DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF

VARIOUS MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS

A
THESIS
submitted
In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
ENGINEERING
(ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION)

Supervisor Co- Supervisor Submitted By:

Prof. M. C. GOVIL Dr. M. M. SHARMA JITENDRA KUMAR DEEGWAL
HEAD CSE DEPT. DEPT. OF ECE Enrollment No.: SGVU101805037
MNIT JAIPUR MNIT JAIPUR

SURESH GYAN VIHAR UNIVERSITY

MAHAL, JAGATPURA, JAIPUR
INDIA 302025

JULY, 2015
 Candidates Declaration
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Thesis, entitled

Design and Performance Evaluation of Various Microstrip Antennas is my own

work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material

previously published or written by another person nor material which has been

accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other

institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the

text.

It is certified that the comments given by experts in DRC have been suitably

incorporated (under the advice of my supervisors) in the draft thesis.

It is also certified that I have taken course work of one semester at Department of

Electronics and Communications Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur,

Rajasthan, India.

Place: Jaipur Signature:

Date: Name: Jitendra Kumar Deegwal

Reg. No.: RS/SGVU/DeRes/Engg/12/22

Enrollment No.: SGVU101805037

Counter Singed by

Prof. M. C. Govil Dr. M. M. Sharma

(Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor)

ii
 Supervisors Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled Design and Performance Evaluation of

Various Microstrip Antennas submitted by Mr. Jitendra Kumar Deegwal to the

Suresh Gyan Vihar University towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering (Electronics and

Communication) is a Bonafide record of the work carried out by him under our

supervision and guidance.

It is certified that the comments given by experts in DRC have been suitably

incorporated (under our supervision) in the draft thesis.

It is also certified that the candidate Mr. Jitendra Kumar Deegwal have attended the

course work of one semester at Department of Electronics and Communications

Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

Prof. M. C. Govil
(Supervisor)

Dr. M. M. Sharma
(Co-Supervisor)
Place: Jaipur

Signature of Dean Research

Suresh Gyan Vihar University

iii
 DRC
We certified that the work presented by Mr. Jitendra Kumar Deegwal is up to the

standard of Suresh Gyan Vihar University. The scholar has presented his research

work before DRC on ..We are of the opinion that the candidate

may be permitted to submit his thesis entitled Design and Performance Evaluation

of Various Microstrip Antennas in Engineering (Electronics and Communication).

Dean Research Subject Expert Co- Supervisor Supervisor

iv
 Thesis Approval
This is to certify that research work embodied in this entitled Design and

Performance Evaluation of Various Microstrip Antennas was carried out by

Mr. Jitendra Kumar Deegwal, Reg. No.: RS/SGVU/DeRes/Engg/12/22 is approved

for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the faculty of Engineering

(Electronics and Communication) by Suresh Gyan Vihar University.

Date:

Place: Jaipur

Signature of External Examiner Signature of Dean-Research

_________________________ ________________________

(Designation) (With Seal)

Signature of Internal Examiner

_________________________

(Designation)

v
 Acknowledgement
I feel relieved as I write these words. However, it would have not been possible
without active support of my supervisors, members of DRC, friends and colleagues. I
extend my gratitude to each of them and feel indebted.
First, I heartily express my appreciation and deep gratitude to my supervisors,
Prof. M. C. Govil, Head of Department, Computer Science and Engineering, MNIT,
Jaipur and Dr. M. M. Sharma, Associate Professor, Electronics and Communication
Engineering, MNIT, Jaipur for their valuable guidance, inspiration, encouragement
and unconditional support without which this thesis would have been a dream.
I thank all the members of DRC and Dean (Research), Dr. Gaurav Sharma for
their help, timely guidance and support.
I extend my heartily thanks to Prof. S.K. Koul, IIT Delhi and
Prof. Deepak Bhatnagar, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur for providing me the
necessary facilities required for measurement of antenna characteristics. Without their
help, it would have not been possible to verify the theoretical analysis and design of
antennas.
I feel highly obliged to Dr. C. P. Gupta of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
and Dr. D. N. Vyas, Principal, MLVTEC, Bhilwara for their valuable comments and
enlightening suggestions that helped me in writing this thesis.
I am thankful to my colleagues especially to Mr. Ashok Kumar, Assistant
Professor, Government Women Engineering College, Ajmer for his help, moral
support, keen interest and valuable suggestions during mu research work.
Last but not least, I wish to record most affectionately and with great
indebtedness, patience and understanding shown by my wife Shashikala and sons
Dohit and Manan in bearing the gross negligence during the entire period of my
research work. Their enthusiastic welcome, unconditional love and affection kept
renewing my spirit.

