5 The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to

developing countries for capital programs. It comprises two institutions: the

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the
International Development Association (IDA).

Functions:

World Bank is playing main role of providing loans for development works to
member countries, especially to underdeveloped countries. The World Bank
provides long-term loans for various development projects of 5 to 20 years duration.

The main functions can be explained with the help of the following points:

1. World Bank provides various technical services to the member countries. For this
purpose, the Bank has established The Economic Development Institute and a
Staff College in Washington.

2. Bank can grant loans to a member country up to 20% of its share in the paid-up
capital.

3. The quantities of loans, interest rate and terms and conditions are determined by
the Bank itself.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), commonly

referred to as the World Bank, is an international financial institution whose
purposes include assisting the development of its member nations territories,
promoting and supplementing private foreign investment and promoting long-range
balance growth in international trade.

4. Generally, Bank grants loans for a particular project duly submitted to the Bank
by the member country.

5. The debtor nation has to repay either in reserve currencies or in the currency in
which the loan was sanctioned.

6. Bank also provides loan to private investors belonging to member countries on its
own guarantee, but for this loan private investors have to seek prior permission
from those counties where this amount will be collected.

4 The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization
dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO
agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and
ratified in their parliaments.The WTO was born out of the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was established in 1947. A series of trade
negotiations, GATT rounds began at the end of World War II and were aimed at
reducing tariffs for the facilitation of global trade on goods.The World Trade
Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the
rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated
and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and ratified in their
parliaments.the World Trade

3 For technology up-gradation to Micro and Small Enterprises in the pharma sector,
Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) is running Credit Linked
Capital Subsidy Scheme (CLCSS) under which Micro and Small Enterprises are
entitled to take loan up to Rs. 1.00 crore with 15% subsidy.

Drugs for sale or for export are manufactured under license granted by State
Licensing Authorities appointed by State governments. Central Drugs Standard
Control Organization (CDSCO) has not received any such information that majority
of small pharmaceutical manufacturers are doing job work/contract work for bigger
pharmaceutical units which export the same under their brand name.

Some of the measures taken by the Government to promote exports by small and
medium Pharmaceutical manufacturers are:

i) Financial assistance through Pharmexcil, an Export Promotion Council,

is provided under Market Development Assistance and Market Access Initiative
Schemes to exporters of Pharmaceutical products particularly small and medium
size exporters to promote their exports in various countries.

ii) Trade Delegations/Buyer Seller Meets (BSMs) to various countries are

organized, where One-to-One meetings with local buyers/importers, FDA/Regulatory
officials are arranged for the benefit of exporters.

iii) Participate in International exhibitions and assist small and medium scale
companies by way of providing space in those exhibitions at reasonable costs.

iv) Business Meets are organized in India by inviting buyers/importers/FDA

officials to India and one-to-one meetings are arranged. These meets help the
industry, particularly small and medium exporters.

v) Pharmexcil organizes its own Expo in India viz. IPHEX every year, which is
helping the small and medium exporters.

vi) Pharmexcil has separate Cells/desks for IPR and AYUSH sector to help the
small and medium exporters.

vii) Incentives to Pharmaceutical industry are available in various trade

promotion schemes like Focus Market Scheme, Focus Product Scheme, Advance
Authorization Scheme etc. in the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) which also helps the
Small and Medium exporters for promoting their exports.
(viii) India Brand Pharma Campaign launched since March, 2012 promotes quality,
affordable & reliability of Indian medicines.

This information was given by the Minister of State (Independent Charge) in the
Ministry of Commerce & Industry Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman in a written reply in
Rajya Sabha today.Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing
with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that
trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.The result is assurance.
Consumers and producers know that they can enjoy secure supplies and greater
choice of the finished products, components, raw materials and services that they
use. Producers and exporters know that foreign markets will remain open to them.

The result is also a more prosperous, peaceful and accountable economic world.
Virtually all decisions in the WTO are taken by consensus among all member
countries and they are ratified by members' parliaments. Trade friction is channelled
into the WTO's dispute settlement process where the focus is on interpreting
agreements and commitments, and how to ensure that countries' trade policies
conform with them. That way, the risk of disputes spilling over into political or
military conflict is reduced.

By lowering trade barriers, the WTOs system also breaks down other barriers
between peoples and nations.

At the heart of the system known as the multilateral trading system are the
WTOs agreements, negotiated and signed by a large majority of the worlds trading
nations, and ratified in their parliaments. These agreements are the legal ground-
rules for international commerce. Essentially, they are contracts, guaranteeing
member countries important trade rights. They also bind governments to keep their
trade policies within agreed limits to everybodys benefit.

