Gone With The Wind - A Preview of The New Eurocode For Wind PDF

GonewiththeWind ApreviewofthenewEurocodeforWind
EN199114:2009,Eurocode1:ActionsonStructures
EN 1991 1 4: 2009 Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures
Part14:WindActions
Seminaron
Seminar on
'ActionsandEffectsofActionsonBuildingsinaccordancewithStructuralEurocodes',
NTUSingapore,19Nov13
Dr.Juneid Qureshi,GroupDesignDirector
EN199114:Eurocode1:ActionsonStructures:Part14:WindActions
S
ScopeofPresentation
fP t ti
Natureofwindactions
OverviewofEN199114
KeysimilaritiesanddifferenceswithcurrentStandard
Windtunnelstudies
Wind tunnel studies
Applicationresults
Singaporeislocatedintheequatorial&doesnotexperiencetyphoons.
Designwindspeedsfromweakthunderstormsandmonsoonalwindsarelow.
Design wind speeds from weak thunderstorms and monsoonal winds are low
N t
NatureofWindActions
f Wi d A ti
Windrepresentsmassesofairmovingmainlyhorizontallyfromareasofhighpressure
toonesoflowpressure.
Windgeneratespressuresonexternal&internal
surfacesofstructures.
f f
Additionally,whenlargeareasofstructuresare
sweptbythewind,frictionforcesacting
tangentiallytothesurfacemaybesignificant.
Themaineffectofwindisahorizontalloadingofbuildings.
Thewindactionisrepresentedbyasimplifiedsetofpressuresorforceswhoseeffects
areequivalenttotheextremeeffectsoftheturbulentwind.
Theeffectofthewindonthestructure(i.e.theresponseofthestructure),dependson
thesize,shapeanddynamicpropertiesofthestructure.
Wi d Eff t
WindEffectsonStructures
St t
Mostbuildingsarenotstreamlined,andarecalledbluffbodiesinaerodynamics.
9 dragforce,inthedirectionoftheflow
9 liftforce,perpendiculartoflowdirection
9 torsionalmoment
Forbluffbodies,windflowseparatesandcausestheformationofthesocalled"wake
9 pressureonthewindwardside
pressure on the windward side
9 suctionontheleewardside
9 suction/pressureonlateralsurfaces
M
MeanWindVelocity:GradientHeight
Wi d V l it G di t H i ht
Themeanwindvelocityatgreatheights
0m)
Zg (600
abovethegroundisconstantanditis
calledthegradientwindspeed.
Nearthegroundthemeanwind V(z)=Vg(z/zg)
dependsonterrain
velocitydecreasesduetofrictional FluctuatingWind
Speed,V(z,t)
forces caused by the terrain being
forcescausedbytheterrain,being
MeanWindSpeed,V(z)
equalwithzeroatthegroundlevel.
Th
Thereisaboundarylayerwithinwhich
i b d l ithi hi h
thewindspeedvariesfromzerotothe
gradientwindspeed(meanwindspeed
increaseswithheight). V
M
MeanWindVelocity:GradientHeight
Wi d V l it G di t H i ht
Thethicknessoftheboundarylayer(gradientheight)dependsontheground
roughness.Largertheroughness,largerthegradientheight.
O
Overview
i off SS-EN-1-4
SS EN 1 4
SS EN 1991 1 4 Contents
SSEN199114: C t t
Section1 General
Section2 Designsituations
Section3 Modellingofwindactions
Section4 Windvelocityandvelocitypressure
Section5 Windactions
Section6 Structuralfactorcscd
Section7 Pressureandforcecoefficients
S i 8
Section8 Wi d i
Windactionsonbridges
b id
AnnexA(informative) Terraineffects
A
AnnexB(informative)
B (i f ti ) P
Procedure1forstructuralfactorc
d 1 f t t l f t scd
AnnexC(informative) Procedure2forstructuralfactorcscd
Annex D (informative)
AnnexD(informative) Graphs of cscd for common building forms
Graphsofcscdforcommonbuildingforms
AnnexE(informative) Vortexshedding&aeroelasticinstabilities
Annex F (informative)
AnnexF(informative) Dynamic characteristics of structures
Dynamiccharacteristicsofstructures
NationalAnnex (Normative)
S ti 1 General
Section1 G l
Scope
Includes
9 Buildingandcivilengineeringworkswithheightsupto200m
g g g g p
9 Bridgeswithspansoflessthan200m(subjecttodynamicresponsecriteria)
Excludes
9 Nonlandbasedstructures
9 Guyedmasts,guyedchimneysandlatticetowers
9 Cablesupportedbridges
C bl t d b id
9 Torsionalvibrations,e.g.,tallbuildingswithacentralcore
9 Vibrationswheremorethanthefundamentalmodeneedstobeconsidered
S ti 2 DesignSituations
Section2 D i Sit ti
WindactionsaredeterminedforeachdesignsituationaccordingtoEN1990.
Otheractions(suchassnow,trafficorice)whichwillmodifythewindeffectsshouldbe
takenintoaccount.
Changesinthestructureduringexecutionwhichmaymodifythewindeffectsshould
be taken into account
betakenintoaccount.
