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International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221
art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this paper, a three-dimensional (3-D) solution method is presented for the free vibration of isotropic
Received 16 March 2014 and orthotropic conical shells with elastic boundary restraints. The formulation is derived by means of
Received in revised form the RayleighRitz procedure based on the three-dimensional elasticity theory. Displacement compo-
19 July 2014
nents of the conical shells are represented by Fourier series in the circumferential direction and a double
Accepted 10 September 2014
Available online 21 September 2014
Fourier cosine series supplemented with several auxiliary functions in thickness and meridional
directions. The supplementary functions in the form of the product of a polynomial function and a
Keywords: single cosine series are introduced to ensure and accelerate the convergence of the series representa-
Isotropic and orthotropic tions. To validate the present method, the convergence behavior is demonstrated, and several
Conical shell
comparisons of the numerical results with those published in the literature and obtained by ANASYS
Three-dimensional elasticity theory
are performed. Numerous new results for the isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with elastic
Free vibration
Elastic boundary restraints boundary conditions are presented. The effects of the geometrical parameters, orthotropic properties
and boundary conditions on the natural frequencies of conical shells are illustrated.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.09.005
0020-7403/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
208 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221
2. Theoretical formulations
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1), the straindisplacement rela-
tions of a conical shell can be depicted as
2.1. Description of model
u 1 v sin cos w
rr ; w u; ss ;
Let us consider a conical shell with slant height L, thickness H, r R R R s
semi-vertex angle . The curvilinear coordinate system composed v 1 w sin w u v 1 u cos
s v; rs ; r v
of coordinates r, , and s is introduced as shown in Fig. 1, which s R R r s r R R
can be derived from the Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, and z). 3
The coordinates r and s along the thickness and meridional
directions are measured from the small edge and inner surface Based on Hooke's law, the relations of the stresses and strains
of the conical shell. The conical shell domain is bounded by can be expressed as
0 rr rH, 0 r r2, 0r srL. R1 and R2 are the radii of the inner
rr c11 rr c12 c13 ss
surface of conical shell at the small and large ends. The displace-
c12 rr c22 c23 ss
ments of the conical shell are denoted by u, v, and w in r, and s
directions, respectively. The radius of curvature in the circumfer- ss c13 rr c23 c33 ss
ential direction at any point P is given by s c44 s ; rs c55 rs ; r c66 r 4
where cij i; j 1; 2; 6 are the elastic stiffness coefcients. For the
Rr; s s tan R1 = cos r orthotropic, three-dimensional conical shell, the elastic stiffness
G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221 209
coefcients can be expressed as where is the mass density per volume, and the over dots denote
c11 Er 1 s s ; c12 E r rs s time derivatives.
In this work, the edges of the conical shells are restrained by
c22 E 1 rs sr ; c23 Es s r rs
springs to simulate the given or typical boundary conditions. The
c33 Es 1 r r ; c31 Er sr s r
boundary conditions of thick shell can be dened as [20]
c44 Gs ; c55 Grs ; c66 Gr 5
where 1=1 r r s s sr rs r s sr r rs s . Acco- sr1 sr or u1 u
rding to the Maxwell reciprocity relations s1 s or v1 v
ss1 ss or w1 w
r E r Er ; rs Es sr Er ; s E s Es 6
where sr1, s1, and ss1 represent shear and normal stresses at
ends with s constant. u1, v1, w1 are the displacement functions at
The isotropic, three-dimensional conical shell can be consid- ends, respectively. Therefore, three sets of independent linear
ered as a special case in which springs (ku, kv, and kw) in r, and s directions are introduced,
c11 c22 c33 2G and the boundary conditions for the ends can be expressed as
c12 c13 c21 c23 c31 c32
ku0 u sr ; kv0 v s ; kw0 w ss at s 0
c44 c55 c66 G 7
kuL u sr ; kvL v s ; kwL w ss at s L
where ku0, kv0, kw0, kuL, kvL and kwL are the stiffnesses of the spring.
