Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DHARAMVEER SAINI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY,KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY,KURUKSHETRA
KEYWORDS:
SUBJECT: HISTORY
ABSTRACT : Jyotirao Phule was one of the foremost exponets of modern humanitarian thought in
India. Jyotirao had the courage to be inspired by modern thought. He was the first Indians to
fraternity, as proclaimed by the French Revolution, into the India way of thinking.
British Rule in India laid the foundation for western reforms, which deeply influenced Indian
intellectuals, the impact of which has lasted to this day. The reaction occurred in two ways one favaurable
and the other unfavaourbale. The favourable reaction gave birth to a tendancy towards introspection, which in
turn bred rationalism, scientific analysis, historical research, a desire for refer and a thirst for social and
cultural restoration. The tendency to criticize tradition increased with increasing hope for reforms. Several
great reformers were inspired by ambition to give a new direction to Indian society. Jyotirao Phule one of
them, who totally inspired by western Ideas. He was one the first Indians to fraternity, as proclaimed by French
1
Revolution, into way of thinking.
Jyotirao Phule was born in 1827. His father, Govindrao was a vesetable-vendor at poona. Originally
Jyotirao's family know as Gorhays, Come from Katgun, a village in the satara district of Maharashtra. His
grandfather Shatiba Gorhay settled down in poona. Since Jyotirao's father and two uncles served as florists
2
under last of the Peshwas, they came to be known as 'Phule'. Jotirao's mother passed away when he was
hardly one year old. After completing his primary education, Jotirao had to leave the school and help his father
3
by working on the family's farm. Jotirao's marriage was celebrated when he was not even thirteen.
The turning point in Jyotiba's life was in year 1848. His incident made him aware of the qualities of the caste
system, the predominant position of the Brahmins in the social setup. After this incident Jotirao made up his
mind to defy the caste system and serve the Shudras and women who were deprived of all their rights as
4
human beings under the caste system.
Jyotirao Phule remarkable influence was apparent in fields like education, agriculture, caste system, women
and widow upliftment and removal of untouchability. He is most known for his efforts to educate women and
the lower castes as well as the masses. For his flight to attain equal right for peasants, he is regarded as one of
5
the most important figures of the Social Reform Movement in Maharashtra.
In 1875, farmers from Ahmedabad, Pune, Satara, Sholapur rose in revolt against the money lenders who had
been defrauding the poor by making them sign bonds worth more than the loan advanced. The government
appointed a committee to investigate into the matter. On the committee's recommendation, the government
passed the Deccan Agricultural Relief Act, 1879 with view to improve relations between the money lenders
and the farmers/ there were provisions to ensure that the bonds were bonafide and the rights of the farmers
6
protected. Jyotirao's weekly 'Deenbandu' supported these regulations.
Man's primary needs are directed at the production of food and clothing. Hence, it is important for the farmer
community to he healthy and strong. Modern society has been built on the industrial revolution but it still
requires the support to its foundation from the farmer community. From this sociological standpoint Jotirao
wrote and published the book, Shetkaryacha Asood. While writing the book he would read out chapters from
1
. Daya Agarwal, Jotirao Phule, NBT, 1996, New Delhi, pp. 185.
2. R. Chandra, Aadunik Bharat Ka Dalit Aandolan, University Publication, New Delhi,
2003, p. 26.
3. Sharanabasappa. B. Ragi, "Mahatma Phule and Women's Emancipation" in
International Research Journal, Jaipur, 2009, p. 112.
4. Dhananjay Keer, The father of Indian social revolution, New Delhi, p. 17.
5. Daya Agarwal, Jotirao Phule, NBT, 1996, New Delhi, PP.3-4.
6. Ibid, P.29.
14
. S.R. Bakshi and Lipi Mahajan, Jotirao Phooley in Encyclopedic History of Indian Culture and
Religion, Vol. 5, Delhi, 2001, Deep and Deep Parkashan, p. 23.
15
. Gail Omvedti, Dalit Vision, New Delhi, pp. 35.
16. Rajender Vora, Two Strands of Indian liberalism : The Ideas of Rana Dafaand Phule,
Delhi, PP-55-58.
17. Ibid, pp. 56-57.
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KEYWORDS:
SUBJECT: HISTORY
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dkQh tks j idM+ fy;k Fkk A vc 7&8 o"kZ dh ckfydkvks a dk fookg gks u s yxk Fkk
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ukjh eq f Dr dk iz ' u dHkh Hkh egoiw . kZ LFkku u ik ldrk vkS j mUgs a lkekU; ekuo
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d 25
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-
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DEVELOPMENT IN HARYANA : A
HISTORICAL STUDY (1966-1991)
NEERAJ KUMAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY,KURUKSHETRAUNIVERSITY, KURKSHETRA
KEYWORDS:
SUBJECT: HISTORY
ABSTRACT : What is the present day Haryana which constituted the south-east part of the
Punjab before its formation 1966, remained one of the most backward and underdeveloped region
of Punjab, educationally, agriculturally, economically and from the natural resources point of
view.The present paper intenders to analyse the march of Haryana towards Development (1966-
1991).
Haryana came into existence on Ist November, 1966, on the recommendation of the Punjab
Boundary Commission.i The developmental parameterwise analysis and inferences are as follows:-
At the current prices the per capita income of Haryana at its inception was only Rs.608 which now
stands at Rs.4795 registering an increase of almost seven times. Haryanas grading amongest the state in per
capita income has also improved from 5th in 1966-67ii and 2nd at present during this time. This shows that
the economic condition of the state has shown a tremendous improvement in the last 20 years.iii
At the time of formation of Haryana there were only 4803 tractors in the state which increased 10313
tractor in 1990-91.iv The oil seed production has been an increase of 58% during this time. The foodgrain
production has more than trebled in the last 22 years from 25.92 lakh tones in 1966 to a record production of
82.60 lakh tones during the year 1990-91. There has been an increase of 8% in the foodgrain production this
year as compared to 1990-91.v
There were only 25311 tubewells and pumping sets in Haryana at the time of its formation and there
are as many as 445881 tubewells and pumping sets in the states at present. The percentage of net area
irrigated to the net area sown has gone up from 38% in 1966-67 to 70% in the year 1990-91.vi
The generation electricity has shown 123 times increase from 251 lakh KWH in 1966-67vii to 31206
lakh KWH in 1990-91. The per capita consumption of electricity has also increased from 49 KWH in 1966-67 to
289 KWH in 1990-91. This shows that in the field of generation and consumption of electricity, Haryana is one
of the foremost states in the country.viii
During the year 1966-67 there were only 4753 small scale industrial units in Haryana as compared to
86338 such unit in 1990-91, an increase of more than seventeen times. The number of large and medium
scale industries in the state has also increased from 162 to 292 during this period. The monetary value of the
goods produced by these industrial units has also gone up 24 times during the last twenty three years from
Rs.104 crores during the year 1966-67 to Rs.2590 crore in the year 1990-91. This shows that Haryana is doing
equally well as the industrial front also.ix
At the time of formation of Haryana the total length of roads in the state was 8187 kms. And the total
length of road in the state stands 22947 kms. Ending 1990-91. This is an increase of about two times.x
At the time of formation of Haryana literary rate of female, male and overall were 9.6%, 30% and
19.6% respectively, which have been increased to 22.27%, 48.20% and 36.14% respectively, during the time of
1990-91. The total number of school has vone up from 5779 in 1966-67 to 8382 at present. At the inception
of Haryana there were only 40 colleges in the state and now this strength has gone up to 114. As against one
University at the time of formation of Haryana, there are three Universities in the state now.xi
The budget of the sports Department has increased from 1.29 lakhs in 1966-67 to Rs.374.67 during
the year 1990-91 which amounts to an increase by 289 times.xii There were only 191 veterinary hospitals and
dispensaries in the state at the time of formation of Haryana and now this number has gone up to 926 which is
about 5 times of the initial number. The milk production at present stands at 2.6 times as compared to the
quantity produced in the year 1966-67.xiii
Haryana did not inherit any natural tourist sports worth the name. As far as the availability of
accommodation for the tourists is concerned, at the time formation of Haryana only two rooms and four beds
i
Techno-economic survey of Haryana 1970, National Council of Applied Economic Research,
New Delhi, P. 1.
ii
Statistical Abstracts of Haryana, 1966, P. 22.
iii
Statistical Abstracts of Haryana, 1991, p. 30.
iv
Statistical Abstracts of Haryana, 1966, p.121
v
Statistical Abstracts of Haryana, 1991, p. 118
vi
Ibd, p.92
vii
Statistical Abstracts of Haryana, 1966, p. 137
viii
Statistical Abstracts of Haryana, 1991, 9. 131
ix
Sukhbir Singh, Haryana: March towards development 1966-1989,Journal of Haryana
Studies, Vol. XX, 1988, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, p. 81
x
Statistical Abstract of Haryana, 1991, p. 293
xi
Ibid, p. 245
xii
Ibid, pp. 249-253
xiii
Sukhbir Singh, Op. Cit. p. 82
xiv
Ibid, P. 116.
xv
Ibid, P. 543
xvi
Statistical Abstracts of Haryana, 1966, p. 343
xvii
Statistical Abstracts of Haryana, 1991, p. 353
xviii
Sukhbir Singh, Op.Cit. p. 82
For the above reasons, micro teaching is very essential in B.Ed. training.
Thus, the utilization of micro teaching in the present scenario is vast, immense and it cant be denied at all.
DR. DUSHYANTNIMAVAT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN ENGLISH,INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION,GANDHINAGAR,
KEYWORDS:
SUBJECT: LANGUAGE
E.A.Baker wrote of historical novel differentiating the objective of a historian and a historical novelist.
To present and interpret facts is the historians business; to summon up a past epoch, to show men and
women alive in it and behaving as they must have behaved in the circumstances, is the labour and joy of the
genuine historical novelist.
History and historical novel are two different things and should not be mistaken for each other.
Historical novel is a branch of fiction. It is not history proper. It is based on history but the novelist recreates
history with the help of his imagination. In fact, history is a record of dry and often dull facts. The interest of
the historical novelist is not mere facts but genuine interest in human motives and human lives. The historians
main concern is to dig out the records of the past through in-depth research. In his search for truth and validity
of the records, he often misses the human interest and common man that are the focus of literature. History
can be thrilling in the hands of great historians like Macaulay or Gibbon. History becomes alive and thrilling
when human interest is added to it.
It is not easy to define historical novel as the words historical and novel are contradictory.
However, is can be defined as imaginative reconstruction of the past dealing with human life, human
character and life and manners of bygone age. Stoddard has said;
Fiction is the underlying basis of the novel; fact the underlying basis of history. The historical novel apparently
becomes a novel by virtue if departure from history, and in so far as it is a history, is less than perfect as a
history.
Leslie Stephen calls historical novel a literary hybrid as it is neither proper history nor proper fiction.
