Annotated Bibliography

1.) UNODC. Human Trafficking. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes, UNODC,

N.D. <https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html>.

Accessed 11 Feb. 2017.

This article defines human trafficking; as well, the article defines the elements

(acts, means, and purpose) and the criminalization of human trafficking. This article is credible

because it was written by the UNODC for the purpose of entertaining the public on human

trafficking. This article can be of use in the future because it provides the present day recognized

definition of human trafficking. Second, the elements will be useful in the future because it

gives insight on how it occurs, what occurs, and why it occurs. Lastly, the criminalization of

human trafficking would represent a change over time.

2.) INTERPOL. Types of Human Trafficking. International Criminal Police Organization,

INTERPOL, N.D. <https://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Trafficking-in-human-beings/Types-

of-human-trafficking>. Accessed 11 Feb. 2017.

This article defines the different types of human trafficking that are currently

recognized. This article is credible because it was written by INTERPOL, an intergovernmental

organization that facilitates police cooperation internationally that is located in 190 countries. It

explains the types of trafficking for the purpose of educating the public on human trafficking.

This article can be used in the future because it gives me detailed information on the types of

trafficking which I can use to narrow down focus on the trafficking in Africa.
3.) Havoscope. Human Trafficking Victim Prices. Havoscope, LLC., Havoscope, 2015.

<http://www.havocscope.com/black-market-prices/human-trafficking-prices/>. Accessed 11

Feb. 2017.

This lists the modern prices for children in the black market among different

countries. This list is credible because Havoscope provides the public with information

pertaining to the black market. This list can be used in the future because it provides me with the

prices of children in certain places from Africa. If needed, I could buy the book for even more

access to statistics and prices.

4.) Carey, Brycchan. Slavery Timeline 1400-1500. A Chronology of Slavery, Abolition, and

Emancipation in the Fifteenth Century, Brycchan Carey, 24 July 2013.

<http://www.brycchancarey.com/slavery/chrono2.htm>. Accessed 11 Feb. 2017.

This is a timeline of slavery from 1400 to 1500. This timeline is credible because

the author researched this topic heavily and put an option out there for people to either correct

facts or tell him if he forgot to include something important. This timeline can be used in the

future because it contains many facts about African slave trade in the beginning time periods,

which has proven quite difficult to find factual information on until this point.

5.) Cary, Brycchan. Slavery Timeline 1500-1600. A Chronology of Slavery, Abolition, and

Emancipation in the Fifteenth Century, Brycchan Carey, 24 July 2013.

<http://www.brycchancarey.com/slavery/chrono3.htm>. Accessed 11 Feb. 2017.

This is a timeline of slavery from the 1500s to the 1600s. This timeline is credible

because the author researched this topic heavily and put an option out there for people to either
correct facts or tell him if he forgot to include something important. This timeline can be used in

the future because it contains facts about African slave trade in the beginning time periods, which

has proven quite difficult to find factual information on until this point.

6.) Z, Miss. Child Abuse Cape Town South Africa. Rebirth Africa Life on the Continent,

Rebirth, 2000. <http://www.rebirth.co.za/a_true_story_of_how_one_girl_was_traf.htm>.

Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.

This article is about the trafficking of a girl on August 8, 1996. It details how she

was abducted and what happened while she was hostage. It is graphic in a sense that it is

upsetting to read about. This article is credible because it is the real story of a survivor of human

trafficking. This article can be used in the future because I now understand, as horrible as it is,

what goes on when you are trafficked into sex trafficking. I can use that information when

writing my research paper because it will be able to be well detailed.

7.) United Nations. Nigeria. Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General

for Children and Armed Conflict, United Nations, 20 Apr. 2016.

<https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/countries-caac/nigeria/>. Accessed 11 Feb. 2017.

This article contains lots of information on child soldiers, particularly child

soldiers in Nigeria. The child soldiers talked about are forced into their situation by Boko

Haram. It discusses the numbers of child soldiers, as well as their deaths and purposes in war.

This article is credible because it is funded by the United Nations and is meant to inform the

public on child soldiers. This article can be used in the future because it has very detailed
information on child soldiers, which are trafficked. Before this, I had little or no sources with

any information on child soldiers.

8.) Musinguzi, Bamuturaki. Human trafficking: The modern form of slavery eating up East

Africa. Daily Monitor, Monitor Publications Ltd, 1 Sept. 2013.

