Basic Introduction to The function of a structural engineer is

Nonlinear Analysis to design not to analyze

Norris and Wilbur
Ronald D. Ziemian 1960
Bucknell University

Analysis is a means to an end

rather than the end itself.

Role of the analysis: Impetus:

forces, moments and deflections design equations AISC Ch. C: P-, P- (App. 7)
Limit States Design App. 1: Inelastic Design
insight into the behavior of a structure Seismic: Pushover Analysis
better the understanding, better the design Other: Progressive Collapse

Limit States Design: Nonlinear Analysis

Prior to limit of resistance, significant nonlinear
response, including
- geometrical effects (P-, P-)
- material effects (yielding, cracking, crushing) Available Software Education
- combined effects
Research

Nonlinear Analysis
Hand methods Lecture Overview
Second-order effects
Brief Introduction (done!)
i.e. Moment Amplification Factors (B1 and B2 factors)
Material nonlinear effects Computer Structural Analysis (Review?)
i.e. plastic analysis (upper and lower bound theories) Basis for Material Nonlinear Models
Computer Methods (focus of todays lecture) Incorporating Geometric Nonlinear Behavior
Lots of variations Critical Load Analysis
all use same basic concepts (most important to today)
Overview of MASTAN2 software
one approach will be presented (basis for MASTAN2)
Summary and Concluding Remarks
Please keep in mind
All methods are approximate
Not a substitute, but a complement to good engineering

1
 How does the computer get Equilibrium Equations
these results? D 40 kips Free Body
AD
f xD
Diagram BD
f xD D 40 kips
State-of-the-Art Crystal Ball? Not quite. CD
f xD
By applying 2 requirements and 1 translator
AD CD
Two Requirements: AD
f yD f yD BD f yD
f yD
Equilibrium (equations in terms of Fs and Ms, 1 per d.o.f.) A B C AD
f xD
Compatibility (equations in terms of s and s, 1 per d.o.f.)
CD
D BD f yD
Translator apples to oranges r A f yD
x-d.o.f. u D : Fx = 0 be BD
em CD

BD
Constitutive Relationship (i.e. Hookes Law, = E ) f xD f xD

Member CD
M
40 = AD
+ BD
+ CD

er
Generalized to Force-to-Displacement (i.e. F=k) f xD f xD f xD

mb
Re-write equilibrium eqs. in terms of unknown displacements

Me
y-d.o.f. vD : Fy = 0
# of Equil. Eqs. = # of Unknown Displacements 0 = f yD
AD
+ f yD
BD
+ f yD
CD

Translator: Forces Displacements

F for all members vD
fyj j D
uD
fxj vj
j f xi = k11ui + k12vi + k13u j + k14v j Member AD:
(Undeformed) uj f xAAD = k11ADu AAD + k12AD v AAD + k13ADu DAD + k14AD vDAD
(Deformed) f yi = k21ui + k22vi + k 23u j + k24v j AD
f yA = k21 u A + k22
AD AD
v A + k23
AD AD
u D + k24
AD AD AD AD
vD
fyi f xj = k31ui + k32vi + k33u j + k34v j
AD
f xD = k31 u A + k32
AD AD
v A + k33
AD AD
u D + k34
AD AD AD AD
vD vA vB vC
fxi vi i AD
f yD = k41 u A + k42
AD AD
v A + k43
AD AD
u D + k44
AD AD AD AD
vD A uA B uB C uC
i ui f yj = k 41ui + k42vi + k43u j + k44v j
Big Question: Member BD: Member CD:
Where do these known stiffness coefficients ks BD
f xB = k11BDu BBD + k12BD vBBD + k13BDu DBD + k14BD vDBD CD
f xC = k11 uC + k12
CD CD
vC + k13
CD CD
u D + k14
CD CD CD CD
vD
come from? Little Answer: BD
f yB = k21 u B + k22
BD BD
vB + k23
BD BD
u D + k24
BD BD BD BD
vD CD
f yC = k21 uC + k22
CD CD
vC + k23
CD CD
u D + k24
CD CD CD CD
vD
Function of members material and geometric BD
f xD = k31 u B + k32
BD BD
vB + k33
BD BD
u D + k34
BD BD BD BD
vD CD
f xD = k31 uC + k32
CD CD
vC + k33
CD CD
u D + k34
CD CD CD CD
vD

properties, including its orientation. BD

f yD = k41 u B + k42
BD BD
vB + k43
BD BD
u D + k44
BD BD BD BD
vD CD
f yD = k41 uC + k42
CD CD
vC + k43
CD CD
u D + k44
CD CD CD CD
vD

Substituting into Equil. Eqs. Substituting into Equil. Eqs. (cont.)

