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A. Purpose
Study the chemical bonding in compounds with molymod
B. Basic Theory
1. Definition of Style Intramolecular
Intramolecular force is the force that holds the atoms in a molecule . This style is divided
into two , namely :
Ion Bonds
Bonding that occurs as a result of the handover of electrons between atoms that
has a low ionization potential with atoms that have high electron affinity .
Covalent Bonds
Bonding that occurs as a result of the use of electron pairs together between the
atoms are bonded . The bonding generally occurs between nonmetallic elements .
2. Understanding of intermolecular forces
1. Non - ideal behavior of a gas
2. The existence of a condensed phase material.
Attractive forces between the molecules . This force is responsible for :
a. Dipole - dipole force
Forces acting on the polar molecules
b. Ion - dipole force
Force that occurs in an ion with polar molecules
c. Dispersion forces
Forces acting on the molecules of non polar
d. Hydrogen bonds
Type of dipole - dipole interaction between the hydrogen atoms are special in a
polar bonds , such as O - H or N - H with electronegative atoms , such as O , N or
F.
e. Metal bonding
Bonding that occurs between the metal atoms
3. Understanding Molecular
Molecule is an aggregate ( collection ) which consists of at least two atoms in a specific
arrangement that is bound together by chemical forces (also called chemical bonds ) . A
molecule can contain atoms of the same element or atoms of two or more elements are
joined in a certain ratio , in accordance with the laws of the comparison remains . Thus ,
a molecule does not have a definition based compounds are formed from two or more
atoms . Examples of hydrogen gas ( H2 ) is a pure element , but consists of molecules ,
each of which is formed from two atoms of H. In contrast , water ( H 2O ) is a
molecular compound containing two H atoms and one O atom
Hydrogen molecule is denoted by H2 , called diatomic molecules as composed of two
atoms. A diatomic molecule can also be composed of two atoms of different elements .
For example hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) . Most of the molecules containing more than two
atoms . Atoms that can be derived from the same elements as ozone ( O3 ) , or can be a
combination of two or more elements such as H2O . Molecule which consists of more
than two elements are called polyatomic molecules .
Because it is too small to be observed directly , it is used to visualize molecular models
molecules . There are two standard types of molecules are commonly used , namely ball -
stick models and space - filled models .
4. Understanding Molecular Geometry
Molecular geometry is the three- dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule .
Some of the physical properties and chemical properties , such as melting point ,
boiling point , density , and type of molecular reactions that naturally influenced
by molecular geometry .
There are two common ways used to determine the molecular geometry , in
particular covalent compound .
1. Valence bond theory
2. VSEPR method
1. Valence bond theory
Valence bond theory assumes that the electrons in a molecule occupy atomic
orbitals individual.
Formation of bonding occurs due to overlap ( overlapping ) between the orbitals
of the valence shell of each individual atoms .
Lewis structures can be written by trial and error method to consider the
following :
a. The whole valence electrons must be written in the Lewis structure
b . In general, all the electrons in the Lewis structure pairs
c . In general, all the atoms achieve an octet configuration ( except duplet for
hydrogen ) . Some of the irregularities atom octet rule .
d . Double or triple bonds can also be formed , generally to the elements
carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , phosphorus and sulfur
2. VSEPR method
VSEPR Theory ( Valence - Shell Electron -Pair Repulsion ) or it can also be said
TPEKV ( Reject Leather valence electron pair ) . VSEPR is a model that explains
the approach of the geometrical arrangement of electron pair around the central atom
as a result of repulsion between the free electron pair ( PEB ) . Valence shell is the
outermost shell of electrons in an atom occupied which is usually involved in the
bonding . Two general rules in the VSEPR theory , namely :
a. In relation to the electron pair repulsion , two and three double bonds can be
treated as a single bond . But in reality a double bond or three larger than a single
bond , because a higher density of the double bond in triplicate between two
atoms will require a larger space .
b. If a model has two or more atomic resonance structure , we can apply the
VSEPR models on each of the structure. Formal charge is usually not indicated .
Guidelines for using VSEPR Model
1 . Write the Lewis structure of a molecule .
2 . Calculate the total number of electron pairs surrounding the central atom .
3 . 2 and 3 double bonds , regarded as a single bond .
4 . In predicting bond angles , remember repel ps . e
free x ps . free e > ps . free e x ps . e bond > ps . e
ties x ps . e bond .