where
The general boundary conditions can be obtained by assuming
E E spring stiffness equal to proper value. For example, the free
;G
1 1 2 21 boundary condition corresponds to the case in which the spring
stiffness is set equal to zero. On the contrary, for the clamped edge,
and E and represent Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. the stiffness is innite. For computational purposes, innity is
The strain energy U of the conical shell can be expressed in the represented by a very large spring value, i.e. 1 1015 N m 3. The
integral form as potential energy L of the elastic reactions of the springs is
calculated as
1
U V rr rr ss ss s s sr sr r r dV
2
Z Z Z Z Z
1 L 2 H 1 2 H
rr rr ss ss s s sr sr r r Rr; sdrdds L Rr; 0ku0 u2 kv0 v2 kw0 w2 s 0
2 0 0 2 0 0
0
vr; ; s; t V r; ; sejt
8 N M Q 2 M 2 Q
9
> >
> Bmnq cos m r cos q s blmn ls cos m r b~ lnq lr cos q s sin n >
>
> >
>
< n 1 m 0q 0 =
l 1m 0 l 1q 0 13:b
eit
> N M Q 2 M 2 Q >
> Bmnq cos m r cos q s blmn ls cos m r b~ lnq lr cos q s cos n >
>
> >
>
: ;
n 0 m 0q 0 l 1m 0 l 1q 0
210 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221
2 ~ ~ 3
KFG KFg KFijg KijFG KijFg KijF g
where denotes the natural frequency of the conical shell, t is the 6 ij ij
7
6 fG ~ ~ 7
time variable, the nonnegative 6K Kfijg Kfijg Kijf G Kijf g Kijf g 7
p integer n represents the circumfer- 6 ij 7
ential wave number, j 1, m m=H and q q=L. M and Q 6 ~ 7
6 fG ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ 7
are the Fourier series truncated numbers, and N is the maximum 6 Kij Kfijg Kfijg Kijf G Kfijg Kfijg 7
6 7
Kij 6 FG ~ 7 20
wave number. Amnq , almn , a~ lnq , Amnq , almn , a~ lnq , Bmnq , blmn , b~ lnq , Bmnq , 6K KFg
~
KFijg KijFG KijFg KijF g 7
~ 6 ij 7
blmn , blnq , C mnq , clmn , c~ lnq , C mnq , clmn and c~ lnq are Fourier coefcients
ij
6 7
6 fG ~ f g~ 7
to be determined. The closed-form functions lr and ls are dened 6 Kij Kfijg Kfijg Kijf G Kijf g Kij 7
6 7
separately over [0, H] and [0, L] and the supplementary functions 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 5
~
are introduced to remove any potential discontinuities of the KfijG Kfijg Kfijg Kijf G Kijf g Kijf g
original displacements and their relevant derivatives, and accel-
2 3
erate the convergence of the series representations. Based on the ~
MFG
ij MFg MijF g 0 0 0
3-D elasticity theory, the displacements of the conical shells have 6 ij
7
6 fG ~ 7
at least continuous two-order derivatives at any point in the shell 6 Mij Mfijg Mijf g 0 0 0 7
6 7
space. Therefore, the closed-form functions lr and ls are dened 6 f~ G ~ ~~ 7
6M Mfijg Mfijg 0 0 0 7
6 ij 7
as in the following form: 6 7
Mij 6 F g~ 7 21
r 2 r2 r 6 0 0 0 MijFG MijFg Mij 7
6 7
1r r r 1 ; 2r r 1 6 ~ 7
H H H 6 0 0 0 Mijf G Mijf g Mfijg 7
s 2 6 7
s2 s 6
4 ~~ 5
7
1s s s 1 ; 2s s 1 14 ~ ~
L L L 0 0 0 Mijf G Mijf g Mfijg
The eigenvalue problem is formulated by minimizing the total 3. Computed results and discussion
energy functional with respect to the Fourier coefcients.
Substituting Eqs. (9)-(11) and (13) into Eq. (12), and performing In this section, several examples on free vibration analysis of
the RayleighRitz operation, a set of linear algebraic equation isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with different geometric
against the unknown coefcients can be obtained as and material parameters are presented to demonstrate the con-
2 38 9 2 38 9 vergence, accuracy and reliability of the present method. Different
Kuu Kuv Kuw > au > Muu 0 0
< = < au >
> =
6 K 7 6 7 boundary conditions including classical restraints and elastic
4 uv Kvv Kvw 5 bv 4 0 Mvv 0 5 bv 0 16
> > > > supports are considered. The free boundary (F) implies that the
Kuw Kvw Kww : cw ; 0 0 Mww : cw ;
two ends of conical shells are stress-free in all coordinate direc-
where tions (i.e. sr s ss 0), and the clamped boundary (C) is
dened as that all displacement components at the end face are
au A000 ; ; Amnq ; ; AMNQ ; al00 ; ; alnm ; ; alNM ; a~ l00 ; ; a~ lnq ; ; a~ lNQ ;
i restrained (i.e.u v w 0). The simply-supported boundary con-
A000 ; ; Amnq ; ; AMNQ ; al10 ; ; alnm ; ; alNM ; a~ l10 ; ; a~ lnq ; ; a~ lNQ ditions have a variety of interpretations, and in the present work
17 three types of simply-supported boundary conditions are consid-
ered: simply-supported I (S1) is completely supported in the and
h
bu B000 ; ; Bmnq ; ; BMNQ ; bl10 ; ; blnm ; ; blNM ; b~ l10 ; ; b~ lnq ; ; b~ lNQ ; s directions with full slip along the r direction (i.e. v w 0;
i sr 0); simply-supported II (S2) is only free in directions
~ ~ ~
B000 ; ; Bmnq ; ; BMNQ ; bl00 ; ; blnm ; ; blNM ; bl00 ; ; blnq ; ; blNQ (i.e. u w 0; s 0); and simply-supported III (S3) is the stan-
18 dard shear diaphragm case (i.e. u v 0; ss 0). Three types of
elastic boundary conditions (i.e. E1, E2, E3) are also studied in this
cu C 000 ; ; C mnq ; ; C MNQ ; cl00 ; ; clnm ; ; clNM ; c~ l00 ; ; c~ lnq ; ; c~ lNQ ; section: E1 is only elastically restrained in r direction (i.e.
i v w 0; u a 0); E2 is dened to be elastic in directions (i.e.
C 000 ; ; C mnq ; ; C MNQ ; cl00 ; ; clnm ; ; clNM ; c~ l00 ; ; c~ lnq ; ; c~ lNQ
u w 0; v a 0); and E3 is considered to be elastic in s direction (i.