When there is dominance of history, fiction suffers and if fiction dominates, the element of history suffers. A
historical novelist represents the ways, manners and customs of the past in a vivid manner. Historical novel
must be differentiated from the historical romance. Walter Scott understood the difference between the two.
The historical romance is a fictitious narrative full of strange adventure happening in remote and distant lands.
It has no historical authenticity. In the historical novel, the historical background is real. In the historical
romances the emphasis is on action rather than characters. In a historical novel, there are historical characters
against the backdrop of history. It is a record of the life of an individual historical character in whose life and
action, we are interested.
The historical novelist must have fertile imagination that can recreate the past and make dry bones of
history throb with lie. He must be able to relive the past so that he can make the past alive and vivid for the
readers. History is a record of dull facts but the historical novelists with his fecund imagination makes it
interesting and living. The historical novelist, with his powerful imagination, breathes life into dull facts of
history. Some writers collect authentic data of history like researchers and then add colours of his imagination
to make the past look like present. The historical novelist must have the capacity of going back to past and
blow life into it. It is like parakayapravesh (entering some ones body).
The historical novelist often chooses remote periods of history in which he has wider scope for his
imagination. Here the element of fiction dominates history. Some writers choose periods of history that are
not distant. They study these periods and collect information about the ways and manners of the age. They
often aim at reviving the glory of the national past. However, a historical novelist is not a historian. He should
not distort facts of history but he can certainly employ his creativity and imagination to enliven the past events
and characters. He must also be free from prejudices. The true test of good historical novelist is that he
focuses more on characters than events. Very often the historical characters are relegated into the background
and characters invented by the writer occupy important place. A nominal hero or heroine may occupy the
place of importance in the novel. Historical characters should not be omitted altogether but they can be
subordinated to other characters invented by the writer.
REFERENCES:
-Comparative Literature Vol-1. Edited by K.M.George, Kerala SahityaAkademy, 1984. Macmillan India Ltd.
-Gujarati Sahitya No Itihas Vol-4. Gujarati SahityaParishad. Ahmedabad, 2005.
-The English Novel. Walter Allen, Penguin Books, 1954.
-History of English Literature .W.J.Long. Kalyani Publishers. New Delhi, 1997.
-Literary Essays. Dr. S.C.Mundra Prakash Book Depot. Bareilly (U.P), 1989.
DR. DUSHYANTNIMAVAT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN ENGLISH,INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TEACHER EDUCATION,GANDHINAGAR,
KEYWORDS:
SUBJECT: LANGUAGE
Recently, there is growing awareness about quality era of globalization, no country or society can remain
isolated. We are thrown into a globalized market where quality and excellence are the buzz-words. Maintain
quality and keeping abreast of modern needs are of crucial importance. Quality assurance and quality
sustenance are not only necessary but inevitable. Quality enhancement in higher educational institutions
becomes possible only if all stake holders understand their responsibilities and fulfill their duties with total
commitment and dedication. In a recent issue of 'India Today' on education, the problems that plague our
education totally have been highlighted. Even when we talk of excellence and total quality in education, the
scenario of our education is not at all heartening. Let us look at some of the data.
1. Out of ten students who pass secondary school education, only 1 enters college. The enrolment ration
in Indian higher education around 11% against 84% in the USA.
2. th
Our allocation of funds is still abysmally low. In 11 plan, we require spend 2,46,410 crore rupees by
only 77,933 crores have been allocated so far.
3. In among our 10 graduates of Humanities, only one is employable and only one out of four
engineering degree holders is employable.
4. NAAC Accreditation has proved that around 90% of the colleges and 70% universities do not rise up
to'NAAC standards excellence.
5. The most dismal picture is that of lack of teaching faculty in our colleges, universities and even IITS
and high-profile institutions. In Gujarat, many college and university departments are understaffed. Excellence
in education would remain a dream if this problem is not solved soon.
6. Our syllabi in universities are often outdated and not properly revised to suit current needs. Very
often it is like old wine in a new bottle. This kind of patchwork is really dangerous. Our board of studies must
study the curriculum taught in other Universities of the country and the other countries.
7. Bureaucracy and undue interference of the Government officials harms education beyond repair.
Autonomy in education is vital and teachers and educationist must take up their duties very seriously.
8. Commercialization of education is also a modem trend that would destroy the soul of education if it is
not checked in time. Privatization in education can help only if those who set up colleges and Universities are
really interested in education and not in just profit-making. Self-financed institutions must be governed by
certain rules and regulations.
9. Still today, lakhs of Indian students go abroad for further studies as we are unable to provide them
admission in higher education institutions in our own country. The rest of the brains are drained abroad and
around 7 million dollars are spent on education abroad by Indian students.
In our country, higher education seldom plays any important role in research and innovations. In countries like
the USA and other Western countries, majority of researches and scientific and technological inventions are
made by colleges and Universities. In our country, we prepare our students only for one annual examination.
Very often this examination is also a big hoax. Research and new innovations are the most neglected aspects in
our collages and even universities. Here in my paper, I wish to present my views regarding the scope for
research in colleges and departments both for the students as well as faculty.
First of all, we must prepare the students for basic research like surveys, studies, critical analysis etc. For
example commerce students can make surveys of local business potentialities, marketability of certain
products and prepare their reports. This would prepare them in using basic research tools like data collection,
analysis of data, forming conclusions etc. In the same way, arts students can make critical studies of certain
The students of Economics have ample scope for research and surveys. They can study rural agriculture,
cottage industries and small scale industries. They can also study the impact of growing facil ities of
transport and infrastructure on development of economy. The students of sociology also have large scope
for research related to changing dynamics of society like skewed gender ration. Thus, even at the college
and department levels, students can be involved in basic research. These projects, surveys and research
papers should be the part of syllabus and they should be allotted almost 50% of marks in examinations. It is
time that annual exam system is replaced by such innovative aspects that develop and evaluate the
students' critical, analytical faculties.
It is a glaring fact that the students can be trained in basic research tools if the teachers themselves are well-
equipped. Unfortunately in our higher educational institutions, classroom teaching was considered be-all and
end-all of education. In fact, the teachers of all subjects can undertake research in their subjects and certainly
bring about some worth-while result. Language teachers can make innovation in teaching methods and prepare
a report of their conclusions. Active involvement of students in teacher's research can serve two important
purposes. The teacher will be able to experiment in the class-room teaching and draw conclusion. The students
too will learn about the basic research tools form their teachers. It's not necessary that research always involves
some new invention or discovery. In fact, it is a systematic and analytical study of any given topic. It is a way of
looking at a thing from certain angle. This kind of exercise develops critical, analytical faculty of the researcher
and it is very necessary in higher education to develop critical and analytical bent of mind.
Now let us understand what is research and its process. Research can be defined to be search for knowledge or
any systematic investigation to establish facts. The primary purpose of applied research is to discover, interpret
and develop methodsand systems for the advancement of human knowledge on a wide variety of scientific
maters of our world and the universe. Scientific research relies on application of the scientific method.
Historical research is embodied in the scientific method.
The word research derives from the French 'recherche' witch means to search closely. Research generally
follows a certain structural process;
1. The formation of the topic
2. Hypotheses
3. Conceptual definitions
4. Operational definition
5. Collection of data
6. Analysis of data
7. Test, revising of hypotheses
8. Conclusions
The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge. It may take three main forms-explanatory
researches which structures and identifies new problems, constructive research which develops solutions to
the problem and empirical research which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence.
Research can also fall into two distinct types; primary and secondary. In social sciences and other disciplines
the following research methods are used- qualitative method and quantitative method.
Literary research involves the following process
1. Analyzing the problem
2. Developing a research strategy
3. Locating information
4. Using information
5. Synthesizing information
From the points discussed above, we can see that both the faculty as well as the students can be actively
involved in research even at the undergraduate level. Such research topics may be primary but it would expose
the students to understand basic research tools and process. For developing research attitude among teachers
Finally, we can say that quality enhancement is a collective effort and all stake holders-the Government, the
Management; the Principal, the faculty the students and parents should make collective efforts for quality
enhancement and quality sustenance. Research activities must be sponsored by the business houses, NGOs
and other funding agencies. In modern time, the word knowledge industry is used for educational
institutional. It means that it is the duty of these institutions to generate new knowledge. It is possible only
when all stake holders are actively involved in this exercise.
REFERENCES
-National Knowledge Commission Report and recommendations, 2011
-India Today Issue on education, Nov 2011.
-Wikipedia
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The objective of the present study is to examine and evaluate the working capital management of Rolcon
Engineering Company Ltd. and Elecon Engineering Company Ltd. Over a period of 5 years i.e., from 2007-08 to
2011-12.
1) To study the theoretical aspect of working capital management.
2) To access working capital position of RECL. And EECL. Particularly Cash, Account Receivables and
Inventory management.
3) To contrast working capital practices of RECL. And EECL.
4) To derived conclusion and Suggestions for future prospects.
METHODOLOGY
I have selected two engineering units for the study of working capital management in vitthal udhyognagar.
We will utilize secondary data from listed companies of Bombay Stock market to investigate the working
capital management of selected Eng. Companies for the purpose of this research. The sample includes the
companies of the Engineering sector. The most recent period for this investigation is 2007-08 to 2011-12.
The significant level in this study is 0.05 % on the basis of above stated T-test (Two-tail) the p value of current
assets turnover ratio is 0.30 %. Thus, from the above framed hypothesis the level at significant is more than
0.05 %. So, here the hypothesis (H1) alternative is accepted. Hence, from the above T-test table 1.1 we can say
that there is significant difference current assets turnover ratio of selected Eng. Companies in V.U.nagar.
2) Net Profit Ratio
Net profit is the excess of earnings over all the expenses. Not only cost of goods sold but, all kind of expenses
like administrative expenses, financial expenses, selling and distribution expenses are considered to arrive at
the expenses.
In this study the significant level of T-test (Two-tail) is 0.05%. The p value of Net Profit ratio is 0.81 %. Thus
from the above framed hypothesis the level at significant is more than 0.05% so, here the hypothesis (H1)
alternative hypothesis is accepted. There for, it is observed from the above T-test table 1.2 there is significant
difference Net profit ratio at selected Eng. Companies in V.U.nagar.
3) Current Ratio
This ratio expresses the relation of amount of current assets to the amount of current liabilities. Current assets
are twice the current liabilities is taken to represent a good solvency position. The object of keeping a margin
over current liabilities is to allow possible loss in conversion of some of the items of current assets. However,
each firm has to develop its own ratio from past experience and this only can be taken as a norm. The annually
current Ratio of the RECL and EECL over a period from 2007-08 to 2011-12.
