K = 54 kJ/kg.

Note that the value of cv used here is approx. the average over the range from
~300K to ~375K.

5. Valid units for cv are:

a) kW.kg-1
b) kJ.kg-1.C-1
c) kJ.K-1
d) J.mol-1
e) kJ.kg.K-1
 ENGG1050 - ENTHALPY WORKSHEET Sem 2, 2006
(Complete prior to the lecture on Friday 18 August)

C&B sections 4-5 & 5-2 (4th Ed. 2-11 & 3-6) may be useful in answering these
questions.

1. Enthalpy is best described as a form/type of:

a) Power
b) Momentum
c) Energy
d) Force
e) Specific Heat

2. Liquid water is heated at atmospheric pressure from 20C to 90C. What is the
change in enthalpy of the water, and how does this compare with the change in
internal energy?

h = c T = 4.18 kJ/kg.K * 70K = 293 kJ/kg. Since the water doesnt expand
(significantly) the change in internal energy is almost exactly the same as the change
in enthalpy.

3. Water at 100kPa pressure, and a temperature of 90C is heated to 120C. What is

the change in enthalpy of the water, and why is this substantially different from the
change in internal energy?

Initial (specific) enthalpy at 90C is the same as the enthalpy of saturated liquid
water at 90C (i.e., initially h=377kJ/kg; u=377kJ/kg). At 120C the water is
superheated at a pressure of 100kPa, so at the final state, h2716kJ/kg and
u2537kJ/kg (interpolating from table A-6).

So the change in enthalpy is 2339 kJ/kg, and the change in internal energy is 2160
kJ/kg. The difference is due to the expansion of the water from liquid to gas which
does work (this is included in enthalpy, but not in internal energy).

4. Specific Enthalpy is often measured in:

a) kW.kg-1
b) kJ
c) kJ.K-1
d) kJ.kg-1
e) kJ.kg-1.K-1
 ENGG1050 - 1st LAW GAS PROCESSES WORKSHEET
Sem 2, 2006
(Complete prior to the lecture on Monday 21 August)

C&B section 4-4 (4th Ed. 2-10) may be useful in answering these questions.

1. The change in internal energy of an ideal gas undergoing isothermal compression

is:
a) PV
b) Small and positive
c) 0
d) Small and negative
e) Cant be determined

2. How would you determine the work done during an isothermal expansion of an
ideal gas?

In an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, pressure will change, so work must be

found using the integral:

W = Integral (P.dV) = Integral (RT/v * m.dv) = mRT * Integral (1/v * dv)

= mRT ln(vfinal/vinitial)

3. Oxygen in a piston-cylinder device is heated at constant pressure (1 atmosphere)

from 25C to 423C. What is the work done during this expansion per kilogram of
oxygen? How much heat is transferred to the oxygen during this process?

Initial T = 298K, final T = 696K

w = Pv for const. pressure, but for an ideal gas Pv = RT, so

w = Pv = RT = 0.2598 kJ/kg.K * 398K = 103.4 kJ/kg

for this closed system, q w = u = cvT

so, q = w + cvT = 103.4kJ/kg + 0.712 kJ/kg.K * 398K = 387 kJ/kg

(value for cv is taken at an average temperature of 500K)

4. An ideal gas expands adiabatically, so that its pressure halves. Its specific volume:
a) Doubles
b) Halves
c) Stays the same
d) Increases by a factor less than 2
e) Decreases by a factor less than 2
 ENGG1050 - FIRST LAW, OPEN SYSTEMS WORKSHEET
Sem 2, 2006
(Complete prior to the lecture on Thursday 24 August)

C&B sections 5-1 & 5-3 (4th Ed. 4-1 & 4-3) may be useful in answering these
questions.

1. Gas flows into a nozzle at the rate of 2kg/s. If it exits through an area of 10cm2 with
a specific volume of 10m3/kg, what is its exit speed?
a) 2 m/s
b) 20 m/s
c) 200 m/s
d) 2 km/s
e) 20 km/s

2. Draw a simplified diagram of an air compressor, clearly showing the control

volume. Also show on this diagram the mass input and output, and all (specific)
energy inputs and outputs to/from the control volume.

See diagram of turbine drawn in lectures (compressor is the reverse of this) OR

sample solution to Q3a) from mid-semester exam in Sem 2, 2005.