19 e. u v 0; w a 0). The corresponding spring stiffnesses of the
G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221 211
Table 1
p
The non-dimensional frequency parameters L =G of isotropic conical shells with different thickness-to-radius ratios H/R1 (Lcos 2 m, R1 1 m, 301, E 168 GPa,
3
5700 kg/m , and 0.3; and boundary condition: CF).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.1 10 10 0.3111 0.3111 0.3196 0.3196 0.4645 0.4645 0.5453 0.5453 0.6979 0.6979
11 11 0.3109 0.3109 0.3194 0.3194 0.4644 0.4644 0.5452 0.5452 0.6978 0.6978
12 12 0.3109 0.3109 0.3193 0.3193 0.4643 0.4643 0.5451 0.5451 0.6977 0.6977
13 13 0.3108 0.3108 0.3191 0.3191 0.4643 0.4643 0.5449 0.5449 0.6976 0.6976
14 14 0.3108 0.3108 0.3191 0.3191 0.4642 0.4642 0.5449 0.5449 0.6975 0.6975
0.2 10 10 0.3876 0.3876 0.5133 0.5133 0.5734 0.5734 0.8441 0.8441 0.9656 1.2821
11 11 0.3874 0.3874 0.5132 0.5132 0.5732 0.5732 0.8440 0.8440 0.9656 1.2819
12 12 0.3873 0.3873 0.5131 0.5131 0.5731 0.5731 0.8439 0.8439 0.9656 1.2818
13 13 0.3871 0.3871 0.5131 0.5131 0.5730 0.5730 0.8438 0.8438 0.9656 1.2817
14 14 0.3871 0.3871 0.5130 0.5130 0.5729 0.5729 0.8438 0.8438 0.9656 1.2817
0.5 10 10 0.6024 0.6024 0.6601 0.6601 1.0105 1.0123 1.0123 1.3380 1.6725 1.6725
11 11 0.6022 0.6022 0.6599 0.6599 1.0105 1.0122 1.0122 1.3379 1.6724 1.6724
12 12 0.6020 0.6020 0.6598 0.6598 1.0105 1.0121 1.0121 1.3378 1.6724 1.6724
13 13 0.6019 0.6019 0.6596 0.6596 1.0105 1.0121 1.0121 1.3377 1.6724 1.6724
14 14 0.6018 0.6018 0.6595 0.6595 1.0105 1.0120 1.0120 1.3377 1.6724 1.6724
Table 2
p
The non-dimensional frequency parameters L =G of isotropic conical shells with different thickness-to-height ratios H/L (R1/L 0.25, 301, E168 GPa, 5700 kg/m3,
and 0.3; boundary condition: FF and CC).
n Mode FF CC
Table 3
The fundamental frequencies (Hz) of the isotropic conical shells with different semi-vertices (R1 1 m, Lcos 2 m, E 168 GPa, 5700 kg/m3, and 0.3).
H/R1 FF FC CF CC
301 0.10 22.17 22.19 174.75 174.98 72.12 72.19 249.35 249.57
0.20 41.47 41.51 214.81 214.90 89.83 89.82 346.86 346.95
0.50 86.76 86.85 305.18 305.37 139.66 139.66 520.60 520.71
1.00 131.68 131.85 343.83 343.87 186.42 186.36 635.06 635.59
451 0.10 13.33 13.33 137.70 137.90 40.00 40.04 169.56 169.72
0.20 25.15 25.17 175.03 175.13 51.29 51.28 238.80 238.87
0.50 55.06 55.12 261.66 261.84 83.96 83.94 378.38 378.44
1.00 91.18 91.28 293.86 293.95 116.56 116.49 484.83 485.11
601 0.10 6.98 6.98 82.22 82.34 16.60 16.57 89.28 89.35
0.20 13.19 13.20 107.09 107.17 22.16 22.13 126.38 126.41
0.50 29.74 29.76 167.10 167.16 39.64 39.63 210.14 210.13
1.00 53.17 53.22 199.09 199.12 55.00 54.94 293.21 293.24
Table 4
The fundamental frequencies (Hz) of isotropic conical shells with various boundary conditions (R1 1 m, Lcos 2 m, E 70 GPa, 2707 kg/m3, and 0.3).
151 0.10 272.90 228.22 58.07 281.14 257.69 284.90 279.96 241.33
0.20 342.91 275.07 66.42 294.82 352.34 373.93 352.63 329.99
0.50 387.67 362.48 81.82 303.71 495.47 461.22 344.88 351.43
1.00 403.82 378.18 94.66 315.89 563.83 493.88 334.42 352.97
301 0.10 215.10 180.61 86.17 206.46 203.01 226.65 218.27 193.34
0.20 270.12 223.57 99.80 209.87 283.37 304.16 289.99 268.78
0.50 305.01 308.84 129.45 219.62 397.19 384.54 316.13 297.24
1.00 319.36 332.78 158.70 233.93 468.06 416.43 307.97 327.07
451 0.10 146.49 128.30 82.26 131.04 137.77 155.34 147.76 133.14
0.20 181.77 162.79 96.48 133.41 192.34 212.23 201.58 185.81
0.50 210.60 240.89 131.55 140.35 267.65 285.76 268.43 216.24
1.00 221.41 276.18 178.16 151.13 342.36 314.72 264.00 269.20
601 0.10 78.23 72.66 53.34 66.88 72.13 82.59 78.06 70.97
0.20 96.03 94.13 63.16 67.95 102.19 114.63 108.40 97.86
0.50 113.20 152.72 88.48 71.14 139.34 172.35 178.21 120.20
1.00 121.64 199.89 132.26 76.33 195.69 199.61 199.90 164.51
751 0.10 23.92 22.21 17.87 19.70 21.09 24.59 23.21 21.24
0.20 29.96 29.81 21.33 19.90 28.29 34.22 32.19 28.82
0.50 34.01 51.17 30.16 20.50 39.17 56.10 55.50 36.91
1.00 37.67 83.95 47.16 21.51 60.32 78.39 88.71 53.76
Table 5
The fundamental frequencies (Hz) of orthotropic conical shells (Type I) with various boundary conditions (R1 1 m, and Lcos 2 m).