<http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/PeoplePower/Human-trafficking--The-modern-form-of-

slavery-/689844-1974562-97y198/index.html>. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

This article explains what Tier One and Tier Three are, as well as discusses the

efforts of Uganda & Kenya in relations to the Tiers and their efforts to combat trafficking.

Several facts about trafficking are included in this source. This article is credible because the

author presents facts instead of opinion and is clearly knowledgeable in the area. Also, it is

published in a Newspaper, therefore it must be valid. This article can be used in the future

because it provides me with specific facts on two particular places in Africa and their efforts to

combat trafficking due to how it has evolved over time.

9.) Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. South Africa. U.S. Department of

State, Office of Website Management, Bureau of Public Affairs, 2016.

<https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2016/258860.htm>. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

This article provides information on the types of trafficking and who is involved,

as well as which country a person is trafficked from or sent to. This article gives some statistics

and mainly deals with the efforts of South Africa to combat trafficking. More things included in

this article are states recommendations, preventions, protections, and ways of prosecutions. This

article is credible because it comes from the U.S. government. That means that they funded the
research themselves and spent time looking into it as it was an annual report for that year. Also,

it was last year at the end of the year which means this information is recent and mainly accurate.

This article can be used in the future because it gives detailed descriptions on human trafficking

as well as states ways in which they try to help people once recovered. As well, it deals with

some change over time.

10.) Saeed, Taneem. Human Trafficking in Sub Saharan Africa. Untold Stories of the

Silenced, Melody Sundberg, 4 Dec. 2015. <http://www.untoldstoriesonline.com/human-

trafficking-in-sub-saharan-africa/>. Accessed 5 Feb. 2017.

This article discusses what human trafficking is, what causes it (in Sub Saharan

Africa), trafficking involving children (and adults), measures to reduce it, challenges taking it on,

and the effort required to combat it. It gives statistics and discusses the types of trafficking. This

article is credible because the website: gives voice(s) to the very people who have had the basic

human rights taken from them. and discusses what most people do not want to discuss. This

article can be used in the future because it contains very valuable information and goes more in

depth about the types of trafficking than the others. It also evokes more feeling than the others

which may help when we go to write our research paper because itll give us a more humane

standpoint. The information on the types of trafficking could also be very useful.

11.) Marsden, Emily. Human Trafficking. Where Soul Meets Body, Emily Marsden, 2011.

<https://emilyemarsden.wordpress.com/academic-writing/human-trafficking/>. Accessed 6 Feb.

2017.
 This article has a few paragraphs in this that give information on trafficking

overtime with rules/regulations of multiple countries. It also includes the number of slaves

estimated to be trafficked from Africa in the 1400s, and the date of the last transatlantic slave

trade. It discusses some conditions during voyage across the sea. Includes information on when

child labor came to be (1700s), and explains the conditions of child labor. This article has

information on child army training in Uganda. This article is credible because the author put

lots of research into writing this, is well educated, and included the many sources they used when

researching this topic. This article can be used in the future because it shows more information

pertaining to precautions taken over time against trafficking. As well, it gives needed

information on the labors of children that was not already acquired.

12.) tgreen23. Human Trafficking. Timetoast, Timetoast Timelines, 2015.

<https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/human-trafficking-a6672f27-2863-47be-9e3d-

d9cf4d5dd681>. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.

This timeline provides information from the 1400s to 2011. It contains a multitude

of information on Africa, where African slaves went, and when the first slave arrived in America.

Also contains information on when laws first came to be banning trafficking from Africa. This

timeline is credible because the author puts just the facts and date. There is no bias because the

author is not trying to make an argument; he simply wants to inform readers on what happened

and when it happened. This timeline can be used in the future because it gives prices of the

slaves and has more information on the 1600s and 1700s.

13.) U.S. State Department. Ethiopias Capital Home to the Largest Collection of Brothels in

Africa. TesfaNews, State Department, 2015. <https://www.tesfanews.net/ethiopias-capital-

home-to-the-largest-collection-of-brothels-in-africa/>. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.

This article provides information on the trafficking of men, women, and children

who are Ethiopian. It temporarily details how they are tricked into trafficking. The article

provides information on how the government attempted to combat some types of trafficking, but

also gives information on how the government failed to combat other types of trafficking.

Lastly, it lets the reader know that this is a transit country for men, women, and children. This

source is credible because it is written by the US State Department, and was written as a report

of trafficking in Ethiopia. This article can be used in the future because it contains valuable

information on Ethiopia and lots of information on trafficking of women.