Table-1.3
Current assets of RECL and EECL during the period from 2007-08 to 2011-12
Year Current Ratio of RECL Current Ratio of EECL
2007-08 1.65:1 0.88
2008-09 1.93:1 0.87
2009-10 1.83:1 0.92
2010-11 1.69:1 0.99
2011-12 1.85:1 0.86
Average 1.79:1 0.90
(Source: Annual Report of RECL and EECL)
Current Ratio =
The significant level in this study is 0.05 % on the basis of above stated T-test (Two-tail) the P value of current
ratio is 0 %. Thus, from the above framed hypothesis the level at significant is less than 0.05%. so, here the
hypothesis (H0) Null hypothesis is accepted. There for, it is observed from the above T-test table 1.3 we can
say that there is no significant difference current ratio of selected Eng. Companies in V.U.nagar.
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 25.514 3.88
Variance 51.97643 0.75255
Observations 5 5
Pooled Variance 26.36449
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
Df 8
t Stat 6.661885
P(T<=t) one-tail 0
t Critical one-tail 1.859548
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000159
t Critical two-tail 2.306004
In this study the significant level of T-test (Two-tail) is 0.05%. The p value of Stock turnover ratio is 0.00 %. Thus
from the above framed hypothesis the level at significant is less than 0.05% so, here the hypothesis (Ho) Null
hypothesis is accepted. Hence, it is observed from the above T-test table 1.4 there is no significant difference
in Net profit ratio at selected Eng. Companies in V.U.nagar.
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 7.374 1.968
Variance 1.39793 0.00867
Observations 5 5
Pooled Variance 0.7033
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
Df 8
t Stat 10.19238305
P(T<=t) one-tail 0
t Critical one-tail 1.859548033
P(T<=t) two-tail 0
t Critical two-tail 2.306004133
In this present study the significant level of T-test (Two-tail) is 0.05%.The p value of Debtors turnover ratio is 0.
%. Thus from the above framed hypothesis the level at significant is less than 0.05% so, here the hypothesis
(Ho) Null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, from the above T-test table 1.5 there is no significant difference
Debtors turnover ratio at selected Eng. Companies in V.U.nagar.
FINDINGS
1) This working capital is one of the most fundamental measures of companies financial strength. If the
company possesses a significant value of liquid assets, it can easily fund its day-to-day business obligations.
2) The current assets turnover ratio of EECL and RECL was 1.96 times and 2.36 times at an average. It
fluctuates in between 1.33 times and 2.75 times of EECL and 1.92 times and3.31 times of RECL during the
period from 2007-08 to 2011-12.
3) The current ratio of the companies EECL and RECL were 0.99 (2010-11), and 1.93 (2008-09)
respectively. These are the higher ratio of these two units. Which shows the good position and liquidity of the
companies affairs with an average ratio of EECL and RECL 0.90 and 1.79 during the period from 2007-08 to
2011-12.So the overall performances of the current ratio of the companies were excellent.
4) The debtors turnover ratio of EECL and RECL shows the fluctuating trends. This varies from low as
1.87 times in 2007-08 and 6.16 times in 2011-12 respectively, to as high 2.11 times in 2009-10 and 9.01 times
in 20008-09 respectively.
5) The stock turnover ratio of EECL and RECL was 3.88 and 25.51 times at an average. It fluctuates in
between 2.67 times and 5.08 times of EECL and 17.89 times and 35.15 times of RECL during the period from
2007-08 to 2011-12.
6) The net profit ratio of the EECL and RECL were 8.09 times (2007-08), and 11.34 times (2008-09)
respectively. These are the highest ratio of these two units. Which show the good position of the companies
affairs with an average ratio of EECL and RECL 6.58 times and 6.17 times during the period from 2007-08 to
2011-12. So, the overall performances of the net profit ratio of the companies were incredible.
SUGGESTIONS
1) The overall performance of working capital management of EECL and RECL were good during the
period from 2007-08 to 2011-12. The management of the EECL and RECL should try to maintain it.
3) EECL and RECL should plan to increase the creditors collection period so that its own investment can
be reduced.
4) The management of EECL and RECL has to take action to improve profitability by controlling /
minimizing the cost of production and by increasing the sales turnover of the companies.
5) EECL and RECL should start extending credit sales facilities also on favorable terms. Hence, this will
help boost sales and profit of the company.
REFERENCES
th
1. Agrawal, M.R., Financial Management Principles & Practice 9 Edition Garima Publications, Jaipur.
2. Bhalla, V.K., working capital management tax and cases, 2002 New Delhi.
th
3. Chandra, P., Financial Management, Theory and Practice, 7 Edition Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
company Limited, New Delhi.
4. Desai, Vasant, organization and management of small scale industries (1983).
5. Khan, M. Y. and jain, P.K, Financial Management text and problems, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
6. Kothari, C.R., Research Methodology Methods and Techniques(2004) Second Revised Edition, New
Delhi, New Age International (P) Limited.
th
7. Maheshwari, S.N., Financial Management, Principles & Practice, 11 Edition Sultan Chand & Sons,
New Delhi.
8. Pandey I.M., Financial Management, 9th Revised Edition, Vikas publishing House Pvt Ltd., New
Delhi.
JOURNALS AND ARTICLES
1. Indian articles of working capital management (2011). An analysis of working capital management
efficient of India Cements Ltd., Kala S. issue 219
WEBSITES
1. www.partnershipsummit.com
2. www.rolconengineering.com
3. www.moneycontrol.com
4. www.eleconengineering.com
NATIONAL INCOME
4.0 HYPOTHESES
The researcher formulated following null hypotheses:
1. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score of boys and girls towards
Microteaching with reference to the B.Ed. trainees.
2. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score towards Microteaching with reference
to the B.Ed. trainees of General stream and Science stream.
3. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score towards Microteaching among male
and female trainees from granted and self-financed B.Ed. colleges.
4. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score towards Microteaching among male
trainees from granted and self-financed B.Ed. colleges.
5. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score towards Microteaching among female
trainees from granted and self-financed B.Ed. colleges.
6. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score towards Microteaching among
trainees of general stream from granted and self-financed B.Ed. colleges.
7. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score towards Microteaching among
trainees of science stream from granted and self-financed B.Ed. colleges.
8. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score towards Microteaching among male
trainees of general stream from granted and self-financed B.Ed. colleges.
9. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score towards Microteaching among female
trainees of general stream from granted and self-financed B.Ed. colleges.
10. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score towards Microteaching among male
trainees of science stream from granted and self-financed B.Ed. colleges.
11. There would be no significant difference in the average attitude score towards Microteaching among
female trainees of science stream from granted and self-financed B.Ed. colleges.
10. TOOL
With a view to study the B.Ed. trainees' attitude towards Microteaching the researcher had constructed an
Attitude Scale based on Likert Method. It was used as a research tool. Every step of Likert method was
followed carefully during the construction of the tool. Reliability and validity were established for
standardization of the attitude scale.
REFERENCES:
1. Teaching Speaking, Jack C. Richards, Willy A. Renandya. Ed Methodology in Language Teaching: An
Anthology of. current practice CUP, 2002: 2.
2. Speaking, The TKT Course, CUP, 2005. Mary Spratt, Alan Pulverness and Melanie Williams: ed CUP,
2005: 34.
3. Elaine Tarone: Speaking in a Second Language- Handbook of Research in Second Language
Teaching and Learning, Lawrence Erlbaum Association, Inc, Publisheds, Edited by Eli Hinkel ed. , 2005 . : 486.
4. Kang Shumin, Factors to consider: Developing Adult EFL Students Speaking Abilities,, Jack C.
Richards, Willy A. Renandya. Ed Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of. Current practice CUP,
2002: 204.
T.R.Kansakar: Mother tongue influence on spoken English, A Course in English Phonetics, Orient
Blackswan Private Limited, 1998: 98.
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cetnlal AOr kuPp`a w me. 0k Svwavgt AOr mUlwUt A.tr yh wI hE ik dono. ApnI ApnI
piTnyo. se bce quce gehne wI ]trvalete hE| kuPp`a w [se bE.k me. igrvI rqne me. Jyada ihcikcah3 mhsUs
nhI. krte jb ik cetnlal n to m.glsU5 bec pate hE AOr n ]se rehn rqkr pEsa ]#vane me. sm4R hote
hE| hala ik iksI n iksI =p me. m<Tyu ka vr` dono. ne ikya hE| [ske bavjUd iS4ityo. se iwDne ka
ijtna bul.d hOsla kuPp`a me. idq{ deta hE| ]tna cetnlal me. nhI. idqa[ deta| cetnlal playnvad ke
Ai2k njdIk idqa{ dete hE| ]n dono. kI Aai4Rk dxaAo. me. 0k A.tr yh wI hE ik smaj ke ijtne
dbav kuPp` zelte hE ]tna tnav AOr dbav ko zelte hu0 pNnalal ne cetnlal ko ici5t nhI. ikya|
yid dono. khainyo. ke ixLp pr ivcar ikya jay to yh 0k bat saf tor pr ]wrkr samne AatI hE AOr
vh saf tor pr ]wrkr samne AatI hE AOr vh yh ik mOnI khanIke ixLp ka ivkas 2ImI git se hote
hu0 wI A.tt: 0k klaTmk ixLp me. pir`t hota hE| jb ik m.glsU5 me. k4ank kI git Ape9ak<t tIv/ hE
AOr Apne crm tk phu>cte phu>cte khanI ka A.t klaTmkta ke ixqr pr ]tnI ma5a me. nhI. ijtnI
ma5a me. mOnI ke k4ank klaTmk bnkr ]wrta hE| mOnI khanI ke nayk p/ityogI ke =p me. wI APp`a
w,gu=jI,gopalkMtI, m# ke mh.t Aaid pa5 Aate hE| leikn m.glsU5 me. [s trh ka iv2an nhI. idqa{
deta| yh j=rI hE ik manvIy wavuKta sik/y rhtI hE|
in*k8Rt: yh kha ja skta hE ik dono. hI rcnakar ApnI ApnI wa8a ke mURNy k4akar hE dono hI
ne ApnI ApnI rcnaAo. me Apne yug kI samaijk sCca{yo. ka ic5` ikya hE,jo p/ay: ivclnkarI hotI
hE| dono. ka Apna vEix*y hE jo ]nkI rcnaAo. me. p/k3 huAa hE| dono. kI wa8a0> Alg Alg hE leikn
lgta hE ik manvIy ddR pID_a ke p/it sman p/kar kI ghrI s.vedna hE|
DR. CHETNA SHAH, Librarian, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open Uni. Ahmedabad
KEYWORDS: Social Networking Sites, Academic Libraries, Technologies, Service Delivery, Social networking,
academic libraries, student outreach, Facebook, Twitter, Second Life, blogs, wikis
Social Networking sites are one of the new technologies offering libraries the opportunity to reach out to its
clients. The use of this platform has affected the operations and service delivery of all organizations. Based on
this fact most International University Libraries have attached a link of a social networking site to their librarys
web pages, same cannot be said of most Indian University Libraries. The idea of having a social networking site
linked to a University librarys web page is to enable patrons have a live discussion with a professional on
issues pertaining to the use of the library and also allow the libraries to advertise their programs and activities.