151 0.10 170.79 157.42 113.18 27.53 154.37 168.75 163.95 147.11
0.20 231.90 198.18 139.52 31.60 183.44 227.13 215.29 203.45
0.50 340.72 225.03 193.85 39.92 189.33 312.33 307.72 286.18
1.00 414.43 220.78 202.38 46.72 196.93 355.86 337.84 346.24
301 0.10 135.02 124.34 89.00 40.82 116.54 133.78 128.50 117.81
0.20 185.28 154.25 112.71 47.50 130.83 182.21 172.55 162.94
0.50 279.64 175.98 163.75 63.50 136.92 260.58 260.54 227.41
1.00 355.93 174.45 176.73 78.91 145.84 305.14 309.75 280.42
451 0.10 91.32 84.48 63.02 38.88 76.33 90.75 86.98 80.48
0.20 126.38 102.96 81.65 45.82 83.17 124.88 118.91 111.11
0.50 196.43 117.04 126.74 64.65 87.50 187.65 188.01 153.41
1.00 265.93 121.54 146.17 90.10 94.22 232.67 252.01 199.17
601 0.10 47.74 44.99 35.72 25.13 39.34 47.58 45.77 42.40
0.20 66.53 54.56 47.09 29.88 42.36 66.07 63.39 58.48
0.50 106.23 60.63 79.70 43.17 44.35 103.48 103.39 81.07
1.00 153.30 65.86 105.99 67.25 47.59 141.20 151.87 111.13
751 0.10 13.96 13.63 11.28 8.39 11.53 13.94 13.48 12.51
0.20 19.40 15.62 14.99 10.05 12.40 19.35 18.72 17.09
0.50 31.43 17.46 26.55 14.56 12.78 31.17 30.86 24.02
1.00 47.90 19.50 44.83 23.47 13.41 46.61 47.90 34.53
G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221 213
The differences between solutions form 13 13 and 14 14 are boundary conditions are considered. The comparisons of the
very small, and the maximum discrepancy is 0.02%. Thus, in the present results with those of 3-D solutions reported by Buchanan
following examples the truncated numbers will be uniformly and Wong [44] using a nite element method are presented. It is
selected as 13 13. seen that very good agreement of the results is obtained. Table 3
presents the fundamental frequencies of the conical shells with
3.2. Isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with various boundary different semi-vertex angles ( i.e. 301, 451 and 601). The conical
conditions shells also are made from zirconia with the following geometrical
data: R1 1 m, Lcos2 m and H/R1 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0. Four
In order to conrm the accuracy of the current method, kinds of boundary conditions (i.e. FF, FC, CF and CC) are
studies on free vibration of the conical shells with different considered. The results are compared with those of 3-D solutions
boundary conditions are carried out, and the present results are by using ANSYS with SOLID 45 elements. The comparisons show
compared with available solutions in the literature or obtained very good agreement.
by ANASYS. Table 2 shows the non-dimensional frequency para- The comparisons of the present results with those published in
p
meters L =G of isotropic conical shells with different literature and obtained from ANASYS in Tables 2 and 3 indicate
thickness-to-height H/L. The geometric parameters of the conical that the current analysis is accurate and reliable. Numerous new
shells are taken to be R1/L 0.25, 301, H/L 0.25 and 1. The results of the isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with different
conical shells are made from Zirconia. Young's modulus, mass boundary conditions including classical edges and elastic
density and Poisson's ratio for the zirconia are E 168 GPa, restraints are given. Table 4 shows the fundamental frequencies
5700 kg/m3, and 0.3. The completely free and clamped of isotropic conical shells with various boundary conditions (i.e.
Table 6
The fundamental frequencies (Hz) of orthotropic conical shells (Type II) with various boundary conditions (R1 1 m, and Lcos 2 m).
151 0.10 229.96 224.62 214.83 72.72 194.49 227.39 219.94 203.76
0.20 271.38 259.60 260.46 82.74 196.62 266.04 263.99 237.89
0.50 372.24 330.95 302.30 93.40 202.55 354.71 344.51 321.34
1.00 432.32 353.76 331.19 97.71 210.67 404.68 349.11 367.03
301 0.10 185.43 181.59 174.51 105.22 137.69 184.13 180.73 170.27
0.20 223.16 212.68 211.29 120.59 139.97 219.07 215.51 198.66
0.50 313.02 271.76 258.06 140.14 146.47 298.55 296.24 271.93
1.00 374.77 295.67 293.25 153.96 156.01 348.35 320.40 314.35
451 0.10 127.64 124.84 121.32 96.33 87.39 126.95 125.19 118.32
0.20 158.40 150.65 149.10 111.17 88.97 156.10 152.59 144.06
0.50 233.37 196.20 195.63 134.64 93.60 224.25 220.89 205.83
1.00 283.79 219.79 235.73 158.00 100.79 262.24 263.07 236.57
601 0.10 69.71 68.10 65.18 58.95 44.60 69.46 68.11 65.25
0.20 87.33 82.96 82.25 68.61 45.32 86.55 84.20 81.07
0.50 133.34 111.41 116.28 88.05 47.45 129.54 126.65 115.54
1.00 170.47 119.59 153.51 112.89 50.91 158.78 163.77 142.50
751 0.10 21.37 20.95 19.51 18.08 13.14 21.32 20.35 20.00
0.20 26.91 25.60 25.47 21.36 13.27 26.81 26.02 25.17
0.50 40.69 33.68 37.34 29.65 13.67 40.03 39.36 35.32
1.00 57.94 36.38 55.38 42.84 14.35 55.65 56.87 49.01
Table 7
The fundamental frequencies (Hz) of orthotropic conical shells (Type III) with various boundary conditions (R1 1 m, and Lcos 2 m).