3. Steam enters a well-insulated nozzle at a speed of 2.50m/s. If it loses 10.0kJ/kg of

specific enthalpy as it passes through the nozzle, what is the steams exit speed? Note
that a nozzle is usually a small device, so change in potential energy can be neglected.
Work is also approx. 0 (why?).

q w = h + ke + pe (but q=0 since well-insulated; w=0; pe)

h + ke = 0; So, ke = -h = -(-10 kJ/kg) = 10kJ/kg

Initial ke = (velocity)2 = 3.125 m2/s2 = 3.125 J/kg

This is insignificant compared with the change in ke, so final ke is approx. equal
to (negative) change in enthalpy:

(final velocity)2 = 10kJ/kg = 10 000 J/kg = 10 000 m2/s2

(final velocity)2 = 20 000 m2/s2, So final velocity = 140 m/s.

4. The units of (specific) ke are m2/s2. This is equivalent to

a) kW.kg-1
b) kJ.kg-1
c) J.kg-1
d) J.m-3
e) kJ.m-3
f) Other (please specify): ___________________________
 ENGG1050 - STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES
WORKSHEET
Sem 2, 2006
(Complete prior to the lecture on Friday 25 August)

C&B section 5-4 (4th Ed. 4-4) may be useful in answering these questions.

1. Which device/s would likely be used to increase the pressure of a fluid?

a) Nozzle or compressor
b) Turbine
c) Diffuser or compressor
d) Mixing chamber
e) Bicycle

2. List the major differences between a turbine and a compressor.

One is essentially the same as the other, but run in reverse at least in terms of
thermodynamics and energy transfer/s. However its unlikely that a well-designed
turbine will be simply be able to be simply reversed to produce an efficient
compressor.

3. The hot tap of a shower is adjusted so that hot water at 80C flows at a rate of
0.10L/s. At what rate must cold water (at 20C) flow in for the shower to output
water at a comfortable temperature of 45C

The enthalpy lost from the hot stream must increase the temperature of the cold
stream. So if theres no net energy loss, the total rate of change in enthalpy must be
zero:

m hot cThot + m cold cTcold = 0

m cold = m hot Thot / Tcold =
m cold = 0.10 L / s 35K / 25 K = 0.14 L / s

4. In the analysis of nozzles and diffusers, the following can usually be neglected
a) h and ke
b) pe, w and ke
c) h, w and pe
d) pe, q and w
e) w, q and ke
 ENGG1050 - UNSTEADY FLOW PROCESSES WORKSHEET
Sem 2, 2006
(Complete prior to the lecture on Monday 28 August)

C&B section 5-5 (4th Ed. 4-5) may be useful in answering these questions. Questions
3 & 4 are revision questions.

1. List at least 4 examples (other than filling an LPG cylinder) in which the state of
the control volume in an open system changes over time.

e.g.
- Deflating balloon
- Initial start-up of the compressor in an air conditioning system
- Solar hot water system (as water is used, esp. at night)
- Hot air balloon (in controlling height)
- Lungs in breathing

2. An LPG cylinder is filled from a supply line which is at room temperature. Once
the pressure of the supply line and cylinder become equal, flow stops, and the valve
on the cylinder is closed. Is the following statement correct? Why or why not?

The temperature of the fluid in the cylinder immediately after the valve is
closed is below room temperature.

Consider the energy(and mass) entering the LPG cylinder (i.e. energy
in = mass * specific enthalpy). This should be equivalent to the
amount of energy "contained in" the LPG cylinder once it is closed -
but that energy must be only internal energy (since there is no
"flow" across the Control Volume boundary).

So once the cylinder is closed, the specific internal energy of the

enclosed gas must be the same as the specific enthalpy of the supply
line - since the pressures are the same in both cylinder, and supply
line, this means the specific internal energy of the LPG in the
cylinder must be more than the specific internal energy in the supply
line (h = u + Pv, for a given state, and h_supply = u_closed
cylinder)

This argument would suggest that (since the internal energy of the
LPG in the cylinder is greater than that in the supply line, but both
are at the same pressure), either the temperature must be above room
temperature, or some of the liquid may have vaporised, while staying
at the same (saturation) temperature.
3. What is the change in enthalpy of 1kg of water from state 1 (x=0.8, P=200kPa) to
state 2 (T=200C, P=250kPa)? How does this compare with the change in internal
energy?

State 1 (for 1kg): H = 2266kJ; U = 2124kJ (using data from Sat. tables A-5)

State 2 (for 1kg): H = 2868.3kJ; U = 2652.8kJ.

H 602kJ; U 528kJ, so change in internal energy is smaller, as expected

4. Enthalpy is best described as a form/type of:

a) Power
b) Momentum
c) Energy
d) Force
e) Specific Heat