Whereindesignwindows&doorsareassumedtobeshutunderstormconditions,the
effectofthesebeingopenshouldbetreatedasanaccidentaldesignsituation.
ff t f th b i h ld b t t d id t l d i it ti
Fatigueshouldbeconsideredforsusceptiblestructures
S ti 3 Modellingofwindactions
Section3 M d lli f i d ti
Descriptionofwindactions(internalpressures,externalpressures,forcesandfriction
forces,dynamicresponse).
Classificationofwindactionasvariablefixedactions.
Definitionofcharacteristicvalues.
InaccordancewithEN1990,thebasicvaluesarecharacteristicvalueshavingannual
probabilitiesofexceedenceof0.02,whichisequivalenttoameanreturnperiodof50
years.
S ti 3 Modellingofwindactions
Section3 M d lli f i d ti
Theeffectofthewindonthestructure,dependsonthesize,shapeanddynamic
propertiesofthestructure.
TheStandardcoversdynamicresponseduetoalongwindturbulence,inresonance
y p g ,
withthealongwindvibrations,ofafundamentalflexuralmodeshape.
The
Theresponseofstructuresshouldbecalculatedfromthepeakvelocitypressure,q
response of structures should be calculated from the peak velocity pressure qp,
atthereferenceheight,z,theforceorpressurecoefficients,cf orcp,andthe
structuralfactorcscd.
qp dependsonthewindclimate,theterrainroughnessandorography,andthe
referenceheight.Itisequaltothemeanvelocitypressureplusacontributionfrom
shorttermpressurefluctuations.
S ti 4 Wi d l it
Section4:Windvelocityandvelocitypressure
d l it
Basicwindvelocity
Meanwindvelocity
Windturbulence
Peakvelocitypressure
Peak velocity pressure
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Basisforcalculation
ThepeakfactormodelisusedasthebasisforcalculationinEN199114.
Theprincipleofthismodelisthatthemaximumquasisteadygustloadingorthe
p p q yg g
dynamicresponseofastructuremaybedescribedbyamean(steady)part,addedtoa
turbulent,unsteadypart.
Theproportionoftheturbulentpartisexpressedbyapeakfactor,g,which,forgust
loads,dependsonthesizeofthegust&dynamicscharacteristicsofthestructure.
Hence,forthemaximumgustspeed,v(z):
v(z)=vm(z)+g(t).v(z)=vm(z)+g(t).Iv(z). vm(z)=vm(z).[1+g(t).Iv(z)]
where
vm(z)isthemeanwindvelocityatheightz
g(t) isthepeakfactorfordurationt,
v(z)istherootmeansquareoftheturbulence
Iv(z)=
( ) v(z)/v
( ) / m(z)istheturbulenceintensity.
( )i h b l i i
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Basisforcalculation
Thepeakfactormodelisthebasisofcalculationofmostcodesworldwide&was
pioneeredbyDavenport.
Owingtothesquaredrelationshipbetweenwindvelocityandpressure,thelinear
relationshipformaximumwindvelocitycorrespondstoaquadraticexpressionfor
maximum wind loads of the form:
maximumwindloadsoftheform:
Fw =Fw(m).[1+g(t).Iv(z)]2 =Fw(m).[1+2.g(t).Iv(z)+g2(t).Iv2(z)]
whichisthensimplifiedto
Fw Fw(m).[1+2.g(t).Iv(z)]
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
WindPressureatHeightz
Windpressureatheightz,qp(z), abovegroundcanbeobtainedbyconsideringthe
effectsofmeanwindvelocity,windturbulence,andtopography onthereference
pressureq
p qb ((nearthegroundlevel).
g )
qp(z)=ce(z).qb
Mean
Meanwindvelocity
wind velocity increaseswithheightaboveground.Theeffectofmeanwind
increases with height above ground The effect of mean wind
velocityonwindpressureprofileisaccountedthroughtheroughnessfactorcr(z)
Wi
Windturbulence
dt b l d
decreaseswithheightaboveground.Theeffectofwindturbulence
ith h i ht b d Th ff t f i d t b l
onwindpressureatheightzisaccountedthroughthegustfactorcpq(z)
Isolatedhillsandotherlocaltopographical featurescanaffectthemeanwindvelocity.
Indesignthiseffectisaccountedthroughtheorographyfactorco.
Theproductbetweenthegustfactor,theroughnessfactorandthetopographical
factoriscalledtheexposurefactor,andisdenotedbyce(z):
ce(z) (z) .co2 .c
(z) =ccpq(z).c . cr2 (z)
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Meanwindvelocity:variationwithheight
Theexposurefactorisusedtodescribethevariationofwindpressurewithheight.
ce((z)=c
) ) o2 .cr2 ((z))
pq((z).c
qp(z)=ce(z).qb
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Thewindpressureactingonsurfaces,w,iscalculatedas:
w =peakwindpressure.pressurecoefficient
w =qp (z
( )
) cp
peakwindpressure,qp (z)
exposurefactor,c
p f , e basicwindpressure,q
p , qb
gust factor cpq