151 0.10 253.10 189.64 170.45 38.00 194.49 240.83 244.35 183.62
0.20 362.08 212.42 210.05 47.52 196.62 320.55 344.21 261.97
0.50 460.17 226.94 218.22 56.32 202.55 371.73 354.55 390.23
1.00 489.29 209.59 197.06 53.96 210.67 382.51 349.10 453.62
301 0.10 203.91 144.97 138.93 57.97 137.69 195.14 197.12 145.10
0.20 302.26 161.40 173.31 75.65 139.97 268.73 290.08 210.45
0.50 401.82 174.43 182.48 93.58 146.47 322.05 325.43 328.30
1.00 434.25 167.09 170.57 91.73 156.00 333.25 320.39 390.36
451 0.10 139.11 96.96 102.35 56.82 87.39 134.83 135.10 97.90
0.20 215.35 107.21 133.76 78.61 88.97 195.95 209.25 143.86
0.50 311.01 119.04 145.61 109.17 93.60 252.51 276.81 235.96
1.00 345.90 116.24 141.11 111.86 100.79 265.46 273.35 297.51
601 0.10 72.28 51.47 60.27 37.16 44.60 71.15 70.59 50.97
0.20 116.99 56.29 88.10 53.02 45.32 110.78 114.86 75.57
0.50 193.11 64.89 104.78 92.69 47.45 163.22 188.93 130.64
1.00 230.06 65.48 104.94 108.61 50.91 181.40 206.11 181.20
751 0.10 20.52 14.87 19.08 12.56 13.14 20.43 20.14 14.83
0.20 33.91 16.19 30.84 17.21 13.27 33.40 33.51 21.91
0.50 66.76 19.46 54.89 33.68 13.67 62.11 66.39 39.34
1.00 96.12 21.40 58.78 56.19 14.35 82.22 95.55 62.78
214 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221
S1S1, S2S2, S3S3, CS2, CS3, E1E1, E2E2 and E3E3). The conical Type I is dened as those subscripts 1, 2, 3 which denote r, , and s
shells are made from aluminum with material properties as: directions; Type II is considered to be those subscripts 1, 2, 3 which
E 70 GPa, 2707 kg/m3 and 0.3. Different thickness-to- denote , r, and s directions; and Type III is considered to be those
radius ratios (i.e. H/R1 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0) and semi-vertex angles subscripts 1, 2, 3 which denote s, , and r directions. The
(i.e. 151, 301, 401, 601, 751) are considered. The fundamental geometrical parameters of the conical shells are taken to be
frequencies of the orthotropic conical shells with various R1 1 m, Lcos 2 m, and 151, 301, 451, 601, and 751 and H/
boundary conditions are presented in Tables 57. The orthotropic R1 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0. Five types of classical edges (i.e. CC, S1
material properties of the conical shells are given as: S1, S2S2, S3S3, and CS2) and three types of elastic restraints (i.e.
E1 137.9 GPa, E2 8.963 GPa, E3 8.963 GPa, G12 7.101 GPa, E1E1, E2E2, E3E3) are studied. It is observed from tables that the
G23 6.205 GPa, G13 7.101 GPa, 12 0.3, 23 0.49, 13 0.3, and boundary conditions play a signicant role on the natural fre-
1605 kg/m3. Three types of ber orientations are considered. quencies of the isotropic and orthotropic conical shells. It is
evident that the fundamental frequency is quite sensitive to the vertex angles . It is obvious that the fundamental frequencies of
change of the semi-vertex angle and thickness-to-radius ratios the conical shells decrease as the semi-vertex angle increases
H/R1. The mode shapes of the conical shells are illustrated in except in the case of the conical shells with S3S3 boundary
Figs. 25. condition. For the isotropic conical shell with S3S3 boundary
condition the fundamental frequency of the conical shell rst
3.3. Parametric studies increases then decreases with an increase in semi-vertex angle .
The effect of the semi-vertex angle on the natural frequencies of
In this section, the effects of the semi-vertex angle and the orthotropic conical shells is illustrated in Fig. 7. The variation
thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 on the natural frequencies of conical trends of fundamental frequencies of orthotropic conical with
shells are studied. Fig. 6 shows the variation of fundamental different ber orientations are similar. Fig. 8 shows the effect of
natural frequency of isotropic conical shells with different semi- the thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 on the fundamental natural
216 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221
frequencies of isotropic conical shells with different boundary III material subjected to S1S1, S3S3 and E2E2 boundary condi-
conditions. The fundamental natural frequencies of isotropic con- tions, the fundamental frequencies rst increase and then
ical shells with CC and S3S3 boundary conditions increase as decrease as the thickness-to-radius H/R1 increases.
the thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 increases. The effect of the
thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 on the fundamental natural fre- 4. Conclusions
quencies of orthotropic conical shells with different boundary
conditions is demonstrated in Fig. 9. For the conical shells with In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) solution method is
Type II materials, the fundamental frequencies increase as the presented for the free vibration of isotropic and orthotropic
thickness-to-radius H/R1 increases. For the conical shells with Type conical shells with elastic boundary restraints. The formulation is
700 600
C-C
600 C-C S1-S1
S1-S1 500
S3-S3
500
Natural Frequency
3 3
S -S E2-E2
Natural frequency
400
E2-E2
400
300
300
200 200
100 100
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
H/R1
Fig. 6. Effect of the semi-vertex angle on the natural frequencies (Hz) of isotropic
conical shells with different boundary condition (H/R1 0.5, Lcos 2 m, and Fig. 8. Effect of the thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 on the natural frequencies (Hz) of
R1 1 m). isotropic conical shells with different boundary condition (Lcos 2 m, R1 1 m,
and 301).