D D
40 kN Member AD: 40 kN Member AD:
AD
f xD = k31 u A + k32
AD AD
v A + k33
AD AD
u D + k34
AD AD AD AD
vD AD
f yD = k41 u A + k42
AD AD
v A + k43
AD AD
u D + k44
AD AD AD AD
vD

Member BD: Member BD:

A B C A B C
BD
f xD = k31 u B + k32
BD BD
vB + k33
BD BD
u D + k34
BD BD BD BD
vD BD
f yD = k 41 u B + k 42
BD BD
vB + k 43
BD BD
u D + k44
BD BD BD BD
vD
x-d.o.f. u D : Fx = 0 Member CD:
y-d.o.f. v D : Fy = 0 Member CD:
40 = f xDAD + f xD
BD
+ f xD
CD CD
f xD = k31 uC + k32
CD CD
vC + k33
CD CD
u D + k34
CD CD CD CD
vD 0 = f yDAD + f yD
BD
+ f yD
CD CD
f yD = k 41 uC + k 42
CD CD
vC + k 43
CD CD
u D + k44
CD CD CD CD
vD

d.o.f. u D : d.o.f. vD :
40 = (k31ADu AAD + k32ADv AAD + k33ADu DAD + k34ADvDAD ) + (
0 = k 41AD u AAD + k 42AD v AAD + k 43AD u DAD + k 44AD vDAD + )
(k BD BD
31 B u +k v BD BD
32 B
+k uBD BD
33 D
+k v BD BD
34 D
)+ (k BD BD
u
41 B +k vBD BD
42 B +k u BD BD
43 D +k v BD BD
44 D )+
(k CD CD
31 C u + k32 vC + k33
CD CD
u D + k34
CD CD
vD )
CD CD
(k CD CD
u
41 C +k v CD CD
42 C +k u CD CD
43 D + k 44
CD CD
vD )

2
 So, where are we at? Compatibility Eqs. (consistent deflections)
We have two equilibrium equations (1 per
D Member-to-Member
vD
d.o.f.) in terms of a lot of displacements: vDAD D
uD
uDAD
(
u D : 40 = k31AD u AAD + k32AD v AAD + k33AD u DAD + k34AD vDAD + ) v BD
vCD

D
(k )+ A B C D D

rA
BD BD
u + k32BD vBBD + k33BD u DBD + k34BD vDBD

be
uDBD uDCD
31 B

(k )

em

BD
CD CD
u + k32CD vCCD + k33CD u DCD + k34CD vDCD

Member CD
M
Member-to-Support
31 C

(k )+

er
vD : 0 = AD
u AAD + k 42AD v AAD + k 43AD u DAD + k 44AD vDAD

mb
41

(k )+ u A = u AAD = 0 u C = u CCD = 0

Me
BD BD
41 B u +k v
BD BD
42 B +k u BD BD
43 D +k v BD BD
44 D

(k CD CD
41 C u +k v
CD CD
42 C +k u CD CD
43 D +k v CD CD
44 D ) =
vA vA AD
= 0 vC = vCCD = 0
uB = uB = 0
BD u D = u DAD = u DBD = u DCD
What card havent we played yet? vB = vBBD = 0 vD = vDAD = vDBD = vDCD

Time for some serious simplifying

D
40 kN

After simplifying
Applying Compatibility to Equil. Eqs.:
All = uD A B C

u D : 40 = k u ( AD
31
AD
A +k v AD AD
32 A +k u AD AD
33 D +k v AD AD
34 D )+ u D : 40 = k ( AD
+k BD
+k CD
) u? + (k AD + k BD + k CD ) v?
(k )+
33 33 33 D 34 34 34 D