Date: Mr. Jitendra Kumar Deegwal

Place: Jaipur

vi
 Abstract
Communication systems are generally classified as narrow band and wideband
systems. Wideband communication systems are further categorized as broadband and
ultra-wideband (UWB). Rapid growth in UWB technology is attributed to release of
unlienced frequency band 3.1 to 10.6 GHz by the Federal Communication
Commissions (FCC). Wireless communication systems comprises many subsystems,
the antennas is the most essential and integral part at both transmitter and reciever
end.
With the developments in mobile and wireless communications systems, need for
compact size and wide impedance bandwidth antennas has been felt and planar
antennas established their suitability due to various inherent advantages. This has
been motivated us to explore the field of planar antennas and propose new structures
suitable for varios wireless and mobile applications. The work in this thesis focuses
on design, simulation and experimental analysis of various new or modified structures
for broadband and wideband (i.e., UWB) planar antennas with and without notched
stop bands.
In this work, we have proposed two broadband antennas structures based on
circular geometry - CPW-fed parasitically-loaded circular monopole antenna and
microstrip line-fed printed circular patch antenna with two parasitic stubs. The
impedance bandwidth of the proposed antennas is enhance through the bandwidth
enhancement techniques such as the straight slits in the radiating patch geometry and
parasitic stubs in the ground plane. It has been demonstrated that these antennas are
suitable for broadband applications and provide good characterisc behaviour.
The work is extended to design antenna structures for UWB application. The
thesis presents modified form of rectangular and circular planar antennas, which are
fed by microstrip line. Impedance bandwidth is enhanced using coupled resonators
such as slots, beveling edges, slits etc. on the patch surface or on the ground plane.
The chapter 4 presents new antenna structures based on rectangular shape - ultra-
wideband truncated rectangular monopole antenna with and without band-notched
characteristics, compact printed rectangular monopole UWB antenna with
complementary split ring resonator (CSRR), compact printed 5.5 GHz band-notched

vii
UWB antenna with modified U-shaped slot, and 3.5/5.5 GHz dual band-notched
UWB antenna with modified U- and C-shaped slots configurations.
The chapter 5 presents new antenna structures bases on circular geometry - planar
UWB antenna with and without quadruple band-notched characteristics, an extremely
wideband printed antenna with WLAN notched stop band using split ring resonator
(SRR). The parameters that have impact on the notched frequency bands are also
presented.
In UWB frequency band, some narrow band systems such as WiMAX, WLAN,
ITU 8 GHz band etc. exist. These narrow band systems generate interference with
UWB systems. To minimize interference between UWB and narrow band systems, an
UWB antenna with band-notched characteristics are investigated. An impact of
narrow band systems on the UWB systems are analyzed and various resonators
techniques such as U-shaped slot, C-shaped slot, splir ring resonator (SRR),
complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) and combination of them are applied to
create notched stop band.
In this research work, UWB antennas with and without notched stop bands are
designed, fabricated and experimentally verified. The performance and characteristics
of proposed antennas are also investigated in terms of reflection coefficient (S11),
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), vector current distributions, magnitude current
distributions, radiation patterns and gain.

viii
 Contents
Candidates Declaration ii
Supervisors Certificate iii
DRC iv
Thesis Approval v
Acknowledgement vi
Abstract vii
List of Figures xiv
List of Tables xxiv
List of Abbreviations xxv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS 3
1.1.1 Advantages of Microstrip Antennas 4
1.1.2 Limitations of Microstrip Antennas 4
1.2 BASIC ANTENNA PARAMETERS 5
1.2.1 Reflection Coefficient () and S11 5
1.2.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) 6
1.2.3 Radiation Pattern 6
1.2.4 FNBW (First Null Beam Width) and HPBW (Half Power Beam 7
Width)
1.2.5 Directivity and Gain 8
1.2.6 Bandwidth 8
1.2.7 Polarization 8
1.3 FEEDING TECHNIQUES FOR MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS 9
1.3.1 Microstrip Feed Line 9
1.3.2 Coaxial Feed Line 10
1.3.3 Proximity Coupled Feed 11
1.3.4 Aperture Coupled Feed 12
1.3.5 Coplanar Waveguide Feed 13
1.4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS 14
1.4.1 Transmission Line Model 15