The agreements were negotiated and signed by governments. But their purpose is
to help producers of goo

Case

1 India has emerged as one of the worlds largest markets for organic food
consumption as the countrys government is taking various initiatives to promote
the industry. For that, it is encouraging farmers to develop excessive organic
agriculture lands and cultivate premium-priced and health-oriented crops in the
country. Besides, the government has issued various schemes, such as: National
Project on Organic Farming, National Horticulture Mission and Technology Mission for
North East, and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana to support the industry. Apart from all
these initiatives, the government has also partially relaxed restrictions on exports of
few products produced without using chemical fertilizer and pesticides to promote
organic farming.

As per our research, the countrys nascent organic food market is transforming into
worlds fastest growing organic food market with a shift of consumer behavior and
spending patterns. And, the National Program for Organic Production has raised the
profile of organic products, and they are becoming highly popular among the
mainstream retailers. Indians are purchasing organic food as these are considered
healthier and more natural. Besides, high cost modern farming and rising input
costs have made organic farming a necessity in many regions. Taking into
consideration all these factors, the organic food market in India is estimated to grow
at a CAGR of around 15% during 2011-2013.

Our report, "Indian Organic Food Market Analysis", includes an in-depth research
and rational analysis of the organic food market potentials in India. It provides
information on emerging trends, drivers, and regulatory initiatives, which are
collectively elevating the outlook for the industry in the country. An insight into
organic export market and consumer behavior analysis have been presented in the
study, which further includes industrial roadblocks, and elaborates the profiles of
the prominent industry players in order to provide a balanced research outlook of
the market. The comprehensive research aims at presenting a complete and
coherent analysis of the Indian Organic food industry to clients.ds and services,
exporters, and importers conduct their business

2 In today`s world each individual is worried about their health and want to indulge
in something that is tasty as well as healthy. Organic food is one among such food
items that are popular for being both tasty and good for our body and health. It is a
food product which is produced without using any harmful chemicals while
cultivation, manufacturing, or processing. They are costly than other products. In
spite of being costly they are preferred by many people. There are various reasons
behind the increasing demand of organic food in the market.

Reasons behind the increasing demand:

Good for health

It is presumed that these food items are better than the non-organic products as
they are not produced with the help of any chemicals that are harmful to our body.
Heart related disease and obesity are the main reasons behind the growth in the
demand of such products.
Helps environment

Normally, pesticides and chemicals are used to grow and process food items which
directly or indirectly affect the soil and water bodies. Over a period of time it also
affects the birds, animals that are living in that location and causes harm to the
atmosphere. But these organic products are grown free of toxins which help the soil
to remain in its original state and also safeguard our land and water. They are
usually packed in green substance that can be easily recycled which in turn makes it
environmental friendly.

Tasty

Since there is no use of unhealthy chemicals in the production there flavours are not
affected and therefore, they are more tastier and full of flavours. People like to buy
food items that are tastier as well as good for being fit even if they are expensive in
the market because health is wealth.

High percentage of vitamins and minerals

Organically grown food items have high amount of vitamins and minerals. So you
can increase the benefits of taking fruits and vegetables by choosing organic ones.
For juice diet, you can opt for this product to improve the effect of your diet.

Positive impact on your mind

When you eat something healthy and delicious, your mind gets relaxed and you feel
satisfied and pleasant about what you eat. The sense of satisfaction can be derived
by having products that are grown organically. You will feel happy and relaxed about
your eating products by selecting such products.

These benefits increased the scope of the market for such food items. With the help
of such items, people are becoming healthier and the illness percentage rate is also
decreased. Therefore, always choose things that are good for your health if you can
afford it.

3 Although, commercial organic agriculture with its rigorous quality assurance

system is a new market controlled, consumer-centric agriculture system world over,
but it has grown almost 25-30% per year during last 10 years. In spite of recession
fears the growth of organic is going unaffected. The movement started with
developed world is gradually picking up in developing countries. But demand is still
concentrated in developed and most affluent countries. Local demand for organic
food is growing. India is poised for faster growth with growing domestic market.
Success of organic movement in India depends upon the growth of its own domestic
markets. India has traditionally been a country of organic agriculture, but the
growth of modern scientific, input intensive agriculture has pushed it to wall. But
with the increasing awareness about the safety and quality of foods, long term
sustainability of the system and accumulating evidences of being equally
productive, the organic farming has emerged as an alternative system of farming
which not only address the quality and sustainability concerns, but also ensures a
debt free, profitable livelihood option.