0 = (k ) ( )
BD BD
u + k32BD vBBD + k33BD u DBD + k34BD vDBD AD
+k BD
+ k 43
CD
u?D + k 44AD + k 44BD + k 44
CD
v?D
31 B
vD :
(k CD CD
u
31 C +k vCD CD
32 C +k u CD CD
33 D +k v CD CD
34 D ) 43 43

vD : 0 = (kAD
u AAD + k 42AD v AAD + k 43AD u DAD + k 44AD vDAD )+
Since ks are known, we have
41

(kBD BD
u + k 42BD vBBD + k 43BD u DBD + k 44BD vDBD )+
41 B
2 Equations and 2 Unknowns
(kCD CD
41 C u + k 42 vC + k 43
CD CD
u D + k 44
CD CD CD CD
vD )
All = 0 All = vD Solve for Unknown Displacements
Which simplifies to uD = # and vD = ##

With all displacements, solve for Summary of Computer Approach

member forces Member
f
AD:
=k u +k v +k u +k AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD AD For each d.o.f., write an equilibrium equation:
xA 11 A 12 A 13 D 14 vD

u A = u AAD = 0 AD
f yA = k 21 u A + k 22
AD AD
v A + k23
AD AD
u D + k24
AD AD AD AD
vD Fexternal = fmember
AD
= k31 u A + k32
AD AD
v A + k33ADu DAD + k34
AD AD AD AD
Re-write (translate) each member force in terms of
f xD vD
v A = v AAD = 0 AD
= AD AD
+ AD AD
+ AD AD
+ AD AD

its end displacements (Stiffness Eqs.)
f yD k 41 uA k 42 vA k43 uD k44 vD

u B = u BBD = 0 Member BD:

BD
f xB = k11BDu BBD + k12BD vBBD + k13BDu DBD + k14BD vDBD fmember = k member member end
vB = vBBD = 0 = k21 u B + k22 vB + k23 u D + k24
Substitute Stiffness Eqs. into above Equil. Eqs.
BD BD BD BD BD BD BD BD BD
f yB vD

uC = uCCD = 0 = k31 u B + k32 vB + k33 u D + k34
BD BD BD BD BD BD BD BD BD
f xD vD
Simplify Equil. Eqs. by applying member-to-member
BD
f yD = k 41 u B + k42
BD BD
vB + k 43
BD BD
u D + k44
BD BD BD BD
vD
vC = vCCD = 0 Member CD:
and member-to-support compatibility conditions
= k11 uC + k12 vC + k13 u D + k14 Solve n Equil. Eqs. for the n unknown displacements
CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD

u D = u DAD = u DBD = u DCD = #

f xC vD

Use Stiffness Eqs. to calculate member forces

CD
f yC = k21 uC + k22
CD CD
vC + k23
CD CD
u D + k24
CD CD CD CD
vD
vD = vDAD = vDBD = vDCD =# # CD
f xD = k31 uC + k32
CD CD
vC + k33
CD CD
u D + k34
CD CD CD CD
vD
Apply Equil. Eqs. to solve for reactions
CD
f yD = k41 uC + k42
CD CD
vC + k43
CD CD
u D + k44
CD CD CD CD
vD

3
 Lots of Questions Two Big Questions
So,this is how most commercial programs such Where do those stiffness coefficients
as SAP2000, RISA, STAAD, etc. get the come from?
answer? You mean the ones that relate member end
forces to member end displacements?
Yes! Known as Direct Stiffness Method
Yeah, those ks ! <More to come on this>
So, all such programs will give the same answer?
What happens when we go static nonlinear
Yes, as long as it is a static 1st-order elastic analysis.
or even dynamic?
Waita minuteIs this the basic analysis
Same basic procedure, but apply loads in
procedure for the finite element method? increments and perform a series of analyses.
Yes! Bit more tricky to get ks, s, and s Then, sum incremental results.
< Much more to come on this! >

Important Points Stiffness Coefficients, ks

The only opportunity for most computer
analysis software to model the actual Lets start with high school physics
behavior of the structure is through the Extension Spring Experiment
member stiffness terms.
Force
So, to include Before:
F
first-order effects
second-order effects
After:
material nonlinear behavior k
F
Must modify member stiffness!!! 1
Lets review member stiffness F=k
Displacement

Stiffness Coefficients, ks (cont.) How about real structural members?