14.) UNODC. Put yourself in my shoes: a human trafficking victim speaks out. United

Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes, UNODC, 28 Nov. 2012.

<http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2012/November/put-yourself-in-my-in-my-shoes-a-

human-trafficking-victim-speaks-out.html>. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.

This article is a human trafficking victim who is speaking out. This article is

credible because it is from the point of view of someone who actually was involved in the

process and understands it. This article can be used in the future because it describes how she

was taken advantage of and how she managed to escape the situation. This will give me a

perspective different than the just facts would when writing the research paper. I also can use

information on what traffickers do when they worry that they are going to be found out. Lastly, I
can use the information about the stigma around AIDS/HIV because I have not already found

information on that until now.

15.) Dixon, Robyn. Child brides sold for cows: The price of being a girl in South Sudan. Los

Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 29 July 2016. <http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-

south-sudan-child-marriage-snap-story.html>. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.

This article defines that the purpose of a daughter in an African family is to be sold

into marriage in exchange for cows that would expand the familys herd. This article provides a

few statistic and prices, as well as the story of a thirteen year old who protested her family

wanting to marry her to a seventy year old. It gives more stories similar to hers. This article is

credible because it contains real stories and is from the LA Times. This article can be used in the

future because I can use the stories to prove a point as well as use information on how women

are viewed as lesser.

16.) Berlin, Ira. African Migration to Colonial America. History Now The Journal of Gilder

Lehrman Institute, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, N.D.

<https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-now/essays/african-immigration-colonial-america>.

Accessed 10 Feb. 2017.

This article, like its title states, provides detailed information on African migration

to Colonial America. This article is credible because it is written by a Distinguished University

Professor at the University of Maryland, who has also published several books. This article can

be used in the future because it contains valuable information on the Transatlantic Slave Trade. I
can also take information from the ending because it states how they overcame many of the

difficulties after many people died off.

17.) Yong, Patricia. Timeline of Human Trafficking. Rutgers University Campus Coalition

Against Trafficking, Patricia Yong, 2011.

<http://www.eden.rutgers.edu/~yongpatr/425/final/timeline.htm>. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.

This article gives a timeline of trafficking throughout history. It begins in the

1400s, stops and then starts back up in the 1900s, and ends in 2011. This article is credible

because the author did lots of research, as seen by the sources at the bottom, and it is an .edu

which means that its purpose is to educate. This article can be used in the future because it starts

in the time period which we need to start in, and gives information on the 1900s, which I do not

have horribly much information on yet.

18.) Black Past. African American History Timeline: 1492-1600. BlackPast.org,

BlackPast.org, N.D. <http://www.blackpast.org/timelines/african-american-history-timeline-

1600-1700>. Accessed 11 Feb. 2017.

This is a timeline of slavery from 1492 to 1700. This timeline is credible because

it is supported by non-profits, therefore they have a way to fund the research that is behind this

timeline. As well, the website has many testimonials proving that it is a reliable source to go off

of. This timeline can be used in the future because it has facts on the final years in which I

lacked proper research and facts on. It has information from earlier dates, too, that I can also use

in my research.
19.) Doctor Santos. Colonial North America & the African Americans. N.D., PowerPoint File.

<http://www.csub.edu/~gsantos/presentations/Ch05b_Lecture.ppt>. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.

This Power Point contains information about the beginning of the Transatlantic

Slave Trade through the end of the Transatlantic slave trade. It also contains information about

the impact of forced transfer and the destinations of slave trade. This Power Point is credible

because it is written on an .edu sight and was written by someone with a doctorate, hence the

Dr. before his name. This Power Point can be used in the future because I need more

information on destinations and the impacts of the forced transfer.

20.) Glazer, Sarah. Hatch, David. Hosansky, David. Marshall, Patrick. Price, Tom. Tanner,

Jane. Human Trafficking and Slavery. CQ Researcher, CQ Press, 26 Mar. 2004.

<http://www.hrusa.org/workshops/trafficking/CQResearcher.pdf>. Accessed 6 Feb. 2017.

This article contains information on the state department anti-trafficking rating,

where trafficking occurs, the benefits sighted for ending child labor, some background, some

chronology, slavery throughout the globe, child labor, outlawing slavery, and the current

conditions. This article is credible because it has a very detailed bibliography at the end and is

written professionally. Also, it is published in a paper so it must be official. This article can be

used in the future because it has information about the Ivory Coast, Mauritania, and Sudan. It

also has chronological information that can be used and extremely detailed information on child

labor.