ix
 1.4.2 Cavity Model 16
1.4.3 Multiport Network Model (MNM) 17
1.4.4 Spectral-Domain Full-Wave Analysis 17
1.4.5 Mixed-Potential Integral Equation Analysis 18
1.4.6 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Analysis 18
1.4.7 Finite Element Method 19
1.4.8 Finite Integration Technique (FIT) 20
1.4.9 Method of Moments 21
1.5 AVAILABLE SIMULATION SOFTWARES FOR MICROWAVE 21
PLANAR ANTENNAS
1.5.1 CST Microwave Studio 22
1.6 MOTIVATION OF THE RESEARCH 23
1.7 THE OBJECTIVES 24
1.8 THESIS ORGANIZATION 25
CHAPTER 2: COMPACT BROADBAND PLANAR ANTENNAS FOR 27
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
2.1 INTRODUCTION 27
2.2 CAVITY MODEL ANALYSIS OF A CIRCULAR DISC MICROSTRIP 28
ANTENNA
2.3 BROADBAND PLANAR ANTENNAS: A REVIEW 30
2.4 CPW-FED PARASITICALLY LOADED CIRCULAR MONOPOLE 34
ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS
2.4.1 Parametric Analysis 35
2.4.2 Simulated Results 38
2.5 A DUAL-BAND PRINTED CIRCULAR PATCH ANTENNA WITH 43
TWO PARASITIC STUBS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS
2.5.1 Antenna Design 43
2.5.2 Parametric Analysis 45
2.5.3 Simulated and Measured Results 48
2.6 CONCLUSIONS 57
CHAPTER 3: ULTRA-WIDEBAND ANTENNAS: RELATED WORK 58
3.1 INTRODUCTION 58

x
3.2 HISTORY OF UWB COMMUNICATIONS 59
3.3 FREQUENCY REGULATION ISSUES 60
3.4 STANDARDS OF UWB COMMUNICATIONS 61
3.5 ADVANTAGES OF UWB COMMUNICATIONS 61
3.6 APPLICATIONS OF UWB COMMUNICATIONS 64
3.7 CHALLENGES OF UWB COMMUNICATIONS 64
3.8 PARAMETERS FOR UWB ANTENNAS 65
3.9 REQUIREMENTS OF UWB ANTENNAS 67
3.10 CLASSIFICATION OF UWB ANTENNAS 68
3.11 UWB ANTENNAS : AN OVERVIEW 69
3.12 BAND-NOTCHED UWB ANTENNAS: AN OVERVIEW 73
CHAPTER 4: RECTANGULAR ULTRA-WIDEBAND ANTENNAS 79
WITH BAND-NOTCHED CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 INTRODUCTION 79
4.2 ULTRA-WIDEBAND TRUNCATED RECTANGULAR MONOPOLE 80
ANTENNA
4.2.1 Simulated and Measured Results 82
4.3 ULTRA-WIDEBAND TRUNCATED RECTANGULAR MONOPOLE 85
ANTENNA WITH BAND-NOTCHED CHARACTERISTICS
4.3.1 Parametric Analysis 87
4.3.2 Simulated and Measured Results 89
4.4 COMPACT PRINTED RECTANGULAR MONOPOLE ULTRA- 94
WIDEBAND ANTENNA WITH DUAL BAND-NOTCHED
CHARACTERISTICS
4.4.1 Antenna Design and Formulation 94
4.4.2 Notched Stop Band Design and Formulation 97
4.4.3 Parametric Analysis 99
4.4.4 Simulated and Measured Results 102
4.5 COMPACT PRINTED 5.5 GHZ BAND-NOTCHED UWB ANTENNA 107
WITH MODIFIED U-SHAPED SLOT
4.5.1 Parametric Analysis 109
4.5.2 Simulated and Measured Results 110