Axial force member
More advanced high school physics lab Before:
Rotational Spring Experiment F

Before:
Moment k After:
M 1
F
M
After: Stiffness k function of:
k Geometry: Area and Length (A,k & L, k)
1 Material: Elastic Modulus (E,k)

Rotation
M=k F = k(A,L,E)

4
 How about real members? (cont.) Other factor impacting stiffness
Flexural members Orientation of member
Before: Before:
consider axial force member:

M kv=EA/L kv=0
After: After: kh=0

Vertical Horizontal
Stiffness k function of: F
Member Member
Geometry: Moment of Inertia & Length (I,k& L, k) kh=EA/L
Material: Elastic Modulus (E,k)

M = k(I,L,E) F = k(I,L,E)

Orientation of axial force member Summary: Three Perspectives

kh=(cos2)EA/L kv=(sin2)EA/L

F1

Important Point: Less vertical a member,

the less stiffness to resist vertical loads. Reality: What you see

Three Perspectives
Three Perspectives (cont.)
What your computer actually sees:
What you see on your computer screen:
DL
DL WL
WL

Collection of elements
connected by sharing k
common nodes

Assemblage of
equivalent springs {F} = [K]{}

5
 Analysis Review: Key Points
Material Nonlinear (Inelastic)
Reviewed the Direct Stiffness Method
Equilibrium Translator F() Compatibility Best place to start is with a tensile test
Response of structure controlled by
stiffness of members (a.k.a. springs) = P/A
First-order elastic stiffness of member
yield
function of: Perfectly Plastic (E = 0)

ict
Material Property (E)

Elas
Geometric Properties (A, I, L, and orientation) E

Time to go nonlinear 1
lets begin with material nonlinear
= /L

Normal Stress: Structural Members Inelastic Behavior: Axial Force

For typical structural steel members P Originally:
(L/d>10), elastic/inelastic behavior E=0 k=0 =P/A=0
Py=Ay
controlled by normal stresses s acting

along the length axis of the member. k=EA/L Elastic:
Normal stress produced by: 1
P
< y
Axial force (P/A)
Yield:
Major and/or minor axis flexure (Mc/I)
Combination of above effects (i.e. P/A + Mc/I) Plastic Hinge = y
Py

Warping (not today!) at P = Py or Post-Yield:

We will assume elastic-perfectly-plastic when P/Py = 1.0

= y
material (often done for steel)

Inelastic Behavior: Inelastic Behavior: A

M

Flexure M
Flexure (cont.)
A A
M M
A
Mp=Zy Mp=Zy
Section A-A -y +y Section A-A -y +y
My=Sy My=Sy

k=4E I/L k=4E I/L

E Ielastic M < My E Ielastic M=Sy=My
1 1

6
Inelastic Behavior: A
M

Inelastic Behavior: A
M

Flexure (cont.) Flexure (cont.)
A A
M M

Mp=Zy Mp=Zy
Section A-A -y +y Section A-A -y +y
My=Sy My=Sy
E=0 E=0
k=4E I/L k=4E I/L
EI<EIelastic My<M<Mp EI<<EIelastic My<<M<Mp
1 1

Inelastic Behavior: A
M
Inelastic Behavior: Flexure
Flexure (cont.) M < Mp
A M Elastic:
M Plastic
Mp=Zy
E I=0 k=0
EI=0 k=0
c
ti

Mp=Zy M = Mp
as

k=4E I/L Plastic:

El

Section A-A -y +y 1
My=Sy

E=0
Plastic Hinge Model Assume section as fully
k=4E I/L
EI = 0 M=Zy=Mp elastic or fully plastic (neglect partial yielding)
1 Plastic Hinge at M = Mp or when M/Mp = 1.0

Types of inelastic models Simple Example:

We will employ a plastic hinge model
A.K.A. Concentrated Plasticity 100 kips
Section is fully elastic or fully yielded W1265
Plastic hinges only at element ends
Distributed plasticity (still line elements)
A.K.A. Plastic Zone
12 - 0 12 - 0 12 - 0
Captures gradual yielding through depth and along
length
More accurate, but computationally more $$$ E = 29,000 ksi
Finite element with continuum elements ($$$) y = 50 ksi

7
 Inelastic Behavior: A
M

Combination P & M P
A
M
-y
Mp=Zy
+y
Plastic
M < Mp
-y
c
ti = Mc/I + P/A
as
El k=4E I/L

1
+y

Inelastic Behavior: M Plastic Hinge Criterion: A

M

A
Combination P & M P/Py -y P=Py P
for Plastic Hinge
P M=0 A
A 1.0
Yi -y P<Py
eld
Su +yM<Mp
r fa
-y -y ce
= + -y
-y P<Py
+y +y +y
Elastic +y M<Mp

Fully yielded M < Mp P < Py -y P=0

+y M=Mp
section when: M/Mp < 1 P/Py < 1
1.0 M/Mp

Material Nonlinear Analysis Simple Example (with axial force):

Employ Direct Stiffness Method applying loads
in increments: [K]{d} = {dF}
100 kips
During the load increment, check to see if
plastic hinge(s) form. If so, scale back load W1265 P = 400 kips
increment accordingly.
Reduce stiffness of yielded members and
continue load increments 12 - 0 12 - 0 12 - 0
k = kelastic + kplastic with kplastic = plastic reduction
Continue
to accumulate results of load
increments until all of load is applied or a plastic E = 29,000 ksi
mechanism forms. y = 50 ksi

8
 No
Axial Force

Second-Order Effects Equilibrium Equations

Formulated on Formulated on
A.K.A. Geometric Nonlinear Behavior Undeformed Shape Deformed Shape
Equilibrium Equations
P
P
Reality: Should be formulated on deformed H H
shape
Truss is susceptible to
Difficulty: Deformed shape (deformations) is
2nd-Order effects,
a function of the member forces, which are in
turn a function of the deformations luckily is often
(Chicken n Egg) quite small.
Remedy: Perform a series of analyses with
loads applied in small increments and update
geometry after each load increment.
Different reactions and member forces.

Equilibrium Equations Focus on Lateral Stiffness

Formulated on Formulated on Formulated on Undeformed Shape: Linear Response
Undeformed Shape Deformed Shape Before: After: Lateral Stiffness
H H k=3E I/L3 P is slope of H-
P kspring
P H response curve
H k=3E I/L3
H 1

keff < k H
1
1


Effective klateral = kspring
lateral 1
stiffness
is reduced!

M=HL M=HL+P

9
 Focus on Lateral Stiffness (cont.) Focus on Lateral Stiffness (cont.)
Formulated on Deformed Shape: Nonlinear Response Equilibrium Formulated on Deformed Shape

Before: After: Lets start by assuming L L,

P Effective lateral
kspring stiffness is reduced
H H
H kspring
1
klateral < kspring
1
P Mo = 0 RL = HL + P
kspring R = H + P/L
R=kspring kspring = H + P/L
H = kspring P/L
L L H = (kspring P/L)
Lateral Stiffness (slope of response curve)
Pt. o
H = klateral with klateral = kspring P/L

Some thoughts here Geometric Stiffness

This simple analysis becomes less accurate as
/L becomes large (i.e. /L >> 1/5) Effective lateral stiffness of a member:
Remedy: Perform an incremental analysis and update decreases as a member is compressed
geometry after each load incrementhence, limit kg is negative for compressive P
/L in each step to some small amount backpacker example
Keep in mind serviceability limits are often increases when subjected to tension
something like /L < 1/400 kg is positive for tensile P
guitar string example
Most importantly, klateral = kspring P/L takes on
the form: Employing geometric stiffness approach
Geometric Stiffness Other methods exist (i.e. stability functions)
k2nd-Order El. = k1st-Order El. + kg

How about real members? (recall) Closer look at stiffness terms

Flexural members subjected to axial force
Flexural members subjected to axial force
M
M