gustfactor,c orography co
orography,c roughness cr
roughness,c air density
airdensity, basic vel vb
basicvel.,v
meanwindspeed,vm terrainfactor,kr dir.factor,cdir

turbulenceintensity,I
b l i i Iv ht.,z&terraincat.,z
h & i o seasonalfactor,c
lf season
ht.,z&terraincat.,zo fund.value,vbo
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Basicwindvelocity
Thebasicwindvelocity,vb,isthecharacteristic10minutesmeanwindvelocity,
dependingonwinddirectionandtimeofyear,at10mabovegroundlevelinterrain
g y (opencountrywithlowvegetation&isolatedobstacleswithseparationsofatleast
categoryII( p y g p
20obstacleheights).
= cdir cseason vb,0

vb =c
where:
cdir isadirectionalfactor(=1.0intheSingaporeNA)
is a directional factor (= 1 0 in the Singapore NA)
cseason isaseasonalfactor(=1.0intheSingaporeNA)
vb,0 isthefundamentalvalueofthebasicwindvelocityirrespectiveofwinddirectionandtime
of year (=20m/sintheSingaporeNA)
ofyear( 20m/s in the Singapore NA)
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Basic(mean)windpressure
The(basic)meanwindpressure,qb, isthewindpressurecorrespondingtothebasic
windvelocity,vb,
qb = vb2
where:
istheairdensity,whichdependsonaltitude,temperature,latitudeandseason.
Therecommendedvaluefordesignis1.194kg/m3
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Terraincategories&parameters
Terrainroughnessisdescribedaerodynamicallybytheroughnesslength,z0,which
representsa measureofthedimensionsofeddiesofturbulentwindatthegroundsurface.
Category Terrain Category Zo (m) Zmin (m)

O Sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea 0.003 1
I Lakes or flat & horizontal area with negligible vegetation & 0.01 1
without obstacles
II Area with
ith lo
low vegetation
egetation such
s ch as grass & isolated 0 05
0.05 2
obstacles with separation of at least 20 obstacle heights
III Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings or with 0.3 5
isolated obstacles with separations or max 20 obstacle
heights (e.g., villages, subarban terrain, permanent forest)
IV Area in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with 1.0 10
buildings & their avg. height exceeds 15m
z0 istheroughnesslength
zmin istheminimumheightdefinedabovefortheparticularterrain
is the minimum height defined above for the particular terrain
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Terraincategories(AnnexeA)
Category0 CategoryII
Seaorcoastalarea Areawithlowvegetationsuchas
exposedtotheopen grassandisolated
obstacles (trees buildings) with
obstacles(trees,buildings)with
sea
separationsofat
least20obstacleheights
CategoryIII
Areawithregularcoverof
CategoryII
Categor vegetation or buildings or with
vegetationorbuildingsorwith
isolatedobstacles
Lakesorflatand
withseparationsofmaximum20
horizontalareawith obstacleheights(suchasvillages,
negligible vegetation
negligiblevegetation suburbanterrain,permanent
b b i
andwithoutobstacles forest)
CategoryIV
g y
Areawhereatleast15%ofthe
surfaceiscoveredwithbuildings
andtheiraverageheightexceeds
15m
15
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Terraincategories&parameters
InSingaporeNationalAnnexe(tableNA.1),theroughnessparametersaresimplified.
Category Terrain Category Zo (m) Zmin (m)

1 Low rise roof structures up to 25m height near the coast 0.003 1
(within 2km from the sea), such as hangars & warehouses,
to safeguard against uplift forces
forces.
2 All structures except the ones under item 1 above. 0.05 2
?
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Themeanwindvelocity,vm,profilewithintheatmosphericboundarylayercan
bedescribedbyalogarithmiclaw:
vm(z)=cr (z)co(z)vb
where:
cr(z)isaroughnessfactor
co(z)isaorography(topography)factor
vb isthebasicwindvelocity
Theroughnessfactor,cr(z),accountsforthevariabilityofthemeanwindvelocity
duetoheightaboveground&groundroughnessoftheupwindterrain
cr(z)=kr ln(z/zo) forzmin zzmax(=200m)
cr(z)=c
( ) r(z( min) forzz
f min
where:
g g
zistheheightaboveground
z0 istheroughnesslength
kristheterrainfactordependingonzo
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Theterrainfactorkr isgivenbytherelationship
kr =0.19 .(z
( oo //zo,II 0.07
o II)
where:
z0,II= 0.05(terraincategoryII)
zministheminimumheightdefinedintheterraincategorytable
zmax=200m
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Windturbulence
Thevariationofwindvelocitywithrespecttoameanvalueiscalledturbulence.
Turbulenceisgeneratedbyeddiescausedbythewindblowingoverobstacles.
g y y g
V(z,t) v(z,t)
instantaneousvelocityfluctuationsfrommean,gust
V(z,t)=vm(z)+v(z,t)
v(z t)
v(z,t)
meanvelocity
vm(z) 0
t
vm(z)
0
Velocityrangetimeinterval(10min) t
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Windturbulence
TheturbulenceintensityIv(z)atheightzisdefinedasthe standarddeviationofthe
turbulencedividedbythemeanwindvelocity.
Iv(z)=v /vm(z)
Iv(z)=k / [co ln(z/z