A descriptive survey research was conducted to establish the possibility of linking a social networking site to
the librarys web page. This article provides a snapshot on the use of social networking in academic libraries
through a thorough review of the available literature and an examination of the libraries presence on the
most popular social networking sites. It also provides help for academic libraries wishing to implement social
networking.
Introduction:
In the past few years, libraries have begun to examine the possibilities available to them
through social networking sites like Twitter and Facebook as a tool for library awareness and marketing. As
Facebook has come to dominate the social networking site arena, more libraries have created their own library
pages on Facebook to create library awareness and to function as a marketing tool. This has spurred a large
number of how-to articles about the uses for Facebook in libraries as well as research about how librarians and
libraries use Facebook. The Oxford English Dictionary defines social networking as the use or establishment of
social networks or connections; the use of Web sites which enable users to interact with one another, find and
contact people with common interests, etc. (Social Networking, 2010). The varied social networking tools
are increasingly used by individuals of all ages but are especially popular among young people and college
students. Due to high use among these two groups, many academic librarians advocate using these new social
Web platforms to reach out to student populations (Farkas, 2007a; Farkas, 2007b; Mathews, 2006, Mathews,
2007a; Milstein, 2009). Online social networking by academic libraries is not, however, without controversy.
We can see the impact of ICT in every walk of life. Everyone needs information pinpointed and timely that is
possible with the help of LIS professionals. People can access information easily by themselves in ICT
environment but how to use and utilize that information can be guided by LIS professionals. User prefers social
networking sites or Facebook to access information as it reduces physical strain, save the time; they are able to
complete the work within time, minimize expenses and keep accuracy. Foremost challenge before the library
and information science professionals is to face the needs of the user in current ICT environment and to
provide access to all relevant information and integrated it on networked across the world.
This paper examines reported versus actual use of Facebook in libraries to identify discrepancies between
intended goals and actual use. The use of Facebook in libraries, is used as a guide to gauge the perceived and
actual uses for Facebook in this study.
Popular Social Networking Web sites
Though an array of comprehensive social networking Web sites exists, the most common sites are Facebook
and MySpace. MySpace has approximately 70 million users in the United States but has recently experienced a
decline in the number of users compared to Facebook (Arango, 2009). According to comScore marketing data,
* The primary function of any library is to acquire, store and disseminate the
information, in the same way facebook also explores the information variously.
* Facebook helps students or research scholar to develop practical research skills that
they need in a world where knowledge construction and dissemination make
increasing use of online information network.
* Facebook works as a tool to mobilize library services among younger generation of
LIS Professionals.
* Similarly as to get aware of the users about new arrivals library have make notices, in
the same way facebook also shows new information in the form of notification.
* The faculty of Library and Information Science may get share information with their
students on SNS, Face book that will help to embark their wide knowledge to the
students community outside the classroom.
* Facebook can work as a tool for interaction among the students and teachers.
* The popularity of social networking sites is increasing among the educated people
It is clear from the above table that Face book was the most often used Social networking site among younger
students with 50%, Twitter was the second most used SNS with 26.67%, LinkedIn recite in third position
having 20%,Orkut with 2% and Yahoo was in fifth position with 1.33%.
References:
1 Tom Adamich, The Faceboook Effect on FDLP Communication Documents to the
People 36, no. 2 [2008]: 2932;
2 Amanda Clay Powers, June Schmidt, and Clay Hill, Why Cant We Be Friends? The
MSU Libraries Find Friends on Facebook, Mississippi Libraries 72, no. 1 [2008]: 35.
3 Melanie Chu and Yvonne Nalani Meulemans, The Problems and Potential of
MySpace and Facebook Usage in Academic Libraries., Internet Reference Services
Quarterly 13, no. 1 [2007]: 8084.
4 D. Hendrix and others, Use of Facebook in Academic Health Sciences Libraries,
Journal of the Medical Library Association 97, no. 1 [2009]: 4447.
5 Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S.M., Waechter, N, & Espinoza, G. [2008] Online and
Offline social networks :use of social networking sits. Sites by emerging adults. Journal
of applied Development Psychology, Vol 29 No6, pp420-433.
6 Zakaria, M.H. Watson, J& Edwards, S.L. [2010] Investigating the use of web 2.0
technology by Malayasin students. Multicultural Education and Technology journal,
Vol 4 No1, pp12-29.
The Panchayat Raj Institutions are meant for the development of democracy and peoples
participation in the governance. Decentralization is the source of Village Panchayats. During the freedom
struggle the village Panchayats have played to awaken the people to launch massive mass movements. Series
of debates were held in the constitutional assembly for strengthening of villages. Gandhi right from the Gaya
Congress had stressed the need for the strengthening of the village level democracy. Same was opined by
M.N. Roy who has argued for Kana system. Jawaharlal Nehru has visualized the butiful healthy villages to
provide fresh life to the people of India. Dr. Ambedkar in the Constitute Assembly has declared the villages
should be strengthened for the decentralization of powers from centre to village. Several suggestions have
been made by different members in constituent assembly for the maintenance of village level democracy.
Gandhijis plan for Grama Swaraj has been discussed widely in the constituent assembly.
INTRODUCTION:
The freedom fighters have launched a movement to free India from the bondage. Along with the
freedom struggle they have prepared an agenda on which they have to work. The prime work of this agenda is
village movement. What is village movement? Simply the village movement is nothing but the development of
villages on all fronts. So they felt that it is necessary that the village administration should be strengthened at
any cost. The congress was very keen for the strengthening of villages under Panchayat Raj system.
In the beginning, they appeared to be largely strategic; later on, the socio-economic and political-
philosophical dimensions became more explicit. The salient features of Gandhian political thought are well
known. However, for a better appreciation of the ideology of Panchayat raj, it may be necessary to have a
closer look at what J.C. Kumarappa called The Village Movement. In the Hind Swaraj, Gandhiji instituted a
sharp comparison between the Indian civilization, and the western civilization.
Marxists, liberal socialists, liberals, etc. could hardly be expected to share this perspective fully.
Many persons in the Congress and elsewhere, pre-occupied with the more immediate problems of national
struggle, the day-to-day problems of political organization and social and economic reform, were unable to
adjust their sights to the deepest intimations of the philosophy of non-violence.
REFERENCE:
1. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation, Bombay: Oxford, 1972,
2. S.R. Maheswari Local Government in India, Agra: Laxmi Narayan Agarwal Publications 1970.
3. Pyarelal, Towards, New Horizons, Ahmedabad : Navjivan, 1959, emphasis added.
4. Malviya. Village Panchayats in India, All India Congress Committee, New Delhi 1956.
5. Shriman Narayan, Principles of Gandhian Planning, Allahabad: Kitab Mahal, 1960.
6. B.N. Rau, Indias Constitution in the Making, B. Shiva Rao (Ed) New Delhi: Orient Longmans, 1960,
Emphasis added.
7. Panchayat Raj An Analytical Survey, M. Shiviah, National Institute of Community Development,
Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad.
INTRODUCTION:
Co-operatives are organized group of people and jointly managed and democratically controlled enterprises.
The purpose and objectives of co-operatives provide the framework for co-operative corporate governance.
Co-operative governance is therefore about ensuring co-operative relevance and performance by connecting
members, management and employees to the policy, strategy and decision making process.
Co-operative banks has successfully completed more than five decades of success to the state of Rajasthan in
general and to the rural and farming community in particular. The banks was established to provide short term
agriculture loan for agricultural, rural development, non-agricultural loans, employment oriented schemes and
short term loans.
At present there are 29 District Central Co-operative banks (DCCBS) operating in Rajasthan whose activities
are regulated and supervised by Rajasthan State Co-operative Bank (Apex Bank).
HR policies and practices are one of the important source of competitive advantage among banks. To compete
successfully in this competitive era banks continually improving their performance by improving HR policies
and practices. Many researches have proved that the HR policies and practices have a positive relationship
with employees efficiency. There are several factors which affect an employees efficiency but present study
focuses on the relationship between recruitment & selection and employees performance. The purpose of
this study is to evaluate the role of recruitment selection policies in district central cooperative banks.
An effective approach to recruitment and selection can help an organization to maximize the competitive
advantages by choosing the best pool of candidates quickly and cost efficiently (Kleiman, 2005). But successful
recruitment and selection can be costly and time-consuming. Still, recruitment and selection is crucial for a
business, because unsuccessful recruitment and selection can be responsible for the failure of the business
(Ahmed, Tabassum & Hossain, 2006).
DEFINITION OF RECRUITMENT:
Recruitment is the process of attracting prospective employees and stimulating them for
applying job in an organization.
Recruitment is the process of hiring the right kinds of candidates on the right job.
METHODS OF RECRUITMENT:
There are various methods of recruitment but for the sake of simplicity, they have been categorized under two
broad headings.
Internal Recruitment
External Recruitment
SELECTION:
Selection is the process of picking individuals who have relevant qualifications to fill jobs in an organization.
Selection is much more than just choosing the best candidate. It is an attempt to strike a happy balance
between what the applicant can and wants to do and what the organization requires.
IMPORTANCE OF SELECTION:
Selecting the right employees is important for three main reasons: performance, costs and legal obligations.
Performance: At first, our own performance depends in part of our own subordinates. Employees with right
skills will do a better job for any company and for the owner. Employees without these requisite skills or who
are abrasive would not perform effectively and the company performance will suffer to a great extent. So
there is a time to screen out undesirables and to choose the better and perfect candidate that can effectively
contribute to company success.
Cost: Second, it is important because it is costly to recruit and hire employees so cost-benefit ratio have to be
considered while hiring of employees in order to avoid any unnecessary wastage of money and the valuable
resources .The total cost of hiring a manager could easily be 10 times as high as once one add search fees,
interviewing time, reference checking, and travel and moving expenses.
Legal Obligations: Thirdly it is important because of the two legal implications of incompetent hiring. Firstly
equal employment law requires nondiscriminatory selection procedures for selected groups. Secondly, courts
will find the employer liable when employees with criminal records or other problems use access to
customers homes to commit crimes. Lawyers call hiring workers with such backgrounds, without proper
safeguards, negligent hiring. So the negligent hiring highlights the need to think through
what the job human requirements are. So in order to avoid the concept of negligent hiring, it is necessary to
make a systematic effort in order to gain relevant information about the applicant and verify all the
documentation.
Once the human resource planning is complete, the next step is to acquire personnel necessary to ensure the
continued operation of the organization. In the absence of scientific recruitment and selection procedure, the
management of any organization may fall to select the right man with the right skills for development, doing
the right job, in the right environment. Moreover, the employees must have faith in the system of recruitment
and selection. Recruitment provides the opportunity to cater to changing needs of people by either
repositioning current employees or injecting fresh blood into the organizational veins.
The main sources of recruitment is newspaper advertisement but in cooperative organization, information in
respect of vacant posts is conveyed through the system of circular to the State Employment Exchange which
receives a restricted distribution. Thus in the absence of a wide publicity of vacant posts , the service in
cooperative banks is easily available to the persons known to the top and middle executives.