P
P P
Stiffness k function of: F P
F
Geometry: Moment of Inertia & Length (I,k& L, k) M = k(I,L,E,P) with
Material: Elastic Modulus (E ,k) k = 4EI/L 2PL/15 F = k(I,L,E,P) with
Axial Force: Compressive (P, k) k = 12EI/L3 6P/5L
Again, basic form:
M = k(I,L,E,P) F = k(I,L,E,P) k2nd-Order El. = k1st-Order El. + kg

10
 Geometric Nonlinear Analysis
Employ Direct Stiffness Method applying loads
in increments: Solve Equil. Eqs. {dF} = [K]{d}
At start of increment, modify member stiffness
to account for presence of member forces (such
as axial force):
k = kelastic + kg with kg = geometric stiffness
At end of increment, update model of structural
geometry to include displacements
Continue to accumulate results of load increments
(i = i-1 + d and fi = fi-1 + df) until all of load is
applied or elastic instability is detected.

Comparison: 1st- and 2nd-Order Analysis Results 2nd-Order Inelastic Analysis

Employ Direct Stiffness Method applying loads
in increments: Solve Equil. Eqs. {dF} = [K]{d}
At start of increment, modify member stiffness
to account for presence of member forces and
any yielding:
Moments increase by ~10%
k = kelastic + kgeometric + kplastic
At end of increment, update model of structural
geometry to include displacements
Continue to accumulate results of load increments
(i = i-1 + d and fi = fi-1 + df) until all of load is
applied or inelastic instability is detected.

Critical Load Analysis (Basics)

Definition: Critical or buckling load is the
load at which equilibrium may be satisfied
by more than one deformed shape.

P Solution Solution P
#1 P #2

Big Q: How does computer software calculate this?

11
 Critical Load Analysis (Background) Example
Elastic stiffness of a member k = kel + kg
kel is f(A or I, L, and E)
Demonstrate computational
kg is f(P,L), also note directly proportional to P
method for calculating the
Elastic stiffness of structure [K] = k
elastic critical load (buckling P
[K] = [Kel] + [Kg]
load) for the structural Rigid Beam
[Kg] directly proportional to applied force
i.e. Double applied forces, hence, double internal force
system shown.
distribution and double [Kg]
A, I
To the computer, buckling will occur when L, E
our equilibrium equations {F} = [K]{} permit
non-unique solutions, e.g. det[K] = 0.

Example: Key Stiffness Terms Example: Solution

P
P lat P Rigid Beam
1. Apply reference load, and use 1st-
H Rigid Beam H vert order elastic analysis to obtain
internal force distribution.
klateral A, I 2. Determine load factor at which
A, I L, E system stiffness degrades to
L, E Pcr
kvertical permit buckling.

klateral = 12EI/L3 6P/5L

Vertical Stiffness: Lateral Stiffness:
klateral = 0 when P = 10EI/L2
P = kvertical vert H = klateral lat
klateral = 12EI/L3 6P/5L Pcr = P = 10EI/L2 (Ptheory=9.87EI/L2)

100 kips
Thoughts on Critical Load Analysis
Computer analysis for a large system:
W1265 P = 400 kips
First, apply reference and perform analysis
Solve equilibrium eqs. {Fref} = [K]{}
With displacements solve for member forces
Second, assemble [Kel] and [Kg] based on {Fref}
=9.4
Finally, determine load factor causing instability;
computationally this means find load factor at which
[K]=[Kel]+[Kg] becomes singular
Determine at which det([Kel]+[Kg) = 0
Eigenvalue problem: Eigenvalues = Critical Load Factors, s
Eigenvectors = Buckling modes
Accuracy increases with more elements per
=1.7 compression members (2 often adequate)

12
 MASTAN2:
Basic Introduction Complete
- Educational software
Where do I go from here? (Learning to drive) - GUI commercial programs
Review the slides (Read the drivers manual) - Limited # of pre- and post-processing options
Acquire nonlinear software (Borrow a friends car) to reduce learning curve
Work lots of examples (Go for a drive, scary at first) - Suite of linear and nonlinear 2D and 3D
Apply nonlinear analysis in design (NASCAR? not quite) analysis routines
- Available with textbook
Acquire nonlinear analysis software or online at no cost
Commercial programs
www.mastan2.com or
Educational software (i.e. MASTAN2)
www.aisc.org [Steel Tools]