(z) = kl /[c ln (z/zo)] forz
for zmin zz
z zmax (=200m)
(= 200m)
Iv(z)=Iv (zmin) forzzmin

where:
h
kl istheturbulencefactor(=1.0intheNA)
c0 istheorographyfactor
zo istheroughnesslength
is the roughness length
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Orography
Theorographyfactor,co, accountsfortheincreaseofmeanwindspeedoverisolated
hills/ridges/cliffs/escarpments.
vm
co =vvm /v
/ vmff
=H/Lu
vmf
H
Lu
c0 =1 for <0.05(noneedtoconsiderifaverageslopeis<~3o).
c0 =1+2.s. for <0.05 <0.3
c0 =1+0.6.s
=1+06 s for >0.3
for >03
where
sistheorographiclocationfactordefinedgraphicallyinthecode.
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
GustFactor
Thegustfactor,cpq(z),istheratiobetweenthepeakpressure(duetowind
turbulence)andmeanpressure(duetomeanwindvelocity)
cpq(z)=1+2g.Iv(z)=1+7.Iv(z)
where:
g=3.5istheamplitudefactor
Iv(z)istheturbulenceintensityatheightz
S ti 4 Wi d l it
d l it
Thewindpressureactingonsurfaces,w,iscalculatedas:
w =peakwindpressure.pressurecoefficient
( ) cp
w =qp (z
peakwindpressure,qp (z)
exposurefactor,c
p f , e basicwindpressure,q
p , qb
gust factor cpq

gustfactor,c orography co
orography,c roughness cr
roughness,c air density
airdensity, basic vel vb
basicvel.,v
meanwindspeed,vm terrainfactor,kr dir.factor,cdir

turbulenceintensity,I
b l i i Iv ht.,z&terraincat.,z
h & i o seasonalfactor,c
lf season
ht.,z&terraincat.,zo fund.value,vbo
S ti 5 Wi d ti
Section5:Windactions
WindPressureonSurfaces
Windpressurew(z)onrigidexteriorandinteriorsurfacesofthestructureatheightz
abovegroundareobtainedas:
we =q ) cpe
qp ((z)
wi =qp (z) cpi
where:
qp((z)isthepeakwindpressureatlevelz
) p p
cpe,cpi areaerodynamicpressurecoefficientforexterior&internalsurfaces,respectively
Theoverallwindforceisobtainedbysummingthecomponentsofexternal&
f y g p
internalpressures,&frictionstresses:
Fw =cs.cd (we .Aref)+(wi .Aref)+cfr .qp(z).Afr
externalforcesinternalforcesfrictionforces
where
cs : structuralsizefactor
cd: structuraldynamicfactor
ld i f
Aref:referencearea
Afr:areasweptbythewind
cfr:frictioncoefficient
: friction coefficient
S ti 5 Wi d ti
Section5:Windactions
Externalpressuresgenerateddirectlybytheflowofwindaroundthestructure.
Internal
Internalpressuresgeneratedbythebalanceofflowthroughopenings&porositiesinthe
pressures generated by the balance of flow through openings & porosities in the
structuresenvelope.
For
Foroverallhorizontalforcesonenclosedbuildings,internalforceswouldbeexpectedto
overall horizontal forces on enclosed buildings internal forces would be expected to
cancelout.
Frictionforcesonlyactonsurfacesparalleltothewind&aregenerallysmall.Theycanbe
y p g y y
ignoredwhentotalareaofsurfacesparalleltothewindis<4xtotalareaofwindward
andleewardsurfaces.
S ti 6 St t l F t
Section6:StructuralFactorcscd
Thepreviousexpressioncanonlybeusedifthefollowingaresatisfied:
9 structurecorrespondstooneofthegeneralshapesshownbelow:
verticalstructures paralleloscillator, pointlikestructures