500 350
Type I Type I
300
400 Type II Type II
Type III 250 Type III
Natural frequency
Natural frequency
300 200
200 150
100
100
50
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Semi-vertex angle Semi-vertex angle
150 500
Type I Type I
Type II Type II
400
Type III Type III
Natural frequency
Natural frequency
100
300
200
50
100
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Semi-vertex angle Semi-vertex angle
Fig. 7. Effect of the semi-vertex angle on the natural frequencies (Hz) of orthotropic conical shells with different boundary condition (H/R1 0.5, Lcos 2 m, R1 1 m):
(a) CC; (b) S1S1;(c) S3S3; and (d) E2E2.
G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221 217
450 300
400
250
Natural frequency
Natural frequency
350
300
200
250
200 Type I
150 Type I
Type II
150 Type III Type II
Type III
100 100
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
H/R1 H/R1
160 400
140 350
Type I
Natural frequency
Natural frequency
80 200
Type I
60 150 Type II
Type III
40 100
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
H/R1 H/R1
Fig. 9. Effect of the thickness-to-radius ratio H/R1 on the natural frequencies (Hz) of orthotropic conical shells with different boundary condition (Lcos 2 m, R1 1 m, and
301): (a) CC; (b) S1S1;(c) S3S3; and (d) E2E2.
derived by means of the RayleighRitz procedure based on the solution for other computational techniques in the future research.
three-dimensional elasticity theory. Displacement components The effects of the geometrical parameters, orthotropic properties
of the conical shells are represented by Fourier series in the and boundary conditions on free vibration of conical shells are
circumferential direction and a double Fourier cosine series illustrated.
and several supplementary functions in meridional and normal
directions. The supplementary functions in the form of the
product of a polynomial function and a single cosine series are
introduced to ensure and accelerate the convergence of the series Acknowledgment
representations. To validate the present method, the convergence
behavior is demonstrated, and comparisons with available results The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their
in the literature are performed. Numerous new results for the constructive comments. The authors gratefully acknowledge the
isotropic and orthotropic conical shells with elastic boundary nancial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of
conditions are presented, which can serve as the benchmark China (Nos. 51175098 and 51279035).
Appendix A. Detailed expressions for the stiffness matrix and mass matrix
The superscripts of the elements in the mass matrix Mij and stiffness matrix Kij are given as follows:
F F M 1 q m 1; G G M 1 q1 m1 1
f f M 1 l 1 m 1; g g M 1 l1 1 m1 1
~
f~ f Q 1 l 1 q 1; g~ g~ Q 1 l1 1 q1 1
The detailed expressions of elements in matrices Muu are:
Z L Z H
MFG
uu C oo Rr; s cos m r cos m1 r cos q s cos q1 sdrds A:1
0 0
218 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221
Z L Z H
MFg
uu C oo Rr; s cos m r cos m1 r cos q sl1 s sdrds A:2
0 0
Z L Z H
Fg
Muu C oo Rr; s cos m rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 sdrds A:3
0 0
Z L Z H
Mfuu
G
C oo Rr; s cos m r cos m1 rls s cos q1 sdrds A:4
0 0
Z L Z H
Mfuu
g
C oo Rr; s cos m r cos m1 rls sl1 s sdrds A:5
0 0
Z L Z H
fg
Muu C oo Rr; s cos m rl1 r rls s cos q1 sdrds A:6
0 0
Z L Z H
Mfuu
G
C oo Rr; slr r cos m1 r cos q s cos q1 sdrds A:7
0 0
Z L Z H
Mfuu
g
C oo Rr; slr r cos m1 r cos q sl1 s sdrds A:8
0 0
Z L Z H
fg
Muu C oo Rr; slr rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 sdrds A:9
0 0
Z L Z H
~~
MFuuG Soo Rr; s cos m r cos m1 r cos q s cos q1 sdrds A:10
0 0
Z L Z H
~~
MFuug Soo Rr; s cos m r cos m1 r cos q sl1 s sdrds A:11
0 0
Z L Z H
~~
Fg
Muu Soo Rr; s cos m rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 sdrds A:12