Lateral
Levels of Analysis: MASTAN2 MASTAN2
1st-Order
load,
Elastic
H
Elastic Critical Load
1st-Order Elastic: [Ke]{}={F}
Hec
Elastic Stability Limit
Hes
2nd-Order Elastic: [Ke + Kg]{d}={dF} 2nd-Order
Elastic
1st-Order Inelastic: [Ke + Kp]{d}={dF} Hic Inelastic Critical Load
1st-Order
2nd-Order Inelastic: [Ke + Kg + Kp]{d}={dF} Hp Inelastic Inelastic Limit Load

Critical Load: [Ke + Kg]{d}={0} Inelastic Stability H = P P
His
Limit
Actual
2nd-Order
Yield Surface:
P
H = P
Inelastic

Function of P, Mmajor, and Mminor

Lateral displacement,

Planar Frame: 1st-Order 2nd-Order

Summary and Conclusions
Load Elastic Elastic
Factor
1st-Order
Inelastic
2nd-Order Provided an introduction to nonlinear analysis
Inelastic
Review of direct stiffness method
E = 29,000 ksi
y = 36 ksi
Material nonlinear analysis (Inelastic hinge)
Geometric nonlinear analysis (2nd-Order)
ud (in.) 2nd-Order inelastic analysis (combine above)
14
1831
1665
1720
Critical load analysis (eigenvalue analysis)
First
Second hinge hinge Nonlinearthink modifying member stiffness!
8783 (1st-Order) Overview and availability of MASTAN2
Now, its your turn to take it for a spin
8783 (2nd-Order)

Mechanism Moments at Limit (in. kips)

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 Gravity Load

Appendix Multi-story 25 kips 50 kips 25 kips

0.5P
Frame: P
Several examples to try out P

Lateral Load
Solutions by MASTAN2 P
P
Need a reference text with many P
examples? see Matrix Structural Analysis, P
2nd Ed., by McGuire, Gallagher, and Ziemian P
(Wiley, 2000) P

See tutorial that comes with MASTAN2

OK, time to jump in and start driving Demonstrate:
<See Final Exam> 2nd-Order Inelastic Analysis
E = 29,000 ksi
Non-proportional loading y = 36 ksi

2nd-Order
MASTAN2
Inelastic
Model:
Analysis:
Gravity Load P = 30 kips

2nd-Order 2nd-Order
Inelastic Inelastic
Analysis: Analysis:
Limit State:
P = 37.7 kips
Plim = 40.3 kips

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2nd-Order 2nd-Order Strength Limit State (P=40.3 kips)

Inelastic Inelastic
Analysis:
Analysis: Post-limit State: 1st Plastic Hinge (P=30 kips)

P = 40 kips

Truss (Hoff et al.): MASTAN2

3P
Model:
All members:
20 A = 9.34810-2 in2
I = 6.954 10-4 in4
E = 29,000 ksi
3P
3 @ 20
P = 100 lbs

Demonstrate:
Elastic Critical Load
2nd-Order Elastic
Experimental (Plimit=220 lbs)

Elastic Critical Load: Pcr = 210.7 lbs 2nd-Order Elastic: Plim = 210 lbs

15
 P
Response Elastic Critical Load
M = PL
Curves: P = 210 lbs Beam-Column:
2nd-Order Elastic
1st-Order
Elastic
W2476
E = 29,000 ksi
L = 24
Demonstrate:
Elastic Critical Load Analysis
1. Flexural Buckling (=0.0)
2. Torsional Flexural Buckling
(=0.04)

M = PL

Elastic Critical Load ( = 0.0)

MASTAN2
Model:

Isometric View Elevation View Plan View

Elastic Critical Load Analysis ( = 0.04) Suspension System:

A = 5.40 in2
y = 150 ksi

A = 50 in2
I = 20,000 in4
Z = 1,000 in3
y = 50 ksi
Load
Factor
2
2nd-Order 1st-Order Inelastic
1.5 Inelastic
1st-Order
1 Inelastic

0.5 2nd-Order Inelastic

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
vmid (in.) Hinge Formation
Isometric View Elevation View Plan View

16