such as buildings, etc.
suchasbuildings,etc. i.e. horizontal structures suchassignboardsetc.
i.e.horizontalstructures g
suchasbeamsetc.
9 onlythealongwindvibrationinthefundamentalmodeissignificant,andthis
y g g
modeshapehasaconstantsign.
S ti 7 P
Section7:Pressureandforcecoefficients
df ffi i t
Listofexternalandinternalpressure&forcecoefficientsprovidedforvarious
structures&structuralelements.
Verticalwalls
Vertical walls Signboards
Flatroofs Rectangularstructuralelements
Monopitchroofs
i h f Polygonalstructuralelements
Duopitchroofs Circularcylinders
Hippedroofs Spheres
Multispanroofs Latticestructuresandscaffoldings
Vaultedroofsanddomes Flags
Canopyroofs Multiskinfacadesandroofs
Freestandingwalls Internalpressures
S ti 7 P
df ffi i t
Aerodynamicpressurecoefficients
Aerodynamicpressurecoefficientsdependon:
9 geometryofthestructure/element
9 sizeofthestructure/element
/
9 terrainroughness
9 winddirectionwithrespecttothestructure
9 Reynoldsnumber
Reynolds number
Coefficients dependonsizeoftheloadedareaA.
9 Valuesforc
V l f th d i f ll l t & fi i (A 1 2).
f pe,1 areforthedesignofsmallelements&fixings(A1m )
9 Valuesforcpe,10 maybeusedforthedesignoftheoverallbuildings.
9 Duetononuniformactionofwind,peakpressureonasmallareaishigherthan
thepeakoverallpressureonalargearea.
S ti 7 P
df ffi i t
PressureCoefficients:VerticalWalls
Threecases:
9 Abuildingwithheighthbshouldbeconsideredasonepart.
g g p
S ti 7 P
df ffi i t
9 Abuildingwithheighth>bbut2b,maybeconsideredtobetwoparts,
comprising:
alowerpartextendingupwardsfromthegroundbyaheightequaltob,&
p g p g y g q
anupperpartconsistingoftheremainder.
S ti 7 P
df ffi i t
9 Abuilding,whoseheighthis>2bmaybeconsideredtobeinmultipleparts,
comprising:
alowerpartextendingupwardsfromthegroundbyaheightequaltob;
p g p g y g q
anupperpartextendingdownwardsfromthetopbyaheightequaltob,&
amiddleregion,betweentheupperandlowerparts,whichmaybedividedintohorizontal
stripswithaheighthstripp (maxhstripp =b)
S ti 7 P
df ffi i t
Dependingongeometry&positionwithrespecttowinddirection,differentregionsof
verticalwallsareassigneddifferentnames,withcorrespondingvaluesofpressure
coefficientscp
S ti 7 P
df ffi i t
PressureCoefficients:Roofs
Similarprocedurearespecifiedinthecodeforroofsofbuildings(ofdifferent
geometry),canopies,isolatedverticalwalls,fencesetc.
S ti 7 P
df ffi i t
we =qp (z ) cpe
Lackofcorrelationbetweenwindward&leeward
sidepressuresmaybeconsideredasfollows:
Forbuildingswithh/d5,F
For buildings with h/d 5 Fw x1.0
x10
Forbuildingswithh/d1,Fw x0.85
For5<h/d>1,linearinterpolationmaybe
pp
applied.
Wi d ti
Windactions
OverallWindForces
Windpressurew(z)onrigidexteriorandinteriorsurfacesofthestructureatheightz
abovegroundareobtainedas:
we =q ) cpe
qp ((z)
wi =qp (z) cpi
where:
qp((z)isthepeakwindpressureatlevelz
) p p
cpe,cpi areaerodynamicpressurecoefficientforexterior&internalsurfaces,respectively
Theoverallwindforceisobtainedbysummingthecomponentsofexternal&
f y g p
internalpressures,&frictionstresses:
Fw =cs.cd (we .Aref)+(wi .Aref)+cfr .qp(z).Afr
externalforcesinternalforcesfrictionforces
where
cs : structuralsizefactor
cd: structuraldynamicfactor
ld i f
Aref:referencearea
Afr:areasweptbythewind
cfr:frictioncoefficient
: friction coefficient
A
AnnexA(informative)
A (i f ti )
Descriptionofterraintypes
Transitionbetweendifferentterrainroughnesscategories
Orography
Effectofneighbouringstructures
Effect of neighbouring structures
9 Wherethebuildingisclosetoaneighbouringbuildingthatis
atleasttwicetheaverageheightofsurroundingstructures
then increased wind velocities could occur
thenincreasedwindvelocitiescouldoccur.
A
AnnexesB,CandD(informative)
B C d D (i f ti )
Proceduresfordeterminingcs cd factor
AnnexB Procedure1
AnnexC Procedure2
Annex
AnnexD
D Chartsofc
Charts of cs cd forcommon
for common
buildingforms
A
AnnexE(informative)
E (i f ti )
Vortexshedding(occurswhenvorticesareshedalternativelyfromoppositesides
ofthestructure)
Galloping(selfinducedvibrationofaflexiblestructureincrosswindbending
p g( f f f g
mode)
Interference
Interferencegallopingforfreestandingcylinders(selfexcitedoscillationwhich
galloping for free standing cylinders (self excited oscillation which
mayoccuriftwoormorecylindersareclosetogetherbutnotconnected)
Di
Divergenceandflutter(instabilitiesthatoccurforflexibleplatelikestructurese.g.
d fl tt (i t biliti th t f fl ibl l t lik t t
signboards
ANNEX F (i f
ANNEXF(informative)
ti )
Dynamiccharacteristicsofstructures
Naturalfrequency
Damping
Modeshapes
Mode shapes
RequiredforcalculatingR2 &B2 forcs cd structuralfactors,usingAnnexesBorC

S
Summaryflowchartfordeterminingwindloads(basedonSingaporeNA)
fl h tf d t i i i d l d (b d Si NA)
Check limits of applicability, 1.1(2)
Calculate basic wind pressure, qb, Exp. 4.10
Calculate mean wind velocity, vm(z), Exp. 4.3
Calculate turbulence intensity,

intensity Iv , Exp.
Exp 4.7
47
Calculate exposure factor, ce, Exp. 4.9
Calculate peak velocity pressure, qp, Exp. 4.8
Calculate size effect, cs, & dynamic factors, cd, Exp. 6.1
Findd ppressure
essu e coe
coefficients,
c e ts, cp, oor force
o ce coe
coefficients,
c e ts, cf, Sec.
Sec 7
Wind loads
Similarities & Differences:
SS EN 1991-1-4 vs. BS6399-2
Wind Velocity Parameters

