1.

Philosophy and Politics

Change is one thing, progress is another. "Change" is scientific,
"progress" is ethical

Hegel:
1. obedience to an arbitrary authority,
2.that free speech is an evil,
3.that absolute monarchy is good,
4.that war is desirable, and
5.that an international organization for the
peaceful settlement of disputes would be a
misfortune.
Locke:
1. a theoretical justification of democracy.
2. Locke also preached religious toleration,
3. representative institutions, and
4. the limitations of governmental power
by the system of checks and balances.
Conclusion
Russell concludes this essay by recommending
empiricism not only on the ground of its greater
truth but also on ethical grounds. Empiricist
liberalism is the only philosophy that can serve
mankinds purposes in our times.
 2. Philosophy for
Layman
Science is what we know, and philosophy is what we don't know.

Self Explained:
1. Theoretically, philosophy inspires
us to question about universe.
Practically, philosophy inspires us to
question our relation to universewe
will be in a position to know our own
nature in a better way.
 3. The Future of Mankind
Extreme hopes are born of extreme misery

Self:
1. World Govt under America
2. Every person in under this Govt will
live a civilized life and have freedom
of thought, freedom of inquiry,
freedom of discussion, and humane
feeling.
3. By doing this we will minimize the
following dangers
(a) the extinction of the human
race;
(b) a going back to barbarism; and
(c) the establishment of a universal
servile State
Note: Russia denies all these things. So, America
is to lead this Govt.
 4. Philosophys Ulterior
Motives

Kant (German): He thought all moral

decisions must be based on reason. He wrote
books about God and about how he understood
world.
Hegel (German): Stated in 1st essay.
Marx (German): Introduced Communism
(all production and food belonged to Govt. No.
private property) in the world.
Descartes (French): I know, I exist. What
I know, that exists.

Leibniz: invented Calcus at the same time

as Newton.

Note: Philosphers too, can be misled by their

own intellectual dogmas.what they believe to be
rightis rightand they are not challenged. He
has given examples of Kant, Marx, Leibniz,
Descartes, Hegel and Bishop Berkley.

5. Superior Virtue of The

Oppressed

Note: Glorification from such point

that if they keep their relation with
opperessed, they will remain
morally superior to the opperessors.
A lame excuse for keeping them
oppressed.
1. Female Sex dominated by men
2. Children dominated by parents
3. Poor dominated by the rich
4. The working class dominated by
the employers

5. Poor nations dominated by

imperialist govts.
 6. On being modern minded

We must not sacrifice the

independence of our minds merely to
win the admiration of the crowd by
holding opinions which have become
current.

Note: By following the current trends,

laws, principles, we should not refrain
from thinking our own peculiar bent of
mind. We should not take ready-made
ideas for granted.
We must not sacrifice the
independence of our minds merely to
win the admiration of the crowd by
holding opinions which have become
current.
 7. An outline of Intellectual
Rubbish

Man is a rational animal so at least I have been

told

Russell is of the opinion that by observing a few

simple rules mankind can avoid the deplorable
consequences which afflict human life because
of irrational beliefs. One such rule is to base
ones beliefs on actual observation.
We should not act blindly on what priests do.
Man is not important when we compare him to
this vast universe and the future of stars in this
universe.
 8. The functions of a Teacher

1. Teacher should be free to educate what

he feels fit.
2. Teacher should teach right kind of education
and emotions which make the students
tolerable and civilized.
 9. Ideas that have helped
Mankind

The Progress in Mathematics and

Astronomy
Darwins Theory of Evolution
The Idea of the Brotherhood of
Man
The Ideas of Liberty and
Democracy
The Need for an International
Government
 10. Idea that have harmed Mankind

The Harm Done by Evil Passions

The Harm Done by Christian Asceticism
and by Political Asceticism (possessive)
Cruelty Resulting from the Belief in
Witchcraft
Envy and War
The Suffering Caused by Pride
A Delusion (Self-importance)
The Need of Tolerance and of an
International Government
 11. Emiment men that I
know
Poets
Tennyson a passion of SCORN
Browning .. kind and gentle , loved tea-partying but no
fire for poetry
Rupert Brooke..Beautiful, vital but insincere
Philosophers and Scientists
William JamesHumble
Henry Sidgwick..Intellectual Honesty
Einsteinpowerful intellect+childlike simplicity
Lenin Gladstone
Marxism Victorian
Cruel not cruel
Untraditional traditional
No rules for war rules followers
Both tight in their philosophies.
He really like a gardener.
A selfless man.not successful ..but inspired
love and inspiration in those who met them.

Obituary
Would die on June 1, 1962
Among the books that he produced, Russell mentions

The Foundations of Geometry,

The Philosophy of Leibniz,
The Principles of Mathematics,
Principia Mathematica

Russell also refers here to his pacifist ideas

and his staunch opposition to war. His
opposition to war was regarded by some people
as eccentric. As a result of his campaign against
war during the Great War of 1914-18, he
lost his job as a Lecturer at Trinity
College, and had to spend a few months in
prison.