xi
4.6 COMPACT PRINTED 3.5/5.5 GHZ DUAL BAND-NOTCHED UWB 115
ANTENNA
4.6.1 UWB Antennas with Individual Band-Notched Element 116
4.6.2 Compact Printed Monopole UWB Antenna with 3.5/5.5 GHz 117
Dual Band-Notched Functions
4.6.3 Parametric Analysis 118
4.6.4 Simulated and Measured Results 122
4.7 CONCLUSIONS 127
CHAPTER 5: MODIFIED CIRCULAR UWB/EWB ANTENNAS WITH 128
BAND-NOTCHED CHARACTERISTICS
5.1 INTRODUCTION 128
5.2 COMPACT PLANAR MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR UWB 128
APPLICATIONS
5.2.1 Results: Simulated and Measured 130
5.3 COMPACT PLANAR MONOPOLE ULTRA-WIDEBAND ANTENNA 133
WITH QUADRUPLE BAND-NOTCHED CHARACTERISTICS
5.3.1 Compact Planar Monopole UWB Antennas with Individual Band- 133
Notched Element
5.3.1.1 Simulated Results 133
5.3.2 Compact Planar Monopole UWB Antenna with Quadruple Band- 135
Notched Characteristics
5.3.3 Parametric Analysis 136
5.3.4 Simulated and Measured Results 143
5.4 AN EXTREMELY WIDEBAND PRINTED ANTENNA WITH WLAN 150
NOTCHED STOP BAND USING SRR
5.4.1 Extremely Wideband Printed Antenna 150
5.4.1.1 Simulated Results 151
5.4.2 Extremely Wideband Printed Antenna with WLAN Notched Stop 152
Band
5.4.2.1 Simulated Results 154
5.5 CONCLUSIONS 158

xii
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 159
6.1 SUMMARY OF WORK 159
6.2 FUTURE WORK 163
CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES 164
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 179

xiii
 List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Basic configuration of a microstrip antenna 3

Fig. 1.2 Radiation pattern of the generic antenna 7

Fig. 1.3 (a) Microstrip feed line patch antenna, (b) its equivalent circuit 10
diagram
Fig. 1.4 (a) Coaxial feed line patch antenna, (b) its equivalent circuit diagram 11

Fig. 1.5 (a) Proximity coupled feed patch antenna, (b) its equivalent circuit 12
diagram
Fig. 1.6 (a) Aperture coupled feed patch antenna, (b) its equivalent circuit 13
diagram
Fig. 1.7 Transmission line feed at radiating edge 16

Fig. 2.1 Configuration of a circular disc microstrip patch antenna 28

Fig. 2.2 Geometry of CPW-fed parasitically loaded circular monopole antenna 34

Fig. 2.3 Simulated variation of reflection coefficient of CPW-fed parasitically 36

loaded circular monopole antenna with varying the straight strip width
Ws
Fig. 2.4 Simulated variation of reflection coefficient of CPW-fed parasitically 37
loaded circular monopole antenna with varying the straight strip length
Ls
Fig. 2.5 Simulated variation of reflection coefficient of CPW-fed parasitically 37
loaded circular monopole antenna with varying the feed point gap g
Fig. 2.6 Simulated variation of reflection coefficient with frequency for 38
CPW-fed parasitically loaded circular monopole antenna
Fig. 2.7 Simulated variation of VSWR with frequency for CPW-fed 39
parasitically loaded circular monopole antenna
Fig. 2.8 Simulated variation of input impedance with frequency for CPW-fed 39
parasitically loaded circular monopole antenna

xiv
Fig. 2.9 Simulated surface current distribution for CPW-fed parasitically 40
loaded circular monopole antenna at resonant frequency 5.29 GHz
Fig. 2.10 Simulated variation of gain with frequency for CPW-fed parasitically 41
loaded circular monopole antenna
Fig. 2.11 (a) Simulated radiation patterns for CPW-fed parasitically loaded 42
circular monopole antenna at resonant frequency 5.29 GHz in xz-plane
Fig. 2.11 (b) Simulated radiation patterns for CPW-fed parasitically loaded 42
circular monopole antenna at resonant frequency 5.29 GHz in yz-plane
Fig. 2.12 Geometry of printed circular patch antenna with two parasitic stubs in 43
ground plane, (a) Front view, (b) Back view
Fig. 2.13 Prototype of printed circular patch antenna with two parasitic stubs in 44
ground plane, (a) Front view, (b) Back view
Fig. 2.14 Simulated variation of reflection coefficient of printed circular patch 46
antenna with two parasitic stubs with varying the gap g1 between
ground plane and parasitic stubs
Fig. 2.15 Simulated variation of reflection coefficient of printed circular patch 46
antenna with two parasitic stubs with varying the gap g2 between
parasitic stubs
Fig. 2.16 Simulated variation of reflection coefficient of printed circular patch 47
antenna with two parasitic stubs with varying the length L3 of
parasitic L-stub
Fig. 2.17 Simulated variation of reflection coefficient of printed circular patch 48
antenna with two parasitic stubs with varying the length L2 of
parasitic T-stub
Fig. 2.18 Simulated and measured variation of reflection coefficient with 49
frequency for printed circular patch antenna with two parasitic stubs
Fig. 2.19 Simulated and measured variation of VSWR with frequency for 49
printed circular patch antenna with two parasitic stubs
Fig. 2.20 Simulated input impedance variation for printed circular patch antenna 50
with two parasitic stubs at 2.4 GHz band
Fig. 2.21 Simulated variation of input impedance with frequency for printed 50
circular patch antenna with two parasitic stubs at 5 GHz band