WindVelocityParameters
Parameter SS EN 1991-1-4 Parameter BS 6399-2
B i velocity
Basic l it vb,map B i wind
Basic i d speedd Vb
10minutemeanwindspeeds meanhourlywindspeeds
Altitude factor calt (N/A) Altitude factor Sa
Fundamental basic vb,0 = vb,map . calt N/A

velocity
ec o factor
Direction ac o cdir ((N/A)
/ ) Direction
ec o factor
ac o Sd
Seasonal factor cseason (N/A) Seasonal factor Ss
Probabilityy factor cprob Probabilityy factor Sp
Basic wind velocity vb = vb,0 . cdir . cseason. cprob Site wind speed Vs = Vb .Sa .Sd .Ss .Sp
Displacement height hdis Displacement height Hd
Height above ground z Effective height He = H - Hd
Minimum height zmin Minimum effective height He 0.4 .H
Orography factor co(z) Topography increment Sh
Roughness factor cr(z) Fetch & Turbulence factors S t , Tt
Mean wind velocity vm(z) Mean wind speed Vo = Vs .Sc .Tc

Wind Velocity Parameters

WindVelocityParameters
Turbulence factor
f kl
Turbulence intensity Iv Factors St & Tt St .Tt
B i velocity
Basic l it pressure qb = . .vb2
Exposure factor ce (z) Terrain & building factor Sb
Peak velocity pressure qp(z) = ce(z) .

. .vvb2 Dynamic pressure q = . .(V
(Vs .S
Sb)2
Wind Action Parameters

WindActionParameters
R f
Reference height
h i ht ze R f
Reference height
h i ht Href
Ext. pressure coefficient cpe Ext. pressure coefficient Cpe
External pressure we = qp(ze) . cpe External pressure pe = qe .C

Cpe
Int. pressure coefficient cpi Int. pressure coefficient Cpi
Internal pressure we = qp(ze) . cpi Internal pressure pi = qe .C

Cpi
Net pressure we wi Net pressure p = pe - pi
Size factor cs Size effect factor Ca
Dynamic factor cd Dynamic augmentation factor 1 + Cr
Reference area Areff Loaded area A
External forces Fw,e = cs cd . (we . Aref) External loads Pe = (pe . Ca,e .A)
Internal forces Fw,i

w i = (wi . Aref) Internal loads Pi = (pi . Ca,i
a i .A)
Area parallel to wind Afr Area swept by wind As
Friction forces Ffr = cfr .qqp . Afr Frictional forces Pf = qs . Cf .As .Ca
Overall horizontal force Fw = (0.85 to 1.0) . Fw,e + Fw,i + Ffr Overall horizontal load P = 0.85 . (pe .Ca,e . A) .(1+Cr)
Scope SS EN 1991-1-4 BS 6399-2