With this theory , we can predict the shape of molecules ( including ions)
systematically . For this purpose , the molecules were divided into two groups,
namely:
a. The model does not have a central atom free electron pair ( PEB ) . For more details ,
refer to the table below
Bonding
pairs repel
each other one another, then the pair
is located at the opposite end of the
first straight line.
MXxEy
Where:
M = atomic center
X = atom terminal
E = PEB on M
x = number of terminal atoms (2, 3, ...)
y = number of PEB on the central atom (1, 2, 3, ...)
No Formula Picture
1 N2
2 C2H4
3 CBr4
4 H2S
5 H3PO4
6 BH3
7 H3PO3
8 H2
9 HNO2
10 HNO3
11 NaCl
12 C6H6
13 C2H2
14 BeCl2
15 CO2
16 H2S
17 HF
18 Al3Cl
19 NH3
20 C6H12O6
21 C2H6
22 H2O
23 O3
24 O2
25 CaO
26 H2SO4
27 H2CO3
28 CH4
29 H2CrO4
30 C12H22O11
F. Discussion
a. HCl
Lewis structure of HCl :
b. BeCl2
Configuration of Be : 1s2 2s2
2 atom C :
hybridization : s p
Bond formed is an ionic bond, resulting in electron handover. Be the valence electrons will
be attracted to the Cl atom, because it is more electronegative Cl atom. BeCl2 molecular
hybridization is sp. So the bond angle formed is 180o and the molecule is linear gometri.
c. CH4
Lewis structure of CH4 :
Hybridization : s p3
CH4 with sp3 hybridization has tetrahedral geometry / tetrahedral. With the C-H bond
angle of 109,5o.
Bonding that occurs in CH4 is non polar covalent bond. Since there is no free electron
pair (PEB) so formed is symmetrical molecule, where the electron pairs are used equally as
strong interest to all of the atoms that form the same angle is 109,50 with a tetrahedral
molecular shape. Image forms of molecules:
d. NH3
o NH3 :
Lewis structure :
Hybridization : s p3 ,
NH3 has sp3 hybridization, when viewed from hibridisasinya is equal to the hybridization of
CH4, but the difference between the two molecules of the stretcher is on NH3 are 1 PEB, so
large bond angle would be smaller 109,5o. NH3 is pyramidal geometry with a large angle
107,3o.
Bonding that occurs in NH3 is a polar covalent bond because there is a PEB NH3. The
PEB leads to changes in bond angles and changes in molecular shape. PEB on the central N
atom H atom pressing down. This is caused by the force of repulsion experienced by the PEB
with H atoms, where the force of repulsion between the atoms H PEB larger than the
repulsive force between the H atom with atomic H. Forming a pyramid with a triangular
molecule bond angle in 1070. Image forms of molecules :
e. H2O
G. Conclusion
1. To predict the geometry of a molecule in a systematic way, we can
use VSEPR theory is divided into two categories :
a) molecules that have a central atom with no lone pairs (PEB)
b) have a central atom molecules PEB
2. Atoms form a molecule that has a center without PEB there are 5
forms, namely :
a) Linear form with the formula AB2
b) Planar triangular shape with the formula AB3
c) Tetrahedral shape with the formula AB4
d) Triangular bipiramida shape with the formula AB5
e) octahedral shape with the formula AB6
3. Molecules that form the central atom has no PEB 8 form, namely :
a) V shape or bend
b) Triangular pyramid shape
c) Irregular tetrahedral shape
d) T form
e) Linear form
f) A square pyramid
g) A square planar
4. Changes in bond angles and shapes of molecules caused by the PEB which causes
repulsion between electrons of different.
5. The magnitude of the repulsive force between the electron pairs :
Repulsion between PEB vs PEB> repulsion between PEB vs PEI> repulsion between
PEI vs PEI
6. On the molecular structure of cyclohexane, there are two positions, namely :
a. axial position : position of the atoms are located above and below the plane of the
triangle.
b. equatorial position: position of the atoms that lie in the triangle.
7. Belonging to the benzene aromatic compound having the molecular formula C6H6.
In the preparation of benzene using a central trigonal atom. Circle in which six
showed delocalization of electrons in the p orbitals are mutually cored.
H. Review of Literature
http://www.scribd.com/doc/56776608/Laporan-Praktikum-Ikatan-
Molekul#download
https://www.google.com/search?
q=O3&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=vchrUuedB8eQrQe27oGQCA&ved=
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c=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=TS3x7w195a1VEM%3A%3B0aTJna0KmWEtUM
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oDgDA&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:9,s:0,i:105&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=189&tbnw
=183&start=0&ndsp=22&tx=115&ty=55&biw=1366&bih=674