xv
Fig. 2.22 Measured variation of input impedance with frequency for printed 51
circular patch antenna with two parasitic stubs
Fig. 2.23 Simulated surface current distribution for printed circular patch 52
antenna with two parasitic stubs at resonant frequency (a) 2.4 GHz, (b)
6.1 GHz
Fig. 2.24 Simulated magnitude current distribution for printed circular patch 53
antenna with two parasitic stubs at resonant frequency (a) 2.4 GHz, (b)
6.1 GHz
Fig. 2.25 Simulated variation of gain with frequency for printed circular patch 53
antenna with two parasitic stubs at 2.4 GHz band
Fig. 2.26 Simulated variation of gain with frequency for printed circular patch 54
antenna with two parasitic stubs at 5 GHz band
Fig. 2.27 (a) Simulated E-plane radiation pattern for printed circular patch 55
antenna with two parasitic stubs at resonant frequency 2.4 GHz
Fig. 2.27 (b) Simulated H-plane radiation pattern for printed circular patch 55
antenna with two parasitic stubs at resonant frequency 2.4 GHz
Fig. 2.28 (a) Simulated E-plane radiation pattern for printed circular patch 56
antenna with two parasitic stubs at resonant frequency 6.1 GHz
Fig. 2.28 (b) Simulated H-plane radiation pattern for printed circular patch 56
antenna with two parasitic stubs at resonant frequency 6.1 GHz
Fig. 3.1 A brief history of UWB developments 59

Fig. 3.2 FCC spectral mask for indoor and outdoor handheld applications 60

Fig. 3.3 Ultra-wideband communications spread transmitting energy across a 62

wide spectrum of frequency
Fig. 4.1 Geometry of proposed truncated UWB rectangular monopole antenna 80

Fig. 4.2 Prototype of proposed truncated rectangular monopole UWB antenna 81

Fig. 4.3 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient (S11) curve for 82
truncated rectangular monopole UWB antenna
Fig. 4.4 Simulated and measured VSWR curve for truncated rectangular 83
monopole UWB antenna

xvi
Fig. 4.5 Simulated gain curve for truncated rectangular monopole UWB 83
antenna
Fig. 4.6 Simulated Eplane (green colour) and Hplane (red colour) radiation 84
patterns for truncated rectangular monopole UWB antenna at (a) 2.90,
(b) 4.91, (c) 8.45, and (d) 12.15 GHz
Fig. 4.7 Geometry of truncated rectangular monopole UWB antenna with split 85
ring resonator
Fig. 4.8 Prototype of truncated rectangular monopole UWB antenna with split 86
ring resonator
Fig. 4.9 Simulated VSWR curve for proposed truncated rectangular monopole 88
UWB antenna for effect of variation of split rectangular ring gap g1
Fig. 4.10 Simulated VSWR curve for proposed truncated rectangular monopole 88
UWB antenna for effect of variation of split rectangular ring length
L2
Fig. 4.11 Simulated VSWR curve for proposed truncated rectangular monopole 89
UWB antenna for effect of variation of split rectangular ring width
W2
Fig. 4.12 Measured and simulated reflection coefficient (S11) curve for UWB 90
truncated rectangular monopole antenna with split ring resonator
Fig. 4.13 Simulated and measured VSWR curve for UWB truncated rectangular 91
monopole antenna with split ring resonator
Fig. 4.14 Simulated (a) vector current distribution, (b) magnitude current 91
distribution at 5.7 GHz for UWB truncated rectangular monopole
antenna with split ring resonator
Fig. 4.15 Simulated gain with frequency for UWB truncated rectangular 92
monopole antenna with split ring resonator
Fig. 4.16 Simulated and measured E - plane radiation patterns for UWB 92
truncated rectangular monopole antenna with split ring resonator at (a)
3 GHz, (b) 5.7 GHz, (c) 8 GHz, and (d) 13 GHz
Fig. 4.17 Measured and simulated H - plane radiation patterns for UWB 93
truncated rectangular monopole antenna with split ring resonator at (a)
3 GHz, (b) 5.7 GHz, (c) 8 GHz, and (d) 13 GHz