Buildings (static) Yes Yes
Buildings (mildly dynamic) Yes Yes
Buildings (dynamic) Yes No
Bridges Yes No
Chimneys Yes No
Scaffolding Yes No
Structural elements Yes Limited guidance
Lattice structures Yes No
Spheres,
p , domes Yes No
Wi d T
Wind Tunnell St
Studies
di
Wi d T
WindTunnelTesting
l T ti
Windactionsinformationincodes/standardsarebasedon
9 Limitedshapes
9 Limiteddirectionaleffects
9 Limitedeffectofsurroundingbuildings
g g
9 Assumesdrag(alongwind)effectsdominate,onlytrueforlowandmidrise
buildings where dynamic effects not important
buildingswheredynamiceffectsnotimportant
Wi d T
WindTunnelTesting
l T ti
EN199114statesthatforslenderbuildings(h/d>4),theeffectofincreased
turbulenceinthewakeofnearbystructures(wakebuffeting)shouldbetakeninto
b l i h k f b ( k b ff i ) h ld b k i
account.
Wakebuffetingeffectsmaybeassumedtobenegligibleifatleastoneofthefollowing
conditionsapplies:
9 Thedistancebetweentwobuildingsislargerthan25timesthecrosswinddimensionofthe
upstreambuildingorchimney.
9 Thenaturalfrequencyofthedownstreambuildingishigherthan1Hz.
Ifnoneoftheaboveconditionsisfulfilledwindtunneltestsorspecialistadviceis
p
recommended.
In
InBS6399
BS63992 2,windtunneltestsarerecommendedwherethebuildingorelementshape
wind tunnel tests are recommended where the building or element shape
fallsoutsidethescopeofthetabulatedpressurecoefficientsinthestandard.
Wi d T
WindTunnelTesting
l T ti
ASCE710statesthatexamplesthatmayspecialstudiesoruseofwindtunnel
proceduresinclude:
d i l d
Sitelocationsthathavechannelingeffectsorwakesfromupwindobstructions.
Buildingswithunusualorirregulargeometricshape(e.g.,buildingswithmultiple
, , g p , p g g g,
setbacks,curvedfacades,orirregularplans,openingsthroughabuilding,ormulti
towerbuildingsconnectedbybridges).
Buildings
Buildingswithresponsecharacteristicsthatresultsinsubstantialdynamiceffects,e.g.,
with response characteristics that results in substantial dynamic effects e g
vortexshedding,torsionalbehaviour,flutterorgalloping.Theseshouldbeconsideredto
applywhenanyoneormoreofthefollowingapply:
9 Theheightofthebuildingisover120m.
The height of the building is over 120m
9 Theheightofthebuildingisgreaterthan4timesitsminimumeffectivewidth
9 Thelowestnaturalfrequencyofthebuildingislessthann1=0.25Hz(ieT=4seconds)
Wi d T
WindTunnelTesting
l T ti
Height (m)
221
209
196
183
170
157
144
131
117
104
91
78
66
53
39
16
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Pressure (kPa)
A li ti E
Application Examples
l
RCbuilding,plandimension:40mx40m,height:50,100,150&200m
L
Lateralwindpressure(service)
l i d ( i )
250 250
200 200
BS-6399-2
150 150
EN 1991-1-4
height, m
height, m
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1 2 0 1 2
P
Pressure (KP
(KPa)) P
Pressure (KP )
(KPa)
250 250
200 200
150 150
height, m
height, m
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1 2 0 1 2
Pressure (KPa) Pressure (KPa)
TheBSIhasalsoproducedareportonthecalibrationoftheEurocodeforwindloading
(BSEN199114)anditsUKNationalAnnexagainstthecurrentcode(BS6399:Part2).
Ingeneralthefindingswere:
ForlowrisebuildingstheENproceduresleadtoareductioninloads
For
Formedium
mediumrise
risebuildingstheoverallloadsareapproximatelysimilarinthetwo
buildings the overall loads are approximately similar in the two
codes
For
Fortallbuildings,particularlywithh/d>5,theoverallloadintheENwillbegreater
tall buildings particularly with h/d > 5 the overall load in the EN will be greater
thanthatobtainedfromtheBS.
NA tto SS EN 1991
1991-1-4:
1 4 2009
250
Ul i
Ultimatelateralload
l ll d
250
200
200
BS-6399-2 (ult)
150 150
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
height, m
height,, m
100 100 Notional Load
Notional Load + G.I.

50 50
0 0
0 300 600 0 300 600
Force (kN) Force (kN)
250 250
200 200
150 150
eight, m
eight, m
he
he
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 300 600 0 300 600
Ul i
Ultimateoverturningmoment
i
250 250
200 200
BS-6399-2 (ult)
150 150
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
height, m
height,, m

50 50
0 0
0 500000 1000000 0 500000 1000000
Overturning Mom.
Mom (kN
(kN-m)
m) Overturning Mom.
Mom (kN
(kN-m)
m)
250 250
200 200
150 150
eight, m
eight, m
100 100
he
he
50 50
0 0
0 1500000 3000000 0 1500000 3000000
Overturning Mom. (kN-m) Overturning Mom. (kN-m)
Ul i
Ultimatelateralload
l ll d
250
250
200 200
BS-6399-2 (ult)
150 150
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
height, m
height,, m

50 50
0 0
0 400 800 0 400 800
250 250
200 200
150 150
eight, m
eight, m
100 100
he
he
50 50
0 0
0 400 800 0 400 800
Ul i
Ultimateoverturningmoment
i
250 250
200 200
BS-6399-2 (ult)
150 150
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
height, m
height,, m

50 50
0 0
0 500000 1000000 0 500000 1000000
Overturning Mom.
Mom (kN m)
(kN-m) Overturning Mom.
Mom (kN m)
(kN-m)
250 250
200 200
150 150
eight, m
eight, m
he
he
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 2000000 4000000 0 2000000 4000000
Ul i
Ultimatelateralload(includingseismicload)
l l l d (i l di i i l d)
250
250
200
200
BS-6399-2 (ult)
150 150
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
height, m
height,, m

50 50
BC3 Seismic
0 0 (q = 1.5, Soil Type D)

0 750 1500 0 750 1500
250 250
200 200
150 150
eight, m
eight, m
he
he
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 750 1500 0 750 1500
Ul i
Ultimateoverturningmoment(includingseismicload)
i (i l di i i l d)
250 250
200 200
BS-6399-2 (ult)
150 150
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
height, m
height,, m

50 50
BC3 Seismic
0 0 (q = 1.5, Soil Type D)

0 500000 1000000 0 500000 1000000
Overturning Mom.
Mom (kN
(kN-m)
m) Overturning Mom.
Mom (kN
(kN-m)
m)
250 250
200 200
150 150
eight, m
eight, m
he
he
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1500000 3000000 0 1500000 3000000
Ul i
Ultimatelateralload(includingseismicload)
l l l d (i l di i i l d)
250
250
200
200
BS-6399-2 (ult)
150 150
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
height, m
height,, m