0 0
Z L Z H
~~
MfuuG Soo Rr; s cos m r cos m1 rls s cos q1 sdrds A:13
0 0
Z L Z H
~~
Mfuug Soo Rr; s cos m r cos m1 rls sl1 s sdrds A:14
0 0
Z L Z H
~~
Mfuug Soo Rr; s cos m rl1 r rls s cos q1 sdrds A:15
0 0
~~
Z L Z H
Mfuu
G
Soo Rr; slr r cos m1 r cos q s cos q1 sdrds A:16
0 0
~
Z L Z H
fg ~
Muu Soo Rr; slr r cos m1 r cos q sl1 s sdrds A:17
0 0
~~
Z L Z H
fg
Muu Soo Rr; slr rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 sdrds A:18
0 0
The detailed expressions of elements in matrices Kuu are
2 3
c11 C 00 m m1 Rr; s sin m r sin m1 r cos q s cos q1 s
6 c C =Rr; s cos r cos r cos s cos s 7
6 66 11 m m1 q q1 7
Z LZ H6 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 =Rr; s cos m r cos m r cos q s cos q s
7
7
FG 6 1 7
Kuu
1
6 7drds A:19
0 6 c55 C 00 q q1 Rr; s cos m r cos m1 r sin q s sin q1 s 7
0
6 7
6 C 00 Rr; 0kuo Rr; LkuL cos m r cos m r 1q q1 7
4 1 5
c12 C 00 cos m sin m r cos m1 r m1 cos m r sin m1 r cos q s cos q1 s
2 3
c11 C 00 m m1 Rr; s sin m r sin m1 r cos q sl1 s s
6 c C =Rr; s cos r cos r cos s s 7
Z LZ H6
6
66 11 m m1 q l1 s 7
7
Fg 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 =Rr; s cos m r cos m1 r cos q sl s s 7
Kuu 6 1 7drds A:20
0 6 7
0
6 c55 C 00 q Rr; s cos m r cos m r sin q s' s 7
4 1 l1 s 5
c12 C 00 cos m sin m r cos m1 r m1 cos m r sin m1 r cos q sl1 s s
G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221 219
2 3
c11 C 00 m Rr; s sin m rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 s
6 c C =Rr; s cos r r cos s cos s 7
6 66 11 m l1 r q q1 7
Z Z 6 7
L H 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 =Rr; s cos m rl r r cos q s cos q s 7
Fg 6 7
A:21
1 1
Kuu 6 7drds
6 c55 C 00 q q1 Rr; s cos m rl1 r r sin q s sin q1 s 7
0 0
6 7
6 C 00 Rr; 0kuo Rr; LkuL cos m rl r r 1q q1 7
4 1 5
c12 C 00 cos m sin m rl1 r r cos m rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 s
2 3
c11 C 00 m m1 Rr; s sin m r sin m1 rls s cos q1 s
6 7
Z L Z H 6 c66 C 11 =Rr; s cos m r cos m1 rls s cos q1 s 7
6 7
Kfuu
G
6 c22 C 00 cos 2 =Rr; s cos m r cos m1 rls ss cos q1 s 7drds A:22
6 7
0 0 6 7
4 c55 C 00 q1 Rr; s cos m r cos m1 rls s sin q1 s 5
c12 C 00 cos m sin m r cos m1 r m1 cos m r sin m1 rls s cos q1 s
2 3
c11 C 00 m m1 Rr; s sin m r sin m1 rls sl1 s s
6 c C =Rr; s cos r cos r s s 7
Z LZ H6
6
66 11 m m1 ls l1 s 7
7
6 c22 C 00 cos 2 =Rr; s cos m r cos m1 rls sl s s 7
Kfuu
g
6 1 7drds A:23
6 7
0 0
6 c55 C 00 Rr; s cos m r cos m r' s' s 7
4 1 ls l1 s 5
c12 C 00 cos m sin m r cos m1 r m1 cos m r sin m1 rls sl1 s s
2 3
c11 C 00 m Rr; s sin m rl1 r rls s cos q1 s
6 7
6 c66 C 11 =Rr; s cos m rl1 r rls s cos q1 s 7
6 7
Z L Z H 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 =Rr; s cos m r r s cos q s 7
6 l1 r ls 7
6 7drds
1
fg
Kuu 6 c C Rr; s cos r r' s sin s 7 A:24
0 0 6 55 00 q1 m l1 r ls q1 7
6 7
6 C 00 Rr; 0kuo Rr; LkuL cos m rl r r 1 q q1
7
4 1 5
c12 C 00 cos m sin m rl1 r r cos m rl1 r rls s cos q1 s
2 3
c11 C 00 m1 Rr; s' lr r sin m1 r cos q s cos q1 s
6 7
6 c66 C 11 =Rr; slr r cos m1 r cos q s cos q1 s 7
6 7
Z LZ 6 7
H 6c C
22 00 cos 2
=Rr; s lr r cos m1 r cos q s cos q1 s 7
Kfuu
G
6 7drds A:25
6 c55 C 00 q q Rr; s r cos m r sin q s sin q s 7
0 0 6 1 lr 1 1 7
6 7
6 C 00 Rr; 0kuo Rr; LkuL lr r cos m1 r 1q q1 7
4 5
'
c12 C 00 cos lr r cos m1 r m1 lr r sin m1 r cos q s cos q1 s
2 3
c11 C 00 m1 Rr; slr r sin m1 r cos q sl1 s s
6 c C =Rr; s r cos r cos s s 7
6 66 11 lr m1 q l1 s 7
Z LZ H6 7
6 c C cos 2 =Rr; s r cos m r cos q s s 7
fg
Kuu 6 22 00 lr 1 l1 s 7drds A:26
6 7
0 0 6 ' 7
6 c55 C 00 q Rr; slr r cos m1 r sin q s l1 s s 7
4 5
'
c12 C 00 cos lr r cos m1 r m1 lr r sin m1 r cos q sl1 s s
2 3
c11 C 00 Rr; slr rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 s
6 7
6 c66 C 11 =Rr; slr rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 s 7
6 7
Z L Z H 6 c22 C 00 cos 2 =Rr; slr rl r r cos q s cos q s 7