xvii
Fig. 4.18 Geometry of the compact printed rectangular monopole UWB antenna 95
with CSRR
Fig. 4.19 Prototype of the compact printed rectangular monopole UWB antenna 95
with CSRR
Fig. 4.20 Simulated VSWR with frequency for proposed antenna for effect of 100
variation of outer split rectangular ring gap g2
Fig. 4.21 Simulated VSWR with frequency for proposed antenna for effect of 100
variation of outer split rectangular ring length L2
Fig. 4.22 Simulated VSWR with frequency for proposed antenna for effect of 101
variation of inner split rectangular ring gap g1
Fig. 4.23 Simulated VSWR with frequency for proposed antenna for effect of 102
variation of inner split rectangular ring length L4
Fig. 4.24 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient (S11) with frequency 103
for compact printed rectangular monopole UWB antenna with dual
band-notched characteristics
Fig. 4.25 Simulated and measured VSWR with frequency for compact printed 103
rectangular monopole UWB antenna with dual band-notched
characteristics
Fig. 4.26 Simulated vector current distributions at (a) 3.52 GHz, (b) 5.87 GHz 104
for compact rectangular monopole UWB antenna with dual band-
notched characteristics
Fig. 4.27 Simulated magnitude current distributions at (a) 3.52 GHz, (b) 5.87 104
GHz for compact rectangular monopole UWB antenna with dual band-
notched characteristics
Fig. 4.28 Simulated gain with frequency for compact printed rectangular 105
monopole UWB antenna with dual band-notched characteristics
Fig. 4.29 E-plane (left column) and H-plane (right column) radiation patterns of 106
a compact printed rectangular monopole UWB antenna with dual
band-notched characteristics at (a) 3 GHz, (b) 4.2 GHz, (c) 8 GHz, and
(d) 10.5 GHz
Fig. 4.30 Geometry of the proposed compact printed UWB antenna with 107
modified U-shaped slot

xviii
Fig. 4.31 Simulated VSWR with frequency for proposed compact printed 5.5 109
GHz band-notched UWB antenna for effect of variation of width W1
Fig. 4.32 Simulated VSWR with frequency for proposed compact printed 5.5 110
GHz band-notched UWB antenna for effect of variation of length L1
Fig. 4.33 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient (S11) with frequency 111
for the proposed compact printed 5.5 GHz band-notched UWB
antenna
Fig. 4.34 Simulated and measured VSWR with frequency for the proposed 111
compact printed 5.5 GHz band-notched UWB antenna
Fig. 4.35 Simulated vector current distribution at 5.5 GHz for proposed compact 112
printed 5.5 GHz band-notched UWB antenna
Fig. 4.36 Simulated magnitude current distribution at 5.5 GHz for proposed 112
compact printed 5.5 GHz band-notched UWB antenna
Fig. 4.37 Simulated gain with frequency for the proposed compact printed 5.5 113
GHz band-notched UWB antenna
Fig. 4.38 Simulated and measured E-plane radiation patterns for the proposed 114
compact printed 5.5 GHz band-notched UWB antenna at (a) 4 GHz,
(b) 5.8 GHz, (c) 7 GHz, (d) 9 GHz
Fig. 4.39 Simulated and measured H-plane radiation patterns for the proposed 115
compact printed 5.5 GHz band-notched UWB antenna at (a) 4 GHz,
(b) 5.8 GHz, (c) 7 GHz, (d) 9 GHz
Fig. 4.40 Geometry of UWB antenna a and b, each UWB antenna has a single 116
band-notched element
Fig. 4.41 Simulated VSWR corresponding to Fig. 4.40 of UWB antennas a and 116
b with individual band-notched function
Fig. 4.42 Geometry of the proposed compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz dual band- 117
notched UWB antenna
Fig. 4.43 Prototype of the proposed compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz dual band- 118
notched UWB antenna (a) front view, and (b) back view
Fig. 4.44 Simulated VSWR with frequency for compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz 120
dual band-notched UWB antenna for effect of variation of gap W3

