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S t u d e n t ac t i v i t y 2 . 1
a Use a suitable matrix product to calculate the total amount of change held by each
of Michael, Jay, Sam and Lin in the given week.
b If the AustralianUS dollar exchange rate is A$1 =US$0.76, use a suitable scalar
multiple of the matrix in part a to find the equivalent value of their change in US
dollars.
D e f i n i t i o n o f a m a t ri x
is 1j n.
There are various notations that can be used for matrices. In this text we
will use square brackets to enclose the entries of a matrix. Curve brackets are
also used, however it is conventional to use only one notation in a given
context. Matrices are designated using upper case letters, the entries in a
matrix are identified with the corresponding lower case letter and subscript
indices indicating their position; thus, we sometimes write A=[ai j ] where, as
above, i is the row index and j the column index. As before, aij is the entry in
the ith row and jth column of A and the ranges of i and j are understood to be
those given by the order of the matrix A.
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Matrices
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Two special cases of note are that a m1 matrix is usually called a column
matrix or column vector, while a 1n matrix is usually called a row matrix
or row vector. If a rectangular array is not available for visual display, then a
matrix can be written as a list of lists of equal size, where a list is an ordered
set. For example, the matrix
R V
S 4 0 2 W
S 1 1 1 W
S W
S- 5 10 3 W
S 0 0 3.4 W
T X
is the 43 matrix uniquely defined by the list {{4, 0, 2}, {1, 1, 1}, {5, 10, 3},
{0, 0, 3.4}}.
When technology is used, the data to specify a matrix is either entered into
a template of a specified size (where the dimensions of the matrix needs to be
specified first to obtain the desired template), or as a list of lists.
Example 2.1
O p e ra t i o n s o n m a t ric e s
As we have seen in the earlier practical example, matrices may be added,
subtracted, multiplied by a number (scalar), or multiplied by matrices. Some
of these operations are not always possible; the sizes, or orders, of the matrices
involved is important, that is to say there are conditions to which two matrices
need to conform for their sum, difference or product to be defined, or for them
to be conformable for that operation. In practice, general computation with
matrices of high order is carried out by technology, and the algorithms used
by various programs to carry out these computations need the orders of the
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chapter 2
Rectangular arrays, matrices and operations
Copyright 2007. Australian Council for Education Research. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair
A d d i t i o n a n d s u b t rac t i o n o f t w o
m a t ric e s
If matrices A and B are of the same size mn then A+B is the mn matrix
with (i, j) entry aij+bij, for i=1 to m, j=1 to n. That is,
A+B=[aij]+[bij]=[aij+bij]. In other words, we simply add all the entries
in their corresponding positions throughout the matrix.
Subtraction can be defined in the same way, and
A B=[aij] [bij ]=[aij bij]. In other words, we simply subtract all the
entries in matrix B from their corresponding entries in matrix A.
Example 2.2
R V R V R
S 1 - 2 W S 7 12 W S 1 + 7 ]- 2g + 12 VW RS 8 10 VW
S 3 5 W+ S- 3 1 W = S 3 + ]- 3g 5 + 1 W= S 0 6 W
SS- 4 1 WW SS- 1 2 WW SS]- 4g + ]- 1g 1 + 2 WW SS- 5 3 WW
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T X T X T X T X
R V R V R
S 1 - 2 W S 7 12 W S 1 - 7 ]- 2g - 12 W S- 6 - 14 VW
V R
S 3 5 W- S- 3 1 W = S 3 - ]- 3g 5 - 1 W= S 6 4 W
SS- 4 1 WW SS- 1 2 WW SS]- 4g - ]- 1g 1 - 2 WW SS- 3 - 1 WW
T X T X T X T X
M u l t i p l ica t i o n b y a n u m b e r ( s ca l ar
m u lt i p l e )
Given a matrix A of size mn and a number (scalar) k, then kA is the mn
matrix with (i, j) entry kaij for i=1 to m and j=1 to n. That is, if A=[aij ]
and k is a scalar then kA=k[aij]=[kaij].
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Example 2.3
R V
S 2 - 2W
If k = 3 and A = S 3 7 W, then
SS- 1 5 WW
T X
R V R V
S 2 - 2W S 6 - 6W
3A = A + ]A + Ag = 3 S 3 7 W = S 9 21 W
SS- 1 5 WW SS- 3 15 WW
T X T X
A - B = A + ]- Bg
with entries the sums aij+(bij) of the corresponding entries in A and (B).
Example 2.4
S 1 - 2 W S 7 12 W S1 + ]- 7g - 2 + ]- 12gW S- 6 - 14 W
R V R V R V R V
S 3 5 W- S- 3 1 W = S 3 + 3 5 + ]- 1g W = S 6 4 W
SS- 4 1 WW SS- 1 2 WW SS - 4 + 1 1 + ]- 2g WW SS- 3 - 1 WW
T X T X T X T X
There is a special matrix, called the zero matrix O=[oij] where oij=0 for
all i and j. For any matrix A, A - A = O .
Example 2.5
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1 -2 3 2 4 -1
If A = > H and B = > H, then
4 2 -1 -1 3 2
1 -2 3 2 4 -1
i A+B => H+> H
4 2 -1 -1 3 2
1 + 2 ]- 2g + 4 3 + ]- 1g
== G == G
3 2 2
4 + ]- 1g 2 + 3 ]- 1g + 2 3 5 1
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