6 7
6 7drds
1 1
fg
Kuu 6 c55 C 00 q q1 Rr; slr rl1 r r sin q s sin q1 s 7 A:27
0 0 6 7
6 C Rr; 0k Rr; Lk r r 1 q q
7
6 00 uo uL lr l1 r
1
7
4 5
'
c12 C 00 cos lr rl1 r r lr rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 s
2 3
c11 S00 m m1 Rr; s sin m r sin m1 r cos q s cos q1 s
6 c S =Rr; s cos r cos r cos s cos s 7
6 66 11 m m1 q q1 7
Z Z 6 7
L H 6 c22 S00 cos 2 =Rr; s cos m r cos m r cos q s cos q s 7
~~ 6 7
KFuuG
1 1
6 7drds A:28
6 c55 S00 q q1 Rr; s cos m r cos m1 r sin q s sin q1 s 7
0 0
6 7
6 S00 Rr; 0kuo Rr; LkuL cos m r cos m r 1q q1 7
4 1 5
c12 S00 cos m sin m r cos m1 r m1 cos m r sin m1 r cos q s cos q1 s
220 G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221
2 3
c11 S00 m m1 Rr; s sin m r sin m1 r cos q sl1 s s
6 c S =Rr; s cos r cos r cos s s 7
Z Z 6 66 11 m m1 q l1 s 7
L H 6 7
~~ 6 c22 S00 cos 2 =Rr; s cos m r cos m1 r cos q sl s s 7
KFuug 6 1 7drds A:29
6 7
0 0
6 c55 S00 q Rr; s cos m r cos m r sin q s s
' 7
4 1 l1 s 5
c12 S00 cos m sin m r cos m1 r m1 cos m r sin m1 r cos q sl1 s s
2 3
c11 S00 m Rr; s sin m rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 s
6 c s =Rr; s cos r r cos s cos s 7
6 66 11 m l1 r q q1 7
6
Z L Z H 6 c S cos 2 =Rr; s cos r r cos s cos s 7
7
F~ g~ 6 22 00 m l1 r q q1 7
Kuu 6 7drds A:30
0 6 c55 S00 q q1 Rr; s cos m rl1 r r sin q s sin q1 s 7
0
6 7
6 S00 Rr; 0kuo Rr; LkuL cos m rl r r 1q q1 7
4 1 5
c12 S00 cos m sin m rl1 r r cos m rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 s
2 3
c11 S00 m m1 Rr; s sin m r sin m1 rls s cos q1 s
6 c66 S11 =Rr; s cos m r cos m r s cos q s 7
Z Z 6 1 ls 1 7
~~
L H 6 7
KfuuG 6 c22 S00 cos 2 =Rr; s cos m r cos m1 rls ss cos q1 s 7drds A:31
6 7
0 0 6 c S Rr; s cos r cos r s sin s 7
4 55 00 q1 m m1 ls q1 5
c12 S00 cos m sin m r cos m1 r m1 cos m r sin m1 rls s cos q1 s
2 3
c11 S00 m m1 Rr; s sin m r sin m1 rls sl1 s s
6 c S =Rr; s cos r cos r s s 7
Z Z 6 66 11 m m1 ls l1 s 7
L H 6 7
f~ g~ 6 c22 S00 cos 2 =Rr; s cos m r cos m1 rls sl s s 7
Kuu 6 1 7drds A:32
6 7
0 0
6 c55 S00 Rr; s cos m r cos m r' s' s 7
4 1 ls l1 s 5
c12 S00 cos m sin m r cos m1 r m1 cos m r sin m1 rls sl1 s s
2 3
c11 S00 m Rr; s sin m rl1 r rls s cos q1 s
6 7
6 c66 S11 =Rr; s cos m rl1 r rls s cos q1 s 7
6 7
Z LZ 6
H 6 c22 S00 cos =Rr; s cos m rl r rls s cos q1 s
2 7
~~ 7
fg
Kuu 6 1
7drds A:33
6 c S Rr; s cos r r' s sin s 7
0 0 6 55 00 q1 m l1 r ls q1 7
6 7
6 S00 Rr; 0kuo Rr; LkuL cos m rl r r 1q q1 7
4 1 5
c12 S00 cos m sin m rl1 r r cos m rl1 r rls s cos q1 s
2 3
c11 S00 m1 Rr; s' lr r sin m1 r cos q s cos q1 s
6 7
6 c66 S11 =Rr; slr r cos m1 r cos q s cos q1 s 7
6 7
Z LZ H 6 7
~~ 6 c22 S00 cos =Rr; slr r cos m1 r cos q s cos q1 s
2
7
fG
Kuu 6 7drds A:34
6 7
0 0 6 c55 S00 q q1 Rr; slr r cos m1 r sin q s sin q1 s 7
6 7
6 S00 Rr; 0kuo Rr; LkuL lr r cos m1 r 1q q1 7
4 5
'
c12 S00 cos lr r cos m1 r m1 lr r sin m1 r cos q s cos q1 s
2 3
c11 S00 m1 Rr; slr r sin m1 r cos q sl1 s s
6 c S =Rr; s r cos r cos s s 7
6 66 11 lr m1 q l1 s 7
Z Z 6 7
~
f g~
L H 6 c S cos 2 =Rr; s r cos m r cos q s s 7
Kuu 6 22 00 lr 1 l1 s 7drds A:35
6 7
0 0 6 ' 7
6 c55 S00 q Rr; slr r cos m1 r sin q s l1 s s 7
4 5
'
c12 S00 cos lr r cos m1 r m1 lr r sin m1 r cos q sl1 s s
2 3
c11 S00 Rr; slr rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 s
6 7
6 c66 S11 =Rr; slr rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 s 7
6 7
Z LZ 6
H 6 c22 S00 cos =Rr; slr rl r r cos q s cos q1 s
2 7
~~ 7
fg
Kuu 6 1
7drds A:36
6 c S Rr; slr rl1 r r sin q s sin q1 s 7
0 0 6 55 00 q q1 7
6 S Rr; 0k Rr; Lk r r 1q q1 7
6 00 uo uL lr l1 r 7
4 5
'
c12 S00 cos lr rl1 r r lr rl1 r r cos q s cos q1 s
Where
Z 2 i j Z 2 i j
d cos n d cos n d sin n d sin n
C ij d; Sij d
0 di dj 0 di dj
G. Jin et al. / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 89 (2014) 207221 221
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