xix
Fig. 4.45 Simulated VSWR with frequency for compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz 120
dual band-notched UWB antenna for effect of variation of length L3
Fig. 4.46 Simulated VSWR with frequency for compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz 121
dual band-notched UWB antenna for effect of variation of feed gap h
Fig. 4.47 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient (S11) with frequency 122
for compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz dual band-notched UWB antenna
Fig. 4.48 Simulated and measured VSWR with frequency for compact printed 123
3.5/5.5 GHz dual band-notched UWB antenna
Fig. 4.49 Simulated vector current distribution at (a) 3.5 GHz, (b) 5.5 GHz for 124
compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz dual band-notched UWB antenna
Fig. 4.50 Simulated magnitude current distribution at (a) 3.5 GHz, (b) 5.5 GHz 124
for compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz dual band-notched UWB antenna
Fig. 4.51 Simulated and measured E-plane radiation patterns for the proposed 125
compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz dual band-notched UWB antenna at (a)
3.4, (b) 3.62, (c) 5.66, and (d) 10 GHz
Fig. 4.52 Simulated and measured H-plane radiation patterns for the proposed 126
compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz dual band-notched UWB antenna at (a)
3.4, (b) 3.62, (c) 5.66, and (d) 10 GHz
Fig. 4.53 Simulated gain with frequency for compact printed 3.5/5.5 GHz dual 126
band-notched UWB antenna
Fig. 5.1 Geometry of compact planar monopole UWB antenna, (b) Prototype 129
of proposed compact planar monopole UWB antenna
Fig. 5.2 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient (S11) curve for 130
compact planar monopole UWB antenna
Fig. 5.3 Simulated and measured VSWR curve for compact planar monopole 131
UWB antenna
Fig. 5.4 Simulated realized gain curve for compact planar monopole UWB 131
antenna
Fig. 5.5 Simulated E - plane and H - plane radiation patterns for compact 132
planar monopole UWB antenna at (a) 3.2 GHz, (b) 6 GHz, (c) 8 GHz,
(d) 10.5 GHz

xx
Fig. 5.6 Geometry of compact planar monopole UWB antennas a, b, c and d, 134
each UWB antenna has a single band-notched element
Fig. 5.7 Simulated VSWR of four compact planar monopole UWB antennas a, 134
b, c, and d, as corresponding to the Fig. 5.6
Fig. 5.8 (a) Geometry of proposed compact planar monopole UWB antenna 135
with quadruple band-notched characteristics, (b) Geometry of the slots
with its parameters
Fig. 5.9 Prototype of proposed compact planar monopole UWB antenna with 136
quadruple band-notched characteristics
Fig. 5.10 Simulated VSWR with frequency for compact planar monopole UWB 138
antenna with quadruple band-notched characteristics for effect of
variation of gap ga
Fig. 5.11 Simulated VSWR with frequency for compact planar monopole UWB 139
antenna with quadruple band-notched characteristics for effect of
variation of length La
Fig. 5.12 Simulated VSWR with frequency for compact planar monopole UWB 140
antenna with quadruple band-notched characteristics for effect of
variation of gap gb
Fig. 5.13 Simulated VSWR with frequency for compact planar monopole UWB 141
antenna with quadruple band-notched characteristics for effect of
variation of length Lb
Fig. 5.14 Simulated VSWR with frequency for compact planar monopole UWB 141
antenna with quadruple band-notched characteristics for effect of
variation of gap gc
Fig. 5.15 Simulated VSWR with frequency for compact planar monopole UWB 142
antenna with quadruple band-notched characteristics for effect of
variation of length Lc
Fig. 5.16 Simulated VSWR with frequency for compact planar monopole UWB 143
antenna with quadruple band-notched characteristics for effect of
variation of length Ld
Fig. 5.17 Simulated and measured reflection coefficient (S11) against frequency 144
for compact planar monopole UWB antenna with quadruple band-

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 notched characteristics
Fig. 5.18 Simulated and measured VSWR against frequency for compact planar 145
monopole UWB antenna with quadruple band-notched characteristics
Fig. 5.19 Simulated (a) vector current distribution, (b) magnitude current 145
distribution at 2.56 GHz for compact planar monopole UWB antenna
with quadruple band-notched characteristics
Fig. 5.20 Simulated (a) vector current distribution, (b) magnitude current 146
distribution at 3.7 GHz for compact planar monopole UWB antenna
with quadruple band-notched characteristics
Fig. 5.21 Simulated (a) vector current distribution, (b) magnitude current 146
distribution at 5.8 GHz for compact planar monopole UWB antenna
with quadruple band-notched characteristics
Fig. 5.22 Simulated (a) vector current distribution, (b) magnitude current 147
distribution at 8 GHz for compact planar monopole UWB antenna
with quadruple band-notched characteristics
Fig. 5.23 Simulated and measured E - plane radiation patterns for compact 148
planar monopole UWB antenna with quadruple band-notched
characteristics at (a) 3 GHz, (b) 5.8 GHz, (c) 8 GHz, and (d) 10 GHz
Fig. 5.24 Simulated and measured H - plane radiation patterns for compact 149
planar monopole UWB antenna with quadruple band-notched
characteristics at (a) 3 GHz, (b) 5.8 GHz, (c) 8 GHz, and (d) 10 GHz
Fig. 5.25 Simulated realized gain with frequency for compact planar monopole 150
UWB antenna with quadruple band-notched characteristics
Fig. 5.26 Geometry of various ground plane stepwise modifications i.e., antenna 151
a, b, and c
Fig. 5.27 Comparison of simulated reflection coefficient against frequency of 152
antenna a, b, and c
Fig. 5.28 Geometry of an extremely wideband printed antenna with SRR 152