Internal promotion can be a good practice if merit is not sacrificed. Similarly , recruiting like-minded people
can become a bad practice if it leads to organizational behaviour where diversity is resented. Cooperative
banks typically apply precise and rigorous guidelines to admit members but do not show the same
commitment when it comes to recruiting people, despite the fact that hiring decision involves enormous costs
when one takes into account the recruitment costs, training costs, salary and benefit over the tenure of
employees and replacement cost.
Deputation of Government officers to hold the key posts in cooperative banks is a widely prevalent practice.
This practice is consequence upon the dependence of cooperative banks on the government for financial and
managerial assistance. The practice of deputation affects the banks employees in certain respect, particularly,
the promotion prospects at the higher echelons. Further the cooperative banks, unlike commercial banks, have
local identity and the image and have strong banks with local community. Cooperative banks prefer to recruit
local candidate particularly for managerial cadre post due to the fact that they are well adjusted to the local
environment.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Recruitment is nothing but the process of searching the candidates for employment and then stimulating them
for jobs in the organization. It is the activity that links the employees and the job seekers. It is also defined as
the process of finding and attracting capable applicants for employment. It is the pool of applicants from which
the new employees are selected. It can also be defined as a process to discover sources of manpower to meet
Jovanovic (2004) said recruitment is a process of attracting a pool of high quality applicants so as to select the
best among them. For this reason, top performing companies devoted considerable resources and energy to
creating high quality selection systems.
The scope of study is limited to employees of District Central Cooperative Banks in Southern Rajasthan. This
research has mainly focused on the study of the Recruitment & Selection policies of district central co-
operative bank in Rajasthan and its impact on their employee efficiency.
To study policies and practices of recruitments and selection in District Central Co-operative banks.
To find out the sources of recruitment in District Central Co-operative banks.
To find out the problems related to recruitment and selection in District Central Co-operative banks.
FINDINGS:
The existing recruitment process of banks is good but it has some shortcomings that is being Covered in
recommendations and on overall the recruitment department has pressure on it.
The ratio of selected candidates to joining candidates is quite effective and highest in number as the
employees being selected are also of the view that they are analyzed properly and effectively.
CONCLUSION:
On the basis of the findings of the study investigation, the following conclusions can be drawn. As District
central cooperative Bank is giving more emphasize on external sources of recruitment, it is getting the
freedom of choosing from a wide range of diverse candidates (Mathis & Jackson, 2005). Political forces and
personal biases can be eliminated by such recruitment policies (Fisher, Schoenfeldt & Shaw, 2004). But as
internal recruitment is less costly and time consuming compared to external recruitment, Bank should try to
balance between internal and external recruitment based on the type of the job, availability of time and
financial conditions. To increase the employee retention,
Bank can use employee referral for recruitment purpose. Promotion and transfer will ensure the career
development focus of Basic Bank and at the same time it will help to improve the employee morale (Mathis &
Jackson, 2005). A drawback of cooperative banks is that they are not able to attract professionally qualified
candidate because of the poor salary structure. The only way to attract professionals would be when
compensation needs to be internally consistent and externally competitive.
At present , the pace of recruitment in Indian cooperative banking sector has slowed down and for a long time
, there has been almost negligible recruitment. The recruitment of persons in cooperative banks assumes
special importance because, apart from being competent on the special jobs, they must also be well versed in
human dealings and public relations.
1. Ahmed, J. U., Tabassum, A. & Hossain, T. (2006) Human Resource Management Practices: A Case Study of
the Supply Chain Department of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Sri Lankan Journal of Management, 11: 1
2. Fisher, C. D., Schoenfeldt, L. F. & Shaw, J. B. (2004) Human Resources Management,
New Delhi: Biztantra.
3.Jovanovic, Boyan (2004), Selection and the evolution of industry. Econometrica, 50(3): 649-670
4.Wanous, J.P., and Reichers, A.E. (2000). New employee orientation Programs. Human Resource Management
Review, 10, 435-451.
5.Shikha N. Khera (2010) Human Resource Practices and Their Impact on Employees Productivity- A
Perceptual Analysis of Private, Public and Foreign Bank Employees in India, DSM Business Review, Vol2, No 1 (
June 2010 )
Cambell J.P.- Personnel Training and Development, Annual Review of Psychology. Vol 22, No 1
Prabhu Nath Prasad N- Banking, Sultan Chand &Sons.
Laud G. M.(1992)-Cooperative Banking in India Himalaya publishing House, Bombay 1992, p-B86.
www.hrmbusiness.com
Abstract:
st
In 21 centaury expanding of knowledge, quality improvement in education is not essential but
inevitable. We can not improve quality in education enough because quality depends upon lots of factors.
So all factors which relevant to quality play a significant role. Through the paper we want to discuss here
some points related quality improvement of education in Indian context.
Preface:
Education for all formula has been accepted by our country. Educational person easily understand the
problem of society and nation, and play important role to solve it. To develop a democratic Value, to
develop more Scientific Attitude of Society, understanding and solving problem of society and nation,
st
quality in education is required. In 21 centaury expanding of knowledge, quality improvement in
education is not essential but inevitable. Lets us discuss about some points, they will be helpful in quality
improving in education.
Quality:
Quality has been the driving force behind all human endeavors.
Quality is a unifying force; it provides a unity of purpose in the school.
Quality generally signifies the degree of excellence.
Quality depends upon our sincerity of purposes, our vision and conviction to do our duties.
In the simplest form, quality may be defined as quest for perfection.
Quality is a multi faceted context .It encompasses how learning is organized and managed, what
the concept of learning is, what level of learning is achieved, what it leads to in term of outcomes and
what goes on in the learning environment.
Quality of Education:
Quality of education may be defined as its effectiveness in achieving its objectives. Some objectives are
as under:
Development of the child as a good learner.
Development of the child as a good person.
Development of the child as a good citizen.
Development of the child as a good worker.
In short objectives of education are to develop a child in to a self reliant and self dependant and
nurture him /her physically, mentally and socially.
Teachers:
Teachers influenced for learning of students not only through the classroom -teaching, but also through
their own personality behavior, attitude, etc. Some characteristics and skills of Teachers related to quality
are as under.
Teachers Improvement:
New educational policy has laid adequate emphasis on need for Teacher improvement in
educational processes. Including efficiency, knowledge, skills, competencies etc. Therefore Teachers
efficiency, teachers knowledge, teachers skill and competencies are responsible for quality.
Professional Development:
Professional development, continuing education and collegiality are important for quality.
Personal competencies:
Personal vision: - Personal awareness, imagination, conscience, Independent will.
Personal Leadership: - security, wisdom, power, guidance.
Personal management: - Time management, self management, and long term organizing, weekly
organizing.
Students:
Students related to quality are as under-
Health of students:
We can not improve quality of education if we fail to attend a medical need of students.
Poverty:
Impact of poverty on students lives to ensure conditions that make it possible for teacher to
teach and student to learn.
We will not be able to greatly improve quality of education until we find way to reduce family
poverty of student.
Types of students-learners:
Students Need:
Students need teacher, who hold high expectation for their learning, regardless of how they are
doing now.
Students need teacher who can engage them academically by building on what they know and
what interest them.
Students need teachers who can relate to their families and communities, and read them as well
as their families in culturally accurate ways.
Students need teachers who can envision them as constructive participants in a multi cultural
democracy.
Quality learners:
Quality learners according to UNESCO are learners who are healthy and supported in learning by
their families and communities.
Poor health is one of the factors that contribute to absenteeism and irregular attendance in
schools.
st
Prepare autonomous learner for 21 century:
Five special capacities that are required to build in education system for nurturing the students,
they are research and inquiry, creativity and innovation, use of high technology, inter preneurial ability
and moral leadership.
Conclusion:
After discussing the all above point in short we can say that if we fulfill our duty for education reforms.
Community understand problem of education and give positive support for education reform. We can not
improve quality in education enough because quality depends upon lots of factor. So all factors which
relevant to quality play a significant role. If we neglect some factors, we can not do quality improvement
in education or quality improvement at school level also. Quality and exce llence do not happen
accidentally, hard work in right direction is needed to achieve it.
References:
Barbara Levin. (2008). Investigating the content and sources of teacher- candidates personal practical
theories, Journal of teacher Education, 59 (1) 55-68.
Block, A. A. (2008). Why should I be a teacher? Journal of Teacher Education , 59(5), 416-427.
Christine, Sleeter. (2008).an invitation to support diverse students through teacher education, Journal of
Teacher Education, 59(3), 212-219
Joshi, H.O., Learning style, a UN published article, Rajkot: Saurashtra University, 1999.
Jyothi, T.N. (2007). Status of in-service teacher education: need for quality improvement .GYAN-The
Journal of Education. 3(2) 4(1), 42-47.
Niladri, Pradhan. (2007).Primary Education in India: The Quality Panorama in the global context. GYAN-
The Journal of Education, 3 (2) & 4(1), 76-79
Pandey, S. Para Teachers and Quality concern in Primary Education: the Indian Dilemma. Published
article, university news, NCERT: New Delhi, April 2005, Vol. No. 43 P.12-20
At present due to Globalization and Competition there is constant growth in use of information and
communication technology in business to support the exchange of data information within and between
organizations. New technologies have provided new business opportunities and operations.
E-Accounting is new development in field of accounting. In an electronic accounting system, source documents
and accounting records exist in digital form instead of on paper.
It further discusses the factors influencing small and medium-sized accounting agencies to adopt E-Accounting.
The paper focuses on adoption model developed by Iacovou (1995). The model includes four factors as
determinants of adoption: perceived benefits, organizational readiness, external pressure and trust.
This paper is based on a initial review of the literature about E-Accounting and provides a brief summary of the
theoretical part of the study. It also focuses on concept, definition, uses, benefits, limitations, problems and
prospects of E-Accounting as well as E-Accounting model comprehensively. It also provides brief outline of
adoption and impact of E-Accounting.
Introduction
Accounting plays a crucial role in the success or failure of business organizations. Accounting Systems are
responsible for recording, analyzing, monitoring and evaluating the financial conditions of organizations or
companies, preparation of documents necessary for tax purposes, providing information to support the many
other organizational functions such as production, marketing, human resource management and strategic
planning.
At present due to Globalization and Competition there is constant growth in use of information and
communication technology in business to support the exchange of data information within and between
organizations.
In order to survive, organizations need updated, accurate and timely accounting information. Without such a
system it will be very difficult for organizations to determine performance, identify customer and supplier
account balances and forecast future performance of the organization.
The primary purpose of an accounting information system (AIS) is the collection and recording of data and
information regarding events that have an economic impact upon organizations and the maintenance,
processing and communication of such information to internal and external stakeholders (Stefanou, 2006).
Prior to advent of Personal Computers, business were limited to manual methods for keeping track of financial
data. According to Tavakolian (1995), the manual accounting systems consisted of paper ledgers, typewriters
and calculators. Typewriters were used to type invoices and cheques, and all calculations were performed
using calculators. However, with this system it was possible for errors to be introduced into the data since they
could go undetected for quite some time.
