Radharaman Institutes of Research & Technology Bhopal

Department of Electronics and Communication

Experiment No. 5

Objective: - To study the function of Multihole Directional Coupler by

measuring the following parameters.

Equipment :- Microwave Source(Klystron or Gunn Diode), Isolator,

Frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator, Slotted Line, Tunable Probe,
Detector Mount Matched Termination, MHD Coupler, Wave guide stand
, Cables and Accessories, VSWR meter.

Theory:- A Directional Coupler is a device with which it is possible to

measure the incident and reflected wave separately. It consist of two
transmission lines the main arm and auxiliary arm, electromagnetically
coupled to each other (as shown in fig.) The power entering, in the
main arm gets divide between port 2 and 3, almost no power comes out
in port (4) Power entering at Port(2) is Divided between port 1 and 4.
The coupling factor is defined as
Coupling C (db) = 10log10 [P1 / P2]
Where port 2 is terminated
Isolation I (db) = 10 log10 [P2 / P3]
Where P1 is matched
With built-in termination and power entering at port 1, the directivity
of the directional coupler is a measure of separation between incident
wave and reflected wave. Directivity is measured indirectly as follows:
Directivity (db) = I C = 10 log10 [P2 / P1]
Main line VSWR is SWR measured, looking into the main line input
terminal when the matched loads are placed at all other ports.
Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR measured, looking into the Auxiliary line
output terminal when the matched loads are placed on other terminal.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the transmission
line by the insertion of coupler, It is defined as;

Insertion loss (db) = 10 log10 [P1 / P2]

Main Line SWR Measurement

1. Set up the equipment as shown in fig 2
2. Energize the Microwave source for particular frequency source for
particular frequency of operation as described in the procedures
given in the operation of klystron tube/Gunn Oscillator.
 3. Follow the procedure as described for VSWR measurement (low and
medium SWR measurement).
4. Repeat the same for other frequency.

Auxiliary line SWR Measurement

1. Set up the equipment as shown in fig 2
2. Energize the Microwave source for particular frequency source for
particular frequency of operation as described in the procedures
given in the operation of klystron tube/Gunn Oscillator
3. Measure SWR as described in exp.
4. Repeat the same for other frequency.

Measurement of coupling Factor, Insertion loss, Isolation & Directivity

1. Set up the equipment as shown in fig 2
2. Energize the Microwave source for particular frequency
3. Remove the multi hole Directional Coupler and connect the detector
mount to the frequency meter. Tune the detector for maximum
output.
4. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of
variable attenuator. Gain control knob of VSWR meter, and note
down the reading.
5. Insert the Directional Coupler as shown in fig. 3 with Detector to the
auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port 2, without changing
the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR
meter.
6. Note down reading on VSWR meter on scale with the help of range
db switch if required >let it be Y.
7. Calculate coupling factor which will be X-Y=C(db)
8. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and
matched termination from port 2 without disturbing the setup.
9. Connect matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to
port 2 and measure the reading on VSWR meter.
10. Compute insertion loss.
11. Repeat steps 1-4.
12. Compute directivity.
13. Repeat same for other frequencies.