50 50
BC3 Seismic
0 0 (q = 4.5, Soil Type D)

0 300 600 0 300 600
250 250
200 200
150 150
eight, m
eight, m
he
he
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 300 600 0 300 600
Ul i
Ultimateoverturningmoment(includingseismicload)
i (i l di i i l d)
250 250
200 200
BS-6399-2 (ult)
150 150
EN 1991-1-4 +G.I. (ult)
height, m
height,, m

50 50
BC3 Seismic
0 0 (q = 4.5, Soil Type D)

0 125000 250000 0 500000 1000000
Overturning Mom.
Mom (kN
(kN-m)
m) Overturning Mom.
Mom (kN
(kN-m)
m)
250 250
200 200
150 150
eight, m
eight, m
he
he
100 100
50 50
0 0
0 1500000 3000000 0 1500000 3000000
I S
InSummary
ThescopeofEN199114ismuchwiderthanBS63992.
UnlikeotherpartsofEN,theEN199114isrelativelyuncomplicated.
ThereareanumberofdifferencesbetweentheENandBS,especiallyinthecalculation
ofthewindspeedprofileandthelocalexternalpressurecoefficients.
f h i d d fil d h l l l ffi i
ApplicationresultsshowENresultsinhigherwindactionscomparedtoBSforhighrise
buildings & lower actions for low rise buildings.
buildings&loweractionsforlowrisebuildings.
Theresultsalsoshowthatunlessbuildingsareverytall&/orveryslender,windactions
wouldgenerallynotgovernforultimatelimitstatedesigninSingaporedueto
requirementsinourNA.
i i NA
Forverytall&/orslenderbuildings,windtunneltestingwouldeitherbemandatoryby
the Standard or recommended.
theStandardorrecommended.
Fortheserviceabilitylimitstatedesign,windactionswouldcontinuetobeimportant.
ForfuturebuildingsinSingapore,theultimatelateralforcewouldgenerallybehigher
thancurrentlyadopted.
Thankk you for
Th f your time
ti &
patience ..

Gone With The Wind - A Preview of The New Eurocode For Wind PDF

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GonewiththeWind ApreviewofthenewEurocodeforWind

gust factor cpq

meanwindspeed,vm terrainfactor,kr dir.factor,cdir

= cdir cseason vb,0

Category Terrain Category Zo (m) Zmin (m)

Category Terrain Category Zo (m) Zmin (m)

cr(z)=kr ln(z/zo) forzmin zzmax(=200m)

Iv(z)=k / [co ln(z/z

Iv(z)=Iv (zmin) forzzmin

gust factor cpq

meanwindspeed,vm terrainfactor,kr dir.factor,cdir

verticalstructures paralleloscillator, pointlikestructures

RequiredforcalculatingR2 &B2 forcs cd structuralfactors,usingAnnexesBorC

Check limits of applicability, 1.1(2)

Calculate basic wind pressure, qb, Exp. 4.10

Calculate mean wind velocity, vm(z), Exp. 4.3

Calculate turbulence intensity,

Calculate exposure factor, ce, Exp. 4.9

Calculate peak velocity pressure, qp, Exp. 4.8

Wind Velocity Parameters

Fundamental basic vb,0 = vb,map . calt N/A

Seasonal factor cseason (N/A) Seasonal factor Ss

Probabilityy factor cprob Probabilityy factor Sp

Displacement height hdis Displacement height Hd

Height above ground z Effective height He = H - Hd

Minimum height zmin Minimum effective height He 0.4 .H

Orography factor co(z) Topography increment Sh

Roughness factor cr(z) Fetch & Turbulence factors S t , Tt

Mean wind velocity vm(z) Mean wind speed Vo = Vs .Sc .Tc

Wind Velocity Parameters

Turbulence intensity Iv Factors St & Tt St .Tt

Exposure factor ce (z) Terrain & building factor Sb

Peak velocity pressure qp(z) = ce(z) .

Wind Action Parameters

Ext. pressure coefficient cpe Ext. pressure coefficient Cpe

External pressure we = qp(ze) . cpe External pressure pe = qe .C

Int. pressure coefficient cpi Int. pressure coefficient Cpi

Internal pressure we = qp(ze) . cpi Internal pressure pi = qe .C

Net pressure we wi Net pressure p = pe - pi

Size factor cs Size effect factor Ca

Dynamic factor cd Dynamic augmentation factor 1 + Cr

Reference area Areff Loaded area A

Internal forces Fw,i

Area parallel to wind Afr Area swept by wind As

Scope SS EN 1991-1-4 BS 6399-2

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

100 100 Notional Load

Notional Load + G.I.

100 100 Notional Load

Notional Load + G.I.

100 100 Notional Load

Notional Load + G.I.

100 100 Notional Load

Notional Load + G.I.

100 100 Notional Load

Notional Load + G.I.

0 0 (q = 1.5, Soil Type D)

100 100 Notional Load

Notional Load + G.I.

0 0 (q = 1.5, Soil Type D)

100 100 Notional Load

Notional Load + G.I.

0 0 (q = 4.5, Soil Type D)