The Accounting Industry changed with the arrival of personal computers. New technologies, like the Internet
and Mobile Solutions, have provided new business opportunities and operations.
Figure - 1
EDI Impact
Impact of E-
Accounting
E-
RESEARCH MATRIX: INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH 69
AAAAAAcc
ounting
RESEARCH PAPER Volume 1/Issue 6/JAN 2014/ISSN 2321-7073
Figure - 2
E-Accounting Adoption Model
According to the Accounting Board (2000) the use of automation will lead to a more efficient and reliable
accounting as well as reduce the costs of accounting. These are, however, only perceived benefits and the
obtained benefits might differ. As the benefits of and E-Accounting system are not widely known or visible, it
feels useful and interesting to make a further investigation on the subject. Also, the perceived benefits of non-
adopters and adopters of E-Accounting may differ, as the non-adopters are expected to describe what they
think will be the future, potential benefits, but the adopters are assumed to be more precise about the actual
benefits.
E Accounting Uses
Accounts payable
Job costing
Payroll
Accounts receivable
Facilitate future planning and growth
Financial write-up and reporting
Bank and account reconciliations
Quarterly tax reporting
Compliance reporting
Tax return preparation
Internal financial consultant
Establish the control system
Inform those concerned of financial condition
Supply the business with adequate information
Maintain contact with government agencies, bankers, etc.
E-Accounting Benefits
E-Accounting facilitates timely, accurate accounting and financial information which is crucial and very
important for the organizations in this competitive world. Through E-Accounting all the interested parties can
easily access and well equipped themselves regarding the financial position of the organizations, from any
geographical location. E-Accounting helps organizations to keep their financial data in up to date and
systematic format in a safe, secure environment, allowing real time access to authorized users, irrespective of
their location.
The main benefit of E-Accounting can be listed below:
1. Up to date information is available to interested parties at their fingertips.
2. Quicker business decisions can be taken due better information.
3. No problems with employee turnover, vacations and absenteeism.
4. In the case of critical crises only accounting function needs attention.
5. Facilitates in future planning and growth.
6. All the organizations are in safe mode due to back up facility and server.
7. At most useful and very economical to provide details, data and service to large number of clients and
for Government, Income Tax, Sales Tax, Excise and Customs Departments
8. It provides a flexible and easily comprehensible business solution, akin to the manual accounting
system, which mimics the human train of thought, while optimizing advances in technology.
9. It benefits the businesses to grow their business in cost effective manner.
10. No need of hiring/training expertise accounting and payroll staffs.
11. No communication gap and difficulties between the accountant and business owner or organization.
12. No need to upgrade software and annual updates from client side.
13. Cost saving on office space (rent for additional offices).
14. Helps in establishing strong control system.
15. Internal audit can be done frequently with ease and mistakes and frauds can be detected.
16. It is multi-user and multi-site access and has a single or multiple shared databases.
Problems of E- Accounting
1. A network connection (usually Internet access) with computer software is required to send and
receive changes. That is, internet dependence makes it more difficult to work offline.
3. Those who practice and adopt E- Accounting must have sound accounting as well as computer
knowledge. Accounting transactions are classified, recorded and interpreted according to principles, so
insufficient knowledge of accounts and accounting software may lead to false or misappropriate accounts.
4. Data security may be a problem as all the data is in a server and it is protected thorough passwords
and secret codes only and that can be changed or hacked.
5. High speed broadband internet connections are required in E-Accounting which may increase
organizations cost.
6. The investment and implementation costs needed to handle the accounting process electronically
may thus fell too high in small enterprises compared to the benefits achieved. This may be an important
problem in adoption of E- Accounting.
From the above limitations, it is clear that today, where information can be compromised and distributed,
assurance is needed to safeguard the information and datas of the organizations globally. Being Professionals,
Accounting Boards and Bodies must ensure service integrity, observe professional ethics and generate trust
and confidence in the client for striking a lasting business relationship.
Future Prospects
A globally future prospect of E-Accounting is very bright. Those who teach do not know practice and those who
practice accounting do not know how to teach it. This has been the main reason responsible for slow
development of accounting education and practice. For effective and efficient adoption and implementation of
E-Accounting, accounting education and practice both are of vital importance.
The idea of paperless accounting is adopted worldwide. At present in world no-codes concept in accounting
software is introduce which is widely acceptable. Nowadays the mission of the software companies is to
provide a flexible and easily comprehensible business solution, akin to the manual accounting system, which
mimics the human train of thought, while optimizing advances in technology.
So, future perspective of E-Accounting is very bright and in coming year adaption and implementation of E-
Accounting may be statutory by the accounting bodies to make it universally acceptable.
Conclusion
E-Accounting or Online Accounting is new development in field of accounting. All the organizations attach a lot
of importance to financial information by employing well educated and professionals to handle their
accounting information. Organizations put in place accounting softwares to generate their financial
information. This has tendency to reduce cost, enhance clerical works, and provide sufficient space to store
data and process information for management decision in a timely manner. All major organizations and
institutions at national and international level are in the favour of E-Accounting.
Four main factors perceived benefits, organizational readiness, external pressure and trust that could explain
the E-Accounting adoption behavior and the expected impact of technology.
Although data security, speed of broadband, internet connection, generators, connectivity, appropriate
softwares etc. are the basic problems related with E-Accounting, National and International accounting bodies
and boards globally will ensure uniformity, service integrity, and professional ethics and generate confidence
to adopt and implement E- Accounting efficiently and smoothly.
References
Benita Gullkvist, Adoption and Impact of E-Accounting, Benita.gullkvist@puv.fi, pp.536-544.
Bodnar, G.H. & Hopwood, W.S. 2001. Accounting Information Systems. 8th ed. New Jersey : Prentice Hall Inc.pp.411, 426-427.
Chwelos,P., Benbasat, I. & Dexter, A.S. 2001. Empirical Test of an EDI Adoption Model. Infornation Systems Research. Vol. 12. No. 3, 304-
321.
Hotch, R. (1992), Accounting: Financial Software, Nations Business, March 1992, pp. 46.
Iacovou, C.L., Benbasat, I. & Dexter, A.S. 1995. Electronic Data Interchange and Small Organizations: Adoption and Impact of Technology,
MIS Quarterly. Vol. 19. No. 4, pp. 465-485.
Preston, A., (1993), Accounting Gets New Look: Vendors Cultivate Windows Packages, PC Week, May 1993, pp. 97.
Rezaee, Z., Elam, R. & Sharbatigblie, A. 2001, Continuous Auditing: The Audit of the Future Managerial Auditing Journal.Vol.16. No. 3,
150-158.
Rezaee, Z., Ford, W.F. & Elam, R. 2000. The Role of Internal Auditors in a Real-Time Accounting System: The Internal Auditor, April, vol.57,
62-67.
Stefanou,C.,(2006), The Complexity and the Research Area of AIS, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 19(1), pp. 9-12.
Tavakolian, H, (1995), PC Based Financial Software: Emerging Options, Industrial Management & Data Systems, 95(10), pp. 19-24.
In this study, conducted in the region of Saurashtra University Rajkot, Gujarat state, the
investigator tried to find out the Attitude towards Teaching of trainee teachers and found that there is
significant difference in the Attitude toward Teaching with respect to sex, faculty, category and type of
institute.
Introduction:
Herbert Spencer was one of the earliest psychologists to employ this term. Derived from the Latin
word Aptus it has on one hand the significance of fitness or connotes a subjective or mental state of
preparation of action. On the other hand, and attitude is an effective byproduct of an individuals experience
and has its base in inner urges, acquired habits and environmental influences by which and individual is
surrounded. In other words the attitude is a result of personal desires and group stimulation. It is the part of
individuals personality. But, an individual will be affected by the attitude and behavior of the groups with
which he is associated.
The attitude is concept of belief. One does or does not favor a particular object. One accepts some
path or rejects it. All these beliefs, favorableness and acceptance are the expressions of an attitude.
Definition of attitude:
Travers (1973) defined attitude, as An attitude is a readiness to respond in such a way that behavior
is given a certain direction.
Harriman (1950) States that An attitude is defined as a mental set to respond to a situation with a
proper reaction where as sets may be temporary matters, attitudes are more or less stable.
Walter (1950) an attitude means mental or neural state of readiness organized through experience,
expecting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individuals response to all objects and situations with
which it is treated.
The main function of the teacher is to create learning environment in the class. An effective teacher
can create the environment that motivates the students. Also he creates proper climate of learning in the
class-room. The professional efficiency of teacher depends on many factors of which attitude are regarded as
an important one. The teacher with favorable attitude toward his profession is likely to have more professional
efficiency than that with unfavorable attitude.
Therefore the researcher wants to study attitude towards teaching profession of trainee teachers.
Objectives:
(1)To Compare the Attitude towards teaching of male and female trainee teachers.
(2) To Compare the Attitude towards teaching of training of trainee teachers belonging to Arts and Science
faculty. (3) To Compare the Attitude towards teaching of trainee teacher belonging to open class category and
backward class category. (4) To compare the Attitude towards teaching of trainee teacher belonging to Aided
colleges and Non-Aided colleges.
Null Hypothesis:
(1) There is no significant mean difference in Attitude towards teaching of male and female trainee
teachers. (2) There is no significant mean difference in Attitude towards teaching of trainee teachers belonging
to Arts and Science faculty. (3) There is no significant mean difference in Attitude towards teaching of trainee
teachers belonging to open class category and backward class category. (4) There is no significant mean
difference in Attitude towards teaching of trainee teachers belonging to Aided colleges and Non-Aided
colleges.
Sample:
For the study, 878 trainee teachers were randomly selected from three aided and three non-aided
teacher training colleges, belonging to Saurashtra University Rajkot, Gujarat.
Tool:
To measure Attitude towards teaching, Teacher Attitude inventory, developed by,
Dr. S.P. Ahluwaliya was used The inventory was developed on the line of Likert, consists of 90 items. For Each
Statement five alternatives, strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strong disagree, were give. The
coefficient of reliability of the inventory was 0.70.
Procedure:
Teacher Attitude Inventory was administered to the selected sample by the investigator. All the
necessary instructions were given to trainees before the administration of the scale. Trainees were asked to
responses to all the items of the scale. The responses were scored with the help of manual. The trainee
teacher were then classified into the different groups.
Result and Discussion:
The data were analyzed in term of means, standard deviation and mean difference
Table 1: Comparison between Male and Female trainee teacher with respect to the Attitude toward
teaching.
Variable Male Trainee Teachers Female Trainee Teachers
t=Value Level of
(N=457) (N=221)
significance
Attitude
Mean S.D. Mean S.D
towards
273.01 25.46 289.5 10.61 11.88 Significant
teaching
From table-1, it is found that, t-value=11.88 is significant at 0.0f level. Hence the null hypothesis (1) is
rejected. It is concluded that there is significant difference in the attitude towards teaching of male and female
trainee teachers.