Fig. 5.29 Comparison of simulated reflection coefficient against frequency of 154

the proposed antenna and extremely wideband printed antenna
Fig. 5.30 Comparison of simulated VSWR against frequency of the proposed 155
antenna and extremely wideband printed antenna

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Fig. 5.31 Simulated magnitude of current distribution at 5.7 GHz of the 156
proposed an extremely wideband printed antenna with WLAN notched
stop band
Fig. 5.32 Comparison of simulated realized gain against frequency of the 156
proposed antenna and extremely wideband printed antenna
Fig. 5.33 Simulated E-plane radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at four 157
resonant frequencies (a) 3.2 GHz, (b) 9.3 GHz, (c) 13 GHz, and (d) 17
GHz
Fig. 5.34 Simulated H-plane radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at four 157
resonant frequencies (a) 3.2 GHz, (b) 9.3 GHz, (c) 13 GHz, and (d) 17
GHz

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 List of Tables
Table 2.1 Optimized parameters: CPW-fed parasitically loaded circular 35
monopole antenna
Table 2.2 Optimized parameters for printed circular patch antenna with two 44
parasitic stubs in ground plane
Table 3.1 Category of UWB Antennas 68
Table 4.1 Parameters for Ultra-wideband Truncated Rectangular Monopole 81
Antenna
Table 4.2 Optimized parameters of truncated monopole UWB antenna with 86
split ring resonator
Table 4.3 Optimized parameters of compact printed rectangular monopole 96
UWB antenna with unit complementary split ring resonator
Table 4.4 Optimized parameters of compact printed UWB antenna with 108
modified U-shaped slot
Table 4.5 Optimized parameters of compact printed 3.5 /5.5 GHz band- 119
notched UWB antenna
Table 5.1 Optimized parameters of compact planar monopole UWB antenna 129
Table 5.2 Optimized parameters of compact planar monopole UWB antenna 137
with quadruple band-notched characteristics
Table 5.3 Optimized parameters of an extremely wideband printed antenna 153
with WLAN notched stop band
Table 6.1 Impedance bandwidths and gain comparison of rectangular UWB 161
antennas with and without notched stop bands, for VSWR 2 and
VSWR > 2
Table 6.2 Impedance bandwidths and gain comparison of UWB with EWB 162
antennas, with and without notched stop bands for VSWR 2 and
VSWR > 2

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 List of Abbreviations
AR Axial Ratio
BER Bit-Error-Rate
BW Bandwidth
CAD Computer Aided Design
CP Circular Polarization
CPW Coplanar Waveguide
CSRR Complementary Split Ring Resonator
CST Computer Simulation Technology
DCS Digital Communication System
DE Differential Equation
DS-UWB Direct Sequence Ultra-Wide Band
EMF Electromagnetic Fields
EWB Extremely Wide Band
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FDTD Finite-Difference Time-Domain
FEM Finite Element Method
FIT Finite Integration Technique
FNBW First Null Beam Width
GPS Global Positioning Systems
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
GTLM Generalized Transmission Line Model
HFSS High Frequency Simulation Structure
HIPERLAN High Speed LAN
HPBW Half Power Beam Width
IE Integral Equation
ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medicine
ITU International Telecommunication Union
MMICs Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuits
MNM Multiport Network Model
MoM Method of Moments

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OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PCS Personal Communication System
SMA Sub-Miniaturized Type A
SRR Split Ring Resonator
TDRSS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite Systems
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
USB Universal Serial Bus
UWB Ultra-Wide Band
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
WiBro Wireless Broadband
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Wireless Access
WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks

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