From table-2, it is found that , t-value=7.07 is significant at 0.05 level. Hence the null hypothesis (2) is
rejected, It is concluded that there is significant difference in the attitude toward teaching of trainee teachers
belonging to Arts and Science faculty.
Table 2 : Comparison between trainee teachers belonging to Arts and Science Faculty with respect
to Attitude Towards teaching
Trainee Teachers belonging Trainee Teachers belonging
Level of
Variable to Arts Faculty (N=448) to Science Faculty(N=230) t=Value
significance
Means S.D Mean S.D
Attitude
towards 276.0 29.70 262.0 21.21 7.07 Significant
teaching
Table 3 : Comparison of the Attitude towards teaching of trainee teachers belonging to open class
category and backward class category.
Trainee Teachers belonging Trainee Teachers belonging Level of
Variable t=Value
to open class category to backward class category significance
From table-3, it is found that, t-value=11.66 is significant at 0.0.5 level. Hence the null hypothesis (3)
is rejected. It is Concluded that there is significant difference in the attitude towards teaching of trainee
teachers belonging to open class category and backward class category.
Table 4 Comparison of the Attitude towards teaching of trainee teachers belonging to aided and non-aided
teacher training institutes.
Trainee Teachers of aided Trainee Teachers non-aided
Level of
Variable institute (N=233) institute (N=500) t=Value
significance
Means S.D Mean S.D
Attitude
towards 282.5 19.74 265.0 14.14 12.01 Significant
teaching
From table -4, it is found that, t-values=12.08 is significant at 0.05. lever. hence the null hypothesis (4)
is rejected. It is concluded that there is significant difference in the attitude towards teaching of trainee
teachers belonging to aided and non-aided teacher training institutes.
References:
nd
(1) Anne Anastasi (1961) Psychological Testing (2 . ed) The Macmillan Company. NewYork. (2) Arthur
Aron, Elaine N. Aron (1999). Statistics for Psychology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. (3)Best J. W and James V. kann
th
(2004). Research in Education (7 . ed.) Prentice Hall of India New Delhi. (4) Buch, M.B. (1997). Fifth Survey of
Research In Education. New Delhi: N.C.E.R.T. (5) Evans K.M (1965) Attitudes And Interests In Education
th
Routledge and Kegan paul Limited, Landon. (6) Garret henry, E. Satistics In Psychology and Education. (10
ed.). Bombay: Vakils Feffer And Simouns Ltd. (7) Robert, L. Ebel., David, A. Frsbie. (1991). Essentials of
Educational Measurements. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. Pvt. Ltd.
Major INDIAs libraries and their users are trending towards a much greater desire for metadata and content
that is nimble and agile, that can be combined with other items locally, and that can integrated with
courseware systems, desktop scholars toolkits, and local archives. Aggregations dictated by publishers (and
libraries) the so-called data silos -- are very valuable but increasingly they are no sufficient to our needs if
that is the only context in which that content can be accessed. The realities of the local service needs and the
growing ambitions of users mean that we need more streamlined, flexible, time-saving, and interactive access
than we currently enjoy. Advances in local institutional repositories, our growing ambitions for digital curation,
and the developing dialogue between libraries and their users concerning open access scholarship, all argue
for richer aggregation, integration, and control than we now have over the bulk of our digital library holdings.
Library Trends
Over the past two years I have had the opportunity to visit many academic libraries and observe the work they
are currently doing as they integrate digital holdings, tools, and techniques into their preservation, access, and
user service activities. The trends I discuss here are neither necessarily equal in importance, nor uniform in the
attention and resources we afford them; however, they do seem to be significant enough to enumerate and
put up for general consideration, even though this means a lack of specificity in my treatment of any one of
them.
Malleability: We need the data that resides on publisher and library sites to be much easier for us to re-shape
for local customized delivery and analysis. We need to match the delivery format with the immediate needs
and location of our users.
Management: We need the ability for a library to build local services that allow users to interact richly across
vendors. Publishers could do much to help libraries be data aggregation services for the libraries customers.
Multiplicity: PDA, wireless, ebook, text-to-speech, and print-on-demand are all here or coming, and content
that cannot go there will increasingly underachieve.
Mixability: too often we invite our users to visit sites and watch content channels (a passive use, rather like
TV); sometimes their needs are better served by the ability to sample, re-use and re-package perhaps to form
a personal library, or a classroom presentation (rather like the music mix that takes pieces from lots of CDs and
creates a new
compilation).
Mass: we need more content, and more innovative use will drive more creation.
Conclusion:
The transformation from isolation to integration is our central challenge and opportunity, with some
enormous payoffs when we get it right. Innovative users and library services providers need malleable content
with which to engage and innovate; it is not sufficient simply to offer the current fragmented set of websites
defined by publishers, aggregators, or
libraries as the only way to access our rich, standardized, and re-purposeable content.
References:
MR.DHAVALKUMAR G. THAKAR
Assi.Professor, HKM College of Management Studies, Himatnagar
KEYWORDS:
SUBJECT: MANAGEMENT
ABSTRACT
If technological revolution is at its peak, one of the notable sectors of the economy where technology is at it
helm of affairs with respect to customer service is BANKING. Over the years, banking has transcended from a
traditional brick-and mortar model of customers queuing for services in the banks to modern day banking
where banks can be reached at any point for their services. Today, banks have welcomed wireless and mobile
technology into their boardroom to offer their customers the freedom to pay bills, planning payments while
stuck in traffic jams, to receive updates on the various marketing efforts while present at a party to provide
more personal and intimate relationships. This paper examines the various opportunities and challenges in the
Indias banking context.
Adoption of tele-banking as well as Internet banking has received research attention in recent years. Much of
the existing research in electronic banking services has adopted an organizational perspective or a distribution
channel perspective. Consumers using these services have been focus in a large body of current research,
nevertheless customer behavior in mobile banking context have remained rather uncharted territory.
According to S.K. Rogers (2000) the perceived innovation characteristics are supposed to provide the
framework how potential adopters perceive an innovation. Research that has investigated the product
characteristics of innovation has generally endorsed evaluating the innovation along the product
characteristics that involve five constructs; relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and
observability. Concept of perceived risk is often included as augmented by Bauer (1960). Particularly in banking
services the perceived risk associated with the financial product itself as well as with electronic delivery
channel is higher than in basic consumer goods, and hence increasing the importance of this attribute of
innovation. Ensuring security and confidentiality are the fundamental prerequisites before any banking activity
involving sensitive information can take place.
Objectives of the Study
The objective of the present study is to consider the concept of mobile banking, as well as examine the various
opportunities and challenges related to the same in the Indian context. In addition, the paper also examines
the
future functionalities in mobile banking.
The following aspects need to be addressed to offer a secure infrastructure for financial transaction over
wireless network :
Authentication of the device with service provider before initiating a transaction. This would ensure
that unauthorized devices are not connected to perform financial transactions.
User ID / Password authentication of banks customer.
Encryption of the data being transmitted over the air.
Encryption of the data that will be stored in device for later / off-line analysis by the customer.
Application distribution
Due to the nature of the connectivity between bank and its customers, it would be impractical to expect
customers to regularly visit banks or connect to a web site for regular upgrade of their mobile banking
applicati-
on. It will be expected that the mobile application itself check the upgrades and updates and download
necessary patches (so called "Over The Air" updates). However, there could be many issues to implement this
approach such as upgrade / synchronization of other dependent components.
Conclusion:
Overall, the positive perceptions of mobile banking in the daily lives of account holders are an encouraging sign
of the potential of mobile money for expanding the financial inclusion of large numbers of households in India.
This lack of awareness raises the need for more creative strategies for reaching out to the account holders in
India and elsewhere. This alone will ensure their financial inclusion. In line with the global industries move in
acquiring the latest advanced technology to stay ahead of competitors, banks throughout the world and India
have notably been moving in the same direction. Evidently, Mobile banking is considered a new era in banking,
in which banks are spending considerable amount of money to have it available to their customers and to cut
their operations costs. Unfortunately, evidences have shown that a large number of customers do not use
Mobile banking for various reasons, despite its benefits.
References
Vaidya (2011): Emerging Trends on Functional Utilization of Mobile Banking in Developed Markets in Next 3-4
Years
Tiwari, Rajnish and Buse, Stephan: The Mobile Commerce Prospects: A Strategic Analysis of Opportunities in
the Banking Sector, Hamburg University Press (E-Book as PDF to be downloaded)s
Owens, John and Anna Bantug-Herrera (2012): Catching the Technology Wave: Mobile Phone Banking and
Text-A-Payment in the India.
Ovum Analyst Research, European Retail Banking Investment Strategies (2013): [3]
TheHimalayanTimes:http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Dollar+at+historic+high&Ne
wsID=381744
Mohr, J. 2011. Marketing of high-technology products and innovations. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
K. Taga and J. Karlsson, Arthur D. Little Global M-Payment Report. Austria, Vienna, 2012.
Kim, Y. 2005. Estimation of Consumer Preferences on New Telecommunications Services:IMT-2000 Service in
Korea. Information Economics and Policy 17 (1): 7384.
DR.DURGA PADHIYAR
R.H.&V.T. KOTAK KANYA VINAY MANDIR-RAJKOT
KEYWORDS:
SUBJECT: EDUCATION
The scope of philosophy of education is confined to the field of education. Thus, it is philosophy in the field of
education. The scope of philosophy of education is concerned with the problems of education.
The above mentioned problems constitute the scope of philosophy of education and explain its nature. Thus,
the scope of philosophy of education includes following.
Education critically evaluates the different aims and ideals of education. These aims and ideals have been
prorogated by various philosophers in different times. They are character building, man making,harmonious
human development, preparation for adult life, -development of citizenship, -utilization of leisure, training for
civic life, training for international living, achieving social and national integration, -scientific and technological
development, education for all, equalizing educational opportunities, strengthening democratic political order
and human source development. These and other aims of education presented by educational thinkers in
different times and climes are scrutinized and evaluated. Thus, philosophy of education critically evaluates
different aims and ideals of education to arrive at.
A philosophical picture of human nature is a result of the synthesis of the facts borrowed from all the human
science with the values discussed in different normative, sciences. The philosophical picture, therefore, is more
broad as compared to the picture of man drawn by biology, sociology, psychology, economics and
anthropology and other human science.
3) Relationship of education and various area of national life and various components of the system of
education:-
One of the most important contributions of the philosophy of education to the cause of education is the
provision of criteria for deciding the relationship of state and education, economic system and education,
curriculum, school organization and management, discipline etc. These problems have led to the evaluation of
different philosophies of education.The criteria of judgment everywhere are determined by philosophy,
therefore, philosophy of education provides the criteria for critical evaluation and judgment in these fields.
4) Educational Values:-
Value is typically a philosophical subject since it is more abstract,integral and universal. Philosophy-of
education not only critically evaluates the values but also systematizes them in a hierarchy. Educational values
A philosophical picture of human nature is a result of the synthesis of the facts borrowed from all the human
science with the values discussed in different normative, sciences. The philosophical picture, therefore, is more
broad as compared to the picture of man drawn by biology, sociology, psychology, economics and
anthropology and other human science.
6) Theory of Knowledge:-
Education is related to knowledge. It is determined by the source, limits, criteria and means of knowledge. The
discussion of all these falls within the jurisdiction of epistemology, one of the branches of philosophy,
therefore, an important area of the functioning of philosophy of education is related to theory of knowledge.
Philosophy of education is one of the areas of applied philosophy. Thereare three branches of philosophy
namely 'metaphysics, epistemology and axiology.
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that investigates principles of reality transcending those of any
particular science. It is concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world. Metaphysics
is the study of the nature of things. Metaphysicians ask what kinds of things exist, and what they are like. They
reason about such things as whether or not people have free will, in what sense abstract objects can be said to
exist, and how it is that brains are able to generate minds. Axiology: the branch of philosophical enquiry that
explores: o Aesthetics: the study of basic philosophical questions about art and beauty. Sometimes philosophy
of art is used to describe only questions about art, with "aesthetics" the more general term. Likewise
"aesthetics" sometimes applied even more broadly than to "philosophy of beauty" :to the "sublime," to
humour, to the frightening--to any of the responses we might expect works of art or entertainment to elicit. o
Ethics: the study of what makes actions right or wrong, and of how theories of right action can be applied to
special moral problems. Subdisciplines include meta-ethics, value theory, theory of conduct, and applied
ethics. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. It attempts to answer the basic
question: what distinguishes true (adequate) knowledge from false (inadequate) knowledge? Practically, this
question translates into issues of scientific methodology: how can one develop theories or models that are
better than competing theories? It also forms one of the pillars of the new sciences of cognition, which
developed from the information processing approach to psychology, and from artificial intelligence, as an
attempt to develop computer programs that mimic a human's capacity to use knowledge in an intelligent way.
When we look at the history of epistemology, we can discern a clear trend, in spite of the confusion of many
seemingly contradictory positions. The first theories of knowledge stressed its absolute, permanent character,
whereas the later theories put the emphasis on its relativity or situation-dependence, its continuous
development or evolution, and its active interference with the world and its subjects and objects. The whole
trend moves from a static, passive view of knowledge towards a more and more adaptive and active one. As
you can tell, the different branches of philosophy overlap one another. A philosopher considering whether
people ought to give excess wealth to the poor is asking an ethical question. However, his investigations might
lead him to wonder whether or not standards of right and wrong are built into the fabric of the universe,
which is a metaphysical question. If he claims that people are justified in taking a particular stance on that
question, he is making at least a tacit epistemological claim. At every step in his reasoning, he will want to
employ logic to minimize the chance of being led into error by the great complexity and obscurity of the
questions. He may very well look to some of the ethical, metaphysical,and epistemological writings of past
philosophers to see how his brightest predecessors reasoned about the matter. Aspects of each branch of
philosophy can be studied in isolation, but philosophical questions have a way of leading to other philosophical
questions, to the point that a full investigation of any particular problem is likely eventually to involve almost
the whole of the philosophical enterprise.One view on education believes or subscribes to the view that
philosophy of education comes under the umbrella of axiology. As a branch of philosophy it utilizes
DR.DURGA PADHIYAR
R.H.&V.T. KOTAK KANYA VINAY MANDIR-RAJKOT
KEYWORDS:
SUBJECT: EDUCATION
The most challenging aspect of being a teacher is that there is no set mold on the types of students in a single
class. A class of twenty students will likely have twenty different personalities at twenty different places
academically. What are one students strengths will be another student's weakness and vise versa.
This is extremely challenging for even the most effective teachers. It is difficult to reach all students with a
single approach; thus the finest teachers are excellent at differentiating instruction. It is essential that teachers
use the beginning of the school year to figure out individual students strength and weaknesses. This can be
done through interest inventories, personality surveys, and benchmark assessments.
Although having an array of personalities and academic strengths and weaknesses can be challenging it is also
what keeps the profession exciting and challenging. If all students were the same it would be a terribly boring
job. Students have primary differences in several different areas in both personality and academics. There are
many combinations of two, especially in the area of personality. Here, we examine several common
personality traits that you are likely to see in just about any classroom.
Classroom Personalities
Bully Bullies typically pick on students who either cannot or will not defend themselves. Bullies themselves
are often exceeding insecure people who prey on weaker individuals. There are physical, verbal, and cyber
bullies. Most students will not stand up for students who are being bullied for fear of repercussions.
Class Clown Every classroom has one or several students who believe it is their job to keep the remainder of
the class entertained. These students love the attention and make it their primary goal to get laughs. This
often gets these students into trouble and they are referred to office often.
Clueless These students do not understand social cues or sarcasm. They can be easy targets for bullies,
especially verbal bullying. They are often referred to as blonde or air heads. Their typically laid back and
easy going.
Motivated A motivated student is often a extremely hard worker with specific goals that they are trying to
achieve. They may or may not be naturally smart, but they can typically overcome any learning issue through
hard work. Teachers love to have motivated students because they are eager to learn, asks questions, and do
anything to reach their goals.
Natural Leader The natural leader is someone whom everyone looks up too. They are typically tremendously
enthusiastic, well liked, and well rounded individuals. They often do not even realize that other people look up
to them. Natural leaders often lead by example, but have the unique ability to get people to listen to them
when they do speak.
Nerd Typically, nerds have above average intelligence. They are often seen as different or quirky and are
physically immature for their age. This makes them targets for bullies. They have unique interests compared to
their peers and are often fixated on those interests.
Organized These students are almost always prepared for class. They seldom forget to complete
homework and bring what they need to class. Their locker or desk is exceptionally neat and orderly. They are
always on time and ready to learn when class begins. They do not forget deadlines, are adept at staying on
task, and managing their time.
Pot Stirrer A pot stirrer loves to create drama without being in the center of the situation. They look for little
pieces of information that they can use to turn one student against another. These students are master
manipulators even changing up the story to ensure that there is drama. They understand what buttons to push
and are excellent at doing that.
Quiet as a Mouse These students are often shy and/or withdrawn. They only have a few friends and those
friends are also typically quiet. They are never in trouble, but they rarely participate in classroom discussions.
SUBJECT: EDUCATION
Abstract
The Higher Education System suffer from lack of capacity as well as from of quality. We have talked
about the expansion plans in the preceding paragraphs but, equally or rather more worrisome aspect is the
fast growing Institutes, Deemed to be Universities and state Universities. No Wonder there is a wide spread
concern about the employability of such highly qualified individuals who lack the required skills needs for the
Job. What has the system done? It has brought up the level of educated unemployed. This is accompanied by
social tension and disharmony due to the widening gap between the expectations and achievements of the
highly qualified but unemployed youth. They seem to be getting into crime of Civil and Criminal nature.
As the young people constitute a significant part of the population in India, there is a growing need to
integrate them with mainstream development or the nation . The picture of growing weakness of these young
people to suicides, depression, drug abuse, violence, declined value system, Stressful Competitions,
Materialism and Crimes is painful. To remove these ugly blots from the picture, the young people of today
require a special training and skills to solve the mysteries of life enthusiastically. There is also a strong need to
relate the education with the sensible aspect of life where a student can be skillfully made responsible for
his/her behavior of actions. The present study tries to awaken the educational system for Life Centered
Education so that the right type of training and Skill can be enhanced via Life Skill Paradigm. The relevance of
life skills is that it provides the ways to be used for better understanding of our self and our surrounding to
solve lifes trickiest and conflicting situations. The inclusion of life skills paradigm in educational streams has
the capability to relive the todays youth from the clutches of negativity, which is impairing the development
of our nation.
Introduction
As the young people constitute a significant part of the population in India, there is a growing need to
integrate them with mainstream development or the nation . The picture of growing weakness of these young
people to suicides, depression, drug abuse, violence, declined value system, Stressful Competitions,
Materialism and Crimes is painful. To remove these ugly blots from the picture, the young people of today
require a special training and skills to solve the mysteries of life enthusiastically. There is also a strong need to
relate the education with the sensible aspect of life where a student can be skillfully made responsible for
his/her behavior of actions. The present study tries to awaken the educational system for Life Centered
Education so that the right type of training and Skill can be enhanced via Life Skill Paradigm. The relevance of
life skills is that it provides the ways to be used for better understanding of our self and our surrounding to
solve lifes trickiest and conflicting situations. The inclusion of life skills paradigm in educational streams has
the capability to relive the todays youth from the clutches of negativity, which is impairing the development
of our nation.
Abraham Maslow (1970), in his discourse on a hierarchy of human needs, stressed that belongingness is an
essential and pre-requisite human need that has to be met before one could ever achieve a sense of self-
worth. The five levels of need identified by Maslow are
Physiological
Safety/Security
Belongingness/ Social Affiliation
Self Esteem
SELF ACTUALIZATION
Pursue Inner Talent ,
Creativity, Fulfillment
SELF-ESTEEM
Achievement, Mastery,
BELONGING Respect
Recognition, LOVE
Friend, Family
SAFETY
Organize
R Plan
E Execute
Implement
V
IS Evaluate
E
Feedback
Successful Completion
Repeat till
the desired
Fig. 2 Life Skills Paradigm outcomes
Planning
The planning step of life skills paradigm includes specific activities to be followed, the nature of these
activities to be observed, the space of these activities individual or group, determination of the length of each
activity period, deciding about the tools to be used in making the observation and recording etc. It involves:
Selecting a course of action
Selecting target group
Identifying their problems/issues/concerns
Setting objectives to solve these problems
Selecting programs/ activities based on life skills
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats) analysis of the programme
Selecting resources in terms of physical as well as human
Anticipating the future and discovering alternative course of action open to the programme.
Organization
References
Brolin, D. E. (1980). Life centered career education : a competency based approach(Third edition). Reston, VA:
The Council of Exceptional Children. http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9216/life.html
Darnee, P. W. (2003). Community abnd school cooperation for life skills training of drug addicated secondary
school student of Thailand. Ph. D. Dissertation, Panjab University, Chandigarh.
Life Skills approach in Armenia (2000). http://www.unicef.org/teachers/forum/index
Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.
Maslow, A. (1987). Motivation and personality. Third edition. New York, Harper Collins, pp. 293
Narayanan, S. (2003). Life Skills-Master key to employment. In Employment Newspaper, 8-14, Nov. 2003,India.
Rao, U. N. B. (2003). From Adolescents to Achievers. In Employment Newspaper,8-14, Now. 2003, India
UNICEF (2002). http://www.unicef.org/programme/lifeskills/whatwhy/define.html
Wolman, R. (2001). Thinking with your soul: Spiritual intelligence and why it matters. New York: Harmony